BLUE-GREEN ALGAE FROM THE TREMADOCIAN OF THE HOLY

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE FROM THE TREMADOCIAN OF THE HOLY

AC
T
V ol. V III
A
P
A
LA
EO
N
TO
L
O
G
I
1 963
C
A
P
OLONICA
No .4
KAROL STARM ACH
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE FROM THE TREMADOCIAN OF THE HOLY
CROSS MOUNTAINS (P OLAND)
Abstract. -.,- Sch izothrichites ordoviciensis n . gen ., n . sp ., a Tremadocian blue-gr een
alga, with exceptionally well preserved microscopical structure is describ ed . It was
etched from the chalce dony of the Hol y Cr oss Mountai ns. Its close si mi l ar ity
to r ecent genus Schizothrix (Cyanophyceae) is sh own.
INTRODUCTION
In Ordovician sandstones of the Hol y Cross Mountains (Gory Swietokrzyskie), assigned by Samsonowicz (1916) to the Tremadocian, there
a re intercalation s and lenses of the ch alcedony. In this rock Kozlowski
(1948) di scovered ex cellently pres erved faunal r emains, those of graptolites in the fi rs t place. Dark-brown agglomer atio n s of fil amentous
blue-green algae w ere al so en coun tered in the same material which
Professor R. Kozlowski kindly put at m y di sp osal for investigation.
My sincere thanks are due to Professor Kozlowski fo r this material.
After splitting up the SUb-trans paren t siliceous ro ck, dark stains
can be se en up to 3 em in di ameter. Under a strongly magnifying binocular lens separ ate fil aments ,a r e di stinguishable in those aggl omerations
(pl . I , fig. 1). Aft er di ssol vin g the rock in hydrofluoric acid, the r esiduum
y ields balls of ta ngled filaments, con venient for further st udy. Thus,
by m eans of Kozlows ki's (1948) m ethod of etch ing t he fossil r emain'S
in the ch alc edony , perfectly prese r ved material may be secured, It is
consid erably e lasti c and suitable for p rep arations w h ich can then be
convenie n tly investigat ed at a chosen m agnitude und er the mi cr oscop e.
The blue-green al gae etche d from the r ock hav e t he appearan ce
of brown, coil ed up and ta ngled fil aments of a r ~th er band-like shape ,
more rar ely in the shape of a tube. During careful preparation separ at e
fragments of fil aments, w ell fit for a more d etailed de scription of
morphological fea t ures for d et ermining the genus and spe cies , can b e
extr acted by m ean s of thin needles. Th e sh ape of th e fil aments and thei r
452
KAROL STARMACH
structure show that the Ordovician blue-green algae closely r esemble
the r ecent genus S chi zothrix. In v iew of the age of m aterial, however,
I consider these blue-green algae as belonging to th e new genus Schizot hrichit es. By m eans of th at name I w is h to st ress the stron g similarity
of morphological fe a tur es w it h the r ec ent blue-green algae of the- genus
S chizothri x .
SYS TE MA TIC DE S CRIPTION
Type Cyanophyta
Class Hormogoniophyceae
Order Oscillatoriales
Family Oscillatoriaceae
G enus S chi zot hrichites n . gen.
(text -Hg, 1; pl. I, II)
Dia gn osis. - Thalli d ark-brown, composed of loosel y coiled and tangled filam ents. Filam ents long, r epeatedly branched , composed of 1-4
tr ichomes si tua ted in a com mo n sheat h (pl. I , fig. 2-4 ; text-fig. 1, 1, 2).
Brown or b lack-brown sheat hs, strat ified, with undulating strata;
exte r nally uneven a n d r ough, sometimes fim br ia te d, have th e appearance
of an irregular net on th e surface, clo sed at the apex , narrowed, somet imes sharpened (pl. I, fi g. 3-5 ; pl. II , fig . 1-6).
The t ri chomes a re compos ed of cell s, m ostly sho rter than broad,
less freq uen tly n early sq uare. Granular for m a tions arranged on the
circumfer ence o f t he central bod y (cent ropla sm) are pres erved in the
cell s. They correspo nd t o t he cyanophyc in gran ules, p erhaps also to
volution an d t he so-ca lled m etachromatic bodies in t he cells of the prese nt blue-green a lgae. T r ansver sal walls of the cells are not visible ,
howev er , and t he per ip hera l part of t he proto p lasm of cells, the chrom atoplasm, is not p reserved . The young and growing api ca l , cells of
trichomes are not pr es er ved.
In t he older pa r ts of t he fil ament s 2-4 t ri cho mes are u sually en closed in t he sheath, but on ly o ne t richo me can b e seen in the apical
b r anches. The tricho mes a re twisted loosely, cor d - like, somet imes divided
into segment s.
Ty p e sp ecies : Sc nizothric nites ordou iciensis n. sp .
Sc hizotrichite s ordov icie nsis n. sp .
(pl. II . fig . 2, 3)
De scr ip tion. - Thalli composed of tan gle d filaments, branched a ccording to the Schizothrix type. Filaments consistin g of 1-4 trichomes,
surrounded by a common , d istinctly parallelly stratified sh eath. External
parts of the sheat h are so met imes f imbriated and h ave an irregular
n et on th e surfa ce .
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE FROM THE TREMADOCIAN
453
2
....... s
5
6
Fig. 1. - 1,2 T ypical shape of branched filaments ; 3,4 fragments of filaments more
strongly magnified , showing cells of v arious length ; 5 fragment of filaments with
loosely disposed and partly overturned cells ; G diagrammatic restoration of filament
and cells structure.
s she a th, c centroplasm, ch ch romatoplasm (reconstructed) .
454
KAROL STAR M ACH
The breadth of the filaments 'r anges from 13 to 35 fl, but filaments
16-2 6 /l broad with one or two trichomes are the m ost common. Older
segments of th e filaments m ay, however, exceed 35 It in breadth. T he
trichomes are usually 8-10 f1 broad. These dimensions are repeated regularly in n early all investigated specimens. The cells are mostly 3-4 ~l
long, occasionally nearly square. These dimensions are only approximate,
sinc e the transversal walls of the cells are not preserved. The central
body, determined by an agglomeration of granules, probably cyanophycin
and perhaps also volutine, is readily visible in the cells, but the chromatoplasm cannot be d istinguish ed . Cells, loosely disposed in the sheath
or overturned, can be seen in some of the filaments (pl. II, fig . 2, 3).
As can b e clearly observed from this arrangement, the granular agglomeration are mostly situated on the periphery of the central body ,
in a similar manner as the m etachromation bodies and the cyanophycin
granules in the cells of r ec ent blue-green algae. No apical cells of trichomes were found which, in recent blue-green algae, always h ave
a definite shape and are an im por tan t taxonomic charact er. Th ey are
g row in g cells containing a sm all amount of resistant r eserve material
and presumably that is why they w ere en tirely destroyed, similarly
as the' chromatoplasm. P arts of cells containing agglomerations of r esistant reserve material are th e 'only on es that remained.
L ocality and horizon. - Wysoczki n ear Bogoria in the Holy Cross
Mountains (Gory Swietokrzyski e) in cen tral Poland. Tremadocian.
Holot ype. - Typical sp ecimens a r e kept in the Institute of Palaeozoolog y of the Polish Academy of Sci en ces. Warszawa, Zwirki i Wigury, 6.
Paraty pe. - Preparations of the same mater ia l are a lso kept in the
Department of H yd robiology o f the J agellon ian Univer sity , Krakow,
Oleandry 2a.
DI S CU SSIO N
Th e material , excell ently pres erved in sili ceous r ock s and prep ar ed
after dissol ving the ro ck in h ydrofluoric acid, allowed the p r esent autho r
to clearly enoug h d et ermin e all th e basic d et ail s of the structure of fil am ents and cell s of the blue-gr een algae. A simplified reconstr uction of
t he investigated blue- green alga is pr esen ted on t ex t-fig. 1, 6. In t he
blue- green algae of t he r ecen t or de r Oscillatori al es th e fil amen t (fila m en tum) is composed of t richome (trichom) and a she at h (vagina). The trichomes are com pos ed of a system of cells d isposed in one row an d hav in g
durable cellulose m embr an es. The lateral m embranes are t hi cker, th e
transversal ones d eli cate ; t he y adhere closel y to the protoplasm and are
of a pellicular ch aracter. Th e prot opl as m is di ff erenti ated into a peripheral
part in which pigments act iv e in phot osynthesi s ·a r e dissolved (chlorophyll,
carotenoids, ph ycocyan and phycocoerithrin) and w hich is therefore called
BLUE-GREEN A L GAE F R OM THE TREMADOCI AN
455
the chromatoplasm, and a medial part, usually colourless, called the
central body or centroplasm. In this part the chromatin substance is
present, as is s hown by the presence of ribo- and d es ribonucleic acid.
On the circumference of the central body are concentrated granula r
met achromatin bodies, as well as r eser ve material in the shape of blue green algae starch, volutin and cyanophycin granules. As compared with
star ch, cyanophycin granules and volutin r epresent a substance singularly
resistan t to the acti on o f strong acids and alkali es. There is no cell nucl eus
in blue-green alg ae and no sexua l r ep roduction. Th e r ecent blue-green
algae of th e ge n us S chizo thr ix occur 'a s a rule in the shape of smaller
or larger turfy , bushy or tuft- lik e concentrations of filaments. They occur
all over the globe, in fr esh wate rs, seas, as well as on land, soil and
d amp rocks.
Th e Ordovi cian blue- green algae have t he sa me str uctu re as the
re cent ones. Sh eaths with t heir chracter is tic stratification , partl y a ls o
lateral cellular m embranes an d gr an ula r agg lomerations, probably cyanophycins, perhap s even volut ines concentrated on the circumfe rence
of the centr al bod y , are perfectly p r eser ved in t he investigated m aterial.
Th e delicate transversal walls separating the cells in the trichomes, t he
ch romatopl asm a nd other pl asmatic par ts have disappeared. No a pica l
cells of tr ichomes were fou nd . As growing cell s, t hey w ere decomposed
li ke ch r omatin. The granular concentrations still existing in the cells a r e
situat ed on the circumfer ence of the centr al body. This can b e seen on
pl. II , fig. 2 w hich presen ts loos ened and ove r tu rned cells. In n at-lying
cell s granulosity surrounding a n interior of a .ligh t er colour can be noticed.
Even t he se d et ails correspond to the cell morphology of blue-green al gae,
in w hich gra n ula r elements (r eserve m at eri al) a reassem bled, in the first
place, on th e circumferen ce of the central body, in the adher ing chromato plasm.
It must be stressed that all t he morphological d et ails mentioned above
were clearly visible in t he material et ched from ch alc edony . This can
be seen on m icr ophotograph s (pl. II , fi g. 2) t ak en b y m eans of oil imme rs ion 60 X and a compensatin g ocular 10 X .
Sch izothrich it es ordoviciensis n . sp. s hows clo se sim ilarities w it h t he
recen t blue- gr een algae of th e gen us S ch izothrix in the fo llowing ch aracters:
1) Th e thalli are t urf-like, composed of t an gled fil am en t s.
2) Th e filaments are branched in a m an ner typica l of the gen us
Sc hizot hrix.
3) The sh eaths are strong , d ura bl e , longitudinall y stratified , closed
at the apex, often ending sharply.
4) Th e trichomes are placed in the sh eaths in a m an ner typi cal of t he
genus Schizothrix .
3 Act a P al ae on t ol ogica Nr 4
456
KAROL STARMACH
The agreement of the structure of filaments and cells and, lastly, that
of the whole association of features pertaining to the genus Schizotnrix
with the Ordovician material is astonishing. This material dates back
to about 500 million years ago . We have here a very ancient group of
plants which in very distant geological epochs had attained a high degree
of morphological differentiation and preserved it till now. The preservation of the details of cellular structure is probably due, on the on e
hand, to a rapid and compact impregnation of the blue-green algae growing at the bottom of the Ordovician sea with siliceous gel, in which the
plants were enclosed and only partly decomposed; on the other hand ,
to the skilfull preparation of remains found in the rock by means of
Professor Kozlowski 's ch emical method.
Nearly all the d escriptions of fossil blue-green algae from old geological periods were based on macroscopic specimens or on slides, on
which a r esemblance to colonies and thalli of recent blue-green alga e
could be observed, but details of the structure of thalli and cells could not
be accurately distinguished. None of the previous lists of fossil blue-green
algae, those of Pia (1927), Nemejc (1959) and others, also the last list
of algae remains found in U.S.S.R., elaborated by Vologdin (1962), and
a special list of Ordovician algae from calcareous rocks worked out by
Johnson and Hoeg (1961) - have supplied any new details concerning
the morphology and structure of these plants. All the authors, while
stressing the fact of a very ancient appearance of blue-green algae, at
the same time state that the knowledge of their morphology and systematics is inadequate. On the base of their purely external features,
fossil blue-green algae are comparable with such recent families as the
Chroococcaceae, Nostocaceae, Oscillatoriaceae,and Rivulariaceae, but the
details remain unknown. It appears that material obtained from limestone
is preserved only in its external outline, without any details of internal
structure. Material enclosed in a siliceous mass is much better preserved .
This is also postulated by Croft and George (1959) in a paper concerning
blue-green alga e from the Middle Devonian in England. These authors
publish good microphotographs and figures illustrating many details of
the structure of filaments and cells of" blue-green algae of the order
Stigonematales. The outlines of the central body in the cells, those
of the membrane and sheath of filaments, are visible on the photographs, similarly as in our Tremadocian blue-green algae. It is interesting to note that these investigations were carried out on small fragments of rock examined under a microscope in cedar ail,and not on
m aterial isolated from the rock. The work of Croft and George is probably
the only one that contains more accurate morphological details concerning
old fossil blue-green algae. The material etched from the Tremadocian
rocks of Poland furnish , however, considerable more details and permit,
in the first place, to distinguish with sufficient accuracy parts of the cells.
BL UE-GR E E N A L G A E FROM THE T R EM A D O C IA N
457
Th is confirms the su pposition, already expressed by many scientists, that
fossil blue-green algae do not differ greatly from the living forms.
D epa-rtm ent of Hyd r obi ol ogy
the Jag ellon ian Uni v er si ty
Krakow, May 1963
of
REFERENCES
CROFT, W. N. & GEORGE, E. A. 1959. Blue-green Alg ae f ro m the Middle Devonian
of Rhyruie, Aberdeenshir e. - B u l l. Brit . Mus., Geo l. , 3, 10, 341- 353, L ondon.
JOHNSON, J . H . & HOEG O . A. 1961. Stu dies of Ordovician Alg ae . - Qu art. C ol orad o School of Mine s, 56, 2, 1-1 20, Gold en .
K OZLOWSKI, R. 1948 (1949). L es Gr aptolithes et quelques n ou v eau x groupes d 'a n im aux du Tremadoc d e la Pologne (Gr ap t olity i pare n ow ych gr u p zwierza t
z tremadoku Polski). - Pala eont. P ol. , 3, I -XII +1-235, Wa rszaw a.
N£MEJC, F , 1959. P aleobotanika , 1. Praha .
PIA, J . 1927. Klasse Schiizophyce ae . I n: M. I-Iirmer, H andbuch der Palaobotan ik , 1.
Miinchen-Berlin.
SAlVISONOWICZ , J . 1916. On the Cambrian rocks of the St. Cr oss Mount ains.
Poland. - Comptes rendus Soc. Sci. V arsovie , III , 9, 4, Warszawa.
VOLOGDIN, A. G. 1962. Drevnej sie vodor osli SSSR. - A k ad . Nauk SSSR , 1-6 56.
Mosk va.
KA ROL STARMA CH
SI NICA Z TREMADOKU GOR SWIEtTOKRZYSKICH
St re szczenie
Op isa no n owy r od za j i ga tunek S InlCY k op alnej na p od st awie ok a zow , wytrawi on ych za p om oca kw a su fl uo r ow odorowego z ch alcedonu, w ystepuj a cego w srod
p iask ow cow tremad ock ich w Wysoczk a ch kolo Bo gorfi w Gorach Swietokrzyskich.
Sinice te twor za w skale ciernne sk u p ie n ia, zlozon e ze sk le b ionych ni c i, ktore
po r ozpu szczeniu skaly sa n a t yle elasty czn e , ze mozna ie czesciowo T ozplq t ac
i sp orza dz ic p r eparaty mikroskopowe. Na podstawie sz er eg u preparatow podano
ch arakterystyke r odza ju i gat u nk u, ktor y dzieki d aleko idacej zgodnosci z d zi s
zyjacy m i sin icam i z r od zaju Schi zot h r ix n azwano Sch i zothrich ites ordovic iensis
n . gen. n. s p.
Typ Cyanophyta
R odzina Osc illatoriaceae
R odzaj Sch i zothri ch i t es n. gen.
D i agn oza . - W skale zawa rte sa b ezksztaltne, d arniste sk up ie n ia n ici wielokrotnie ro zgal ezion ych, luzno p ozw ijanych i splatanych ze soba, Nici zto zone Sq
z 1-4 t rychomow umieszczonych w e ws p6 lne j p ochwie. Pochwy sa brunatne lub
J*
K AROL S T ARMA C H
458
czarno-brunatne, wars t w ow a ne, 0 w ars tw ac h prze biegajacych falisto, na zewnatrz
n ie r ow ne, ni ekied y postrzepione , na sz czycie zamkniete , zwezone i cz asem zao strzon e . Pow ierzchnia pochw y rn a czesto wygla d sia tki 0 nieregularnych oczkach.
Trychomy zlo zone sa z kornorek przewa znie krotsz ych od szer okosci, rzadziej prawie
k wadratowych .
W k om ork ach za cho w a ly sie ziarniste u t w ory u loz one n a obwodz ie ci al a cen tra lne go (pl. I. fig . 2), odpow iadaj ace wi do cznym w k orn orkach dzi siejszych sinic
zia r no m cyanoficyny (moze r owrri ez woluty ny ?) oraz tak zwanym cialo rn m e tachrom a t ynow ym. Nie sa w id oc zne delikat n e scianki p oprzeczne kornorek , nie za ch owala
sie te z chrom atopla zm a or a z szczy t ow e k orn orki trychom ow .
Sc h i zothri ch i t es ord oviciensis n. sp .
D iagn oza. Nici 15- 35 ~t sze rok osci, n ajcze sci ej spotyka sl e jednak n ici 1-2
tryc homowe , szer ok osci 16- 26 It. Trych om y sz ero k osci 8-10 fl , komorki przewaznie
3- 4
fl
dlugosci, rzadziej p r awie kwadratowe. Inne cechy p odobne jak w di agnozie
r od zaju,
Wystepuje w chalcedonie z d olnego or do w ik u (tremadok) w W ysoczkach k olo
Bog or fl w G or ac h Swietokrzysk ich.
Op isane sinice maja budow e plech i k om orek p od obna j ak sinice dzisie jsze .
Zachow a ne sz czegoly w komorkac h do w od za , ze mial y one tak i sa m sch em a t budowy,
jak sin ice zyjqce dzisia ], co przedst awion o na fig . I , r ys . 6. Kom or ki mialy wiec
ob w od owa czesc, czy li ch ro m atoplazme (ni e zachowana) oraz cialo centralne ,
n a obwodzie ktorego gro m adzily sie ziarniste sk upienia m a te ri a low zapasowyc h ,
ktore sie w m ateria le or dowickim dos k onale zachowaly (pl. II , fig.2). S chemat budow y trychomow, pl ec h , ni ci i ro zgalezienia nici od powiad aja w zu pelnosci zy j qcym
dzi s sin icom z r od zaju Sch izot hri x.
Dow odzi to , ze si nice j u z w odleglyc h e p oka ch geolog icznych u zyskal y wysok i
stopieri zroznicowan ia mo r fo log tcznego, ktor y zachowal sie d o d zis.
O BJASNIENIA DO I L USTRACJ'l
Fig. 1 (p. 453)
1,2 T yp ow y p okroj rozga lez io nych rrici ; 3,4 fragmenty n ici przy siln iejszy m
p owi ek sze niu (widac k om or ki ro zn e ] dlugosci): 5 fr agment n ici z luzn o ulo zon yrni
i czesciowo poprzewrac an ymi k orn or k ami;
6
schemat budow y nici i komorek :
s p ochw a , c cen t rop la zrna, ch chromatopla zma (r ekon st r ukcja) .
P I. I
F ig. 1. S zli f tremadock iego chaleedonu z n agromadzon yml nicmi sinicy. Ciemne
kulkii - ko nkre cje opalu ; X 35.
F ig. 2,3. Ro zgalezione n ici X 112; 3 ro zgalezienie typowe dla sinic z r od za ju
Sch i zothrix .
Fig . 4,5. Szcz yty rozga lez ton ych nici, X 320.
PI. II
F ig . 1,4,5. Na jczescie] s pot ykane Irag m enty nici 0 kornorkach r ozn e] dlugo sci
pochwach w arstwow anych, na zewnatrz n ierownych lu b p ost r zepion yc h.
BLUE-GR EEN A L GAE F R OM THE TREM ADOCI AN
459
Fig. 2,3. T r ychomy z rozluznionymi 'i czesciowo poprzewracanymi komorkami: 2
skupianie s ie ziarn c y anoficyny na o bwo dzie ciala centralnego.
Fig. 6. Powierzchnia pochwy tej s a mej nici , ktora przedstawia fig . 5.
W szy stkie zdjecia pl . II X 1200
K A POJIb C T A P M A X
ror
CJ1HE-3EJIEH Afi BO,ll;OP OCJIh J13 TPF';M A,ll;OKA CBEHTOKP)KJ1CKJ1X
(IIO JIh IIIA)
Onncan
BJI e'IeHHbIX
HO B b Iti BH~ H
pozt
n JI a B H K OB o H
KIIC.'10T0M
CHlI€ -3eJI e H o ti BO~OPOCJIH
H3
xan ue nona.
TpE'Ma~OKCKHX neC'IaHHKOB B BbICO 'IKax OKOJIO
BO~OPOCJI H 31'11
n OCJI e paCTBopeHHH
asrcrynaror
E
Bor op an
x aJIl..\e~OH C
nopozrst cox pan mo r
B
aa
OCHO BaHHH 06pa3 1..\OB H 3 -
Xa JIl..\ e~OH bI
BH~e
asrcr ynaro'r cp enrr
B C B e H T OKp JK H CK I1X
I'op a x.
cnyramrsrx
xoroprae
HHTetl,
B T aKoti CTeneHH CB OIO nepBI1'IHylO 3JIaCTI1'I-
nperta-
H OCT b , 'IT O I1X MO}KHO 'IaCTH'IHO pa 3MOTaTb H npI1rOT0BHTb MHKpOCKOnl1qeCKl1 e
p a r ur.
B a 3 11p y H C!>
na
MHOrl1X
npenapa rax
a B T Op
m1~ H
x apaxrepaayer
pen,
K OT Op b I H
B B I1 ~ Y 3Haql1TeJIhHOrO C XO~CTBa C COBpeMeHHOH CHHe-3eJI eHo!\i BO~OPOCJIblO, npI1Ha~JIe­
xcaur ea
po~y
Schizothr,i:r,
Ha3BaH
PO~
Schizothrichit es ordo v iciensis
Schizot hric hites
sp .
n . g e n.
H I1T I1 MHorOKpaTHO pa3BeTBJIeHHbIe, c B 0 60~ H O
j{uaZ1W3. -
n.
n . gen .
ep o p M eHH bI X , ~epHHCTbIX CKOnJIeHHl1. H I1T b CJIO}KeHa H 3
1 -4
cnyraaasre,
B Billie 6e3 -
T pH X OM OB , C O~ e p ]KHM bI X
B oG II..\eM BJIaraJIHII..\e. B JI ar aJI H II..\H KOpHqH eBbIe HJIH 'IepHO-KOPHqH€BbIe, CJI OI1 CT bIe , co
CJI OH MI1
B OJIHHCTbIM H ,
a epxyunce,
cysceansre
H e p o BHbIM H
H J1IlOr~a
c aapyxc n ,
ofirpen a ans re,
nao r n a
aaocr pen a s re. Iloa epx a oc-n,
B H ~ Ce T OqKI1 C Hepery JIHpH b IM H HqetlKaMH . T PH X OMbI CJIO}KeHb I
II..\e CTB e HHO GOJIce K OpOT K H X 'reM HX unrpnaa, peace -
(nJI .
B
K JI eTKa X
II,
ep Hr.
COXpaHHJIH Cb
2).
CHHe-3eJIeHbIX
aepa acr t.re
aep a ax
BKJIlO qeHHH
epHKOI..\HaHa
H T aK Ha3bIBae MbIM MeTa X pOMaT H H OB b I M TeJIaM.
HeBI1~ HMbI,
xpOM aTOnJIa3M a
11
aepuma n sre
aa
H3 K .lI eTOK, npe rory-
n OqTH KB a Ap aTH bIX .
s oxpyr
l..\eHTpa JIbHOrO T€JIa
3TH BKJIlOqeH HH COOTBeT CTBylOT npH c yTcTBylOII..\H M
B O~OpOCJIeti
3aMKHYTble
BJIa raJIHII..\a HMceT qaCTO
( MO]KeT
6 b I Tb
y
nonepexnsre
TOHKHe
K JI eTKH Tpl1XOM
He
COBpeM eHHbI X
T aK}Ke
BOJIIOTHHa ? ) ,
CTeHKH KJI eTOK
COX paHH JI I1Cb .
Schizothrichit es ord oviciensis n. sp.
j{uazn03. HHTH IllHPHHOti
3-4 fl ~JIHHOtl,
H I1TI1
15-35 fl
16-26 fl.
IllHPI1HOtl, HO vrarue scero
TPH XOMbI
8-10 flo
asrcrynaror 1-2
IllHPI1HOtl,
KJIeTKH
TpHXoM oBble
npel1MYIl..\eCTBeHH o
peace nOqTH KBa~PHTHble. O CT aJIbHbIe npl13HaKH K aK B ~l1arH03e P OA R.
KAROL ST AR MACH
460
Bsrcryrraer B xanuenoae Hl1:IKHerO opnoasnca (rpewanoxa)
Bor op a n B CBeHTOKp:IKl1CKl1X I'opax,
Onncaaasre
MeH H b le
B
BbICOqKaX · OKOlIO
BO,ll;OpOCJIl1 CTpOeIIl1eM CBO erO CJIOeBl1ll\R l1 KJI eTOK nO XO:IKl1 aa COBpe-
caae-aenensre
cP OP MbI.
Coxpaaenasre
B
K JIeTKaX nO,ll;p06HOCTl1 ,ll;OKa 3bIBaIOT,
'ITO yIX Ml1KpOCTpyKTypa npncraanan a TaKoi1 :IKe n JI aH KaK y COBpe MeHHbIX Cl1He-3eJIeH b I X BO ,ll;OpOCJI e i1 (cPl1r.
nnaaxa (He
.TII1 Cb
aepmrcrare
naesrsrx
1,
Pl1C.
6).
B
K JI eTKaX l1 M e JIaCb 06BO,ll;HaH qaCTb l1JIl1 XPOlliaTO-
COXpaHl1BlllaH CH) l1 uenrp ansno e T e JI O, aoxpyr xoroporo cocpenora-maaOT JIO:IKeHHH
ofipaauax.
COOTBeTCTByeT
Cxexra
3 an~ CHbIX
MaTepl1aJlOB, xopouro COXpaHI1Bllll1XClI B I1CKO-
crpoenna T pl1XOllI , CJIO eBl1ll\a , H l1T ei1 l1 p a3BeTBJll'HI1H HI1Te"
ceapesreansm
Cl1H e -3e JI e HbIM BO ,ll;OpOCJIH lII porta
S chi.zot hrix .
3TO noxa -
3 b IBaeT , 'ITO Y:IK e B oxens QT,ll;a Jl e H HbIX reOJI Orl1qeCKl1X n epnonax CHHe-3 eJICUble B OAO POCJII1 oC Yll\eCTBI1JII1 B b ICO KYlO cren ens lIIO P cP o JIor l1 q e CK o i1 Al1cPcP epeHl-\l1al-\I111 ,
p aa COXpaHI1Jl aCb ,ll;O naurero BpeMeHI1 .
K OT O-
PLATES
PI. 1
Fig. 1. Thin section of Tremadocian chalcedony with blue-green algae filaments.
Dark sph er es - opa l concretions ; X 35.
F'ig. 2,3. Branched fil aments , X 112; 3 branches ty p ical for blue-green a lgae of the
ge nus Sch i zothri x.
Fig. 4,5. Tips of branched fil aments ; X 320.
ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA , VOL. VITU
,
,3
K . S TA RMA C H, PL . I
ACTA PALA EONTOL OGICA POLO NICA , VOL .
v rn
K . STARMACH , PL.
3
4
5
,
'I
nr
PI. II
Fig. 1,4,5. Most com mon Iragments of fil am ents, with cells of various length and
strat ifi ed she a ths, externally 'ir regu lar or f'i m br lated.
Fig. 2,3. Trichomes with loosened an d partl y overturned cells ; 2 cy anophycin gr anules
concen trated on the circumferenc e of th e central body.
Fig. 6. Surface of the sheath of the filament shown on fig . 5.
All figures X 1200.