DIVERSITY OF WEED INFESTATION DEPENDING ON MAIZE

Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 10(1) 2011, 13-23
DIVERSITY OF WEED INFESTATION DEPENDING ON
MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM
Hanna Gołębiowska
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – National Research Institute
in Puławy1
Abstract. The research conducted in 2002-2008 at the Institute of Herbology and
Cultivation Techniques IUNG – PIB in Wrocław, in the western region of Poland (51o07’ N;
17o02’ E), assessed the effect of the cropping system on species diversity in field weed
communities of maize grown in the crop rotation and in the monoculture. Changes in
weed infestation were evaluated on the basis of phytosociological records taken in two
systems of soil tillage – traditional (ploughing plus cultivating measures) and nonploughing – consisting of tillage with a cultivator and seedbed preparing with a combination
tillage tools. After two phases of the crop rotation, the highest biodiversity of field flora
was reported in maize grown according to the conventional method, with the use of
ploughing, while the lowest weed infestation level occurred in monoculture with the use
of reduced system. Both in growing in the crop rotation and monoculture, after
introduction of reductions in cultivation there was observed the occurrence of perennial
species of Elymus repens, Cirsium arvense and Equisetum arvense, as well as an
increased amount of Artemisia vulgaris.
Key words: biodiversity indices, field flora, maize monoculture, no-ploughing system,
Zea mays
INTRODUCTION
Modern technologies of maize cropping contribute to an increase in yield and the
improvement of quality indices, but they also create favorable conditions for the growth
and development of field weeds – organisms with large abilities of propagation, easily
adapting to changing environment. In recent years, in order to obtain economic benefits,
traditional crop rotation is more and more often abandoned for growing in monoculture
and no-ploughing methods of soil tillage are used to a larger extent. In this situation,
one must expect constant changes in quantitative and qualitative composition of weed
Corresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: dr Hanna Gołębiowska, Department of
Herbology and Soil Tillage Techniques of Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation –
National Research Institute in Puławy, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy,
e-mail: [email protected]
14
H. Gołębiowska
communities, a growth in their mutual competitive effect, and emerging the
compensation of aggressive taxons [Domaradzki and Rola 2002].
In the times of common and necessary application of herbicides, diminishing of field
crops communities must occur and a new state of balance must be created in them
[Czarnecka 1997, Holst et al. 2007]. However, the study by Gołębiowska [2008]
indicates that reduced methods of soil cultivation by abandoning cultivation treatments
create different conditions for development of weeds, and their constant diversification
in communities is observed in spite of herbicidal protection. Similar tendencies were
recorded in Germany, where during 40-50 years the intensity of common weeds in field
crops decreased by 20-40%, whereas their floristic list is still long and undergoes
constant changes under the influence of agrotechnical factors [Hurle et al. 1988].
Under conditions of reduced tillage, as compared with traditional soil cultivation,
monocotyledonous species occur in larger amounts on weaker stands, particularly
Echinochloa crus-galli – barnyard grass and Elymus repens – quack grass, and as
a result of restoring fallowed lands to agricultural use, there is a growing problem with
control of Artemisia vulgaris – common wormwood. On more fertile black earths, in
turn, under conditions of early sowing, there is a growing proportion of Galium aparine
– field bedstraw, Polygonum convolvulus – black knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare –
bird’s knotgrass, Veronica persica – Persian speedwell and Viola arvensis – field violet
[Gierczyk et al. 2003, Gołębiowska 2008].
Similar studies conducted in Germany showed that under conditions of no ploughing
tillage, as compared with traditional ploughing, faster spread of monocotyledonous and
perennial weeds occurs, parallel to a reduction of dicotyledonous annual species
[Bräutigam 1993].
It is assumed that apart from biotic and abiotic factors, agrotechnical factors have
a significant effect on the state of weed infestation of a maize plantation.
The aim of this study was to assess changes in field flora on the basis of biodiversity
indices on plantations of maize cultivated in crop rotation and monoculture, depending
on the soil cultivation system.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In 2002-2008 in the Institute of Herbology and Cultivation Techniques in Wrocław,
in fields belonged to the experimental Station IUNG – PIB Jelcz – Laskowice
observations were carried out of the weed infestation of maize cultivated in the crop
rotation: winter wheat + intercrop of white mustard, maize for grain, spring barley, as
well as in monoculture. In both kinds of crop rotations, from 2002 two kinds of tillage
systems were applied: the first – the ploughing system, with ploughing using
a mouldboard plough to a depth of 25 cm with seedbed preparing with traditional tools,
and the other – no-ploughing system, consisting of tillage with a cultivator to a depth of
12 cm with seedbed preparing with a cultivation unit. Each cultivation method was
realized in a field with an area of 10 ha in the grey-brown podsolic soil formed of heavy
loamy sand on light loam. Before establishing the experiments in 2002, a floristic list of
weeds was made and the cover factor and phytosociological stability was determined
for each species .
Inspections of field weed infestation were conducted after maize emergences and
before the application of herbicides. In successive crop rotations, as well as in
Acta Sci. Pol.
Diversity of weed...
15
monoculture and in each cultivation variant, an approximate assessment of the degree of
soil cover by the given weed species in an area of 100-200 m2 was carried out,
expressed by means of the 6-grade Braun-Blanquet scale, and a variability of weed
infestation was compared with the initial state from 2002. A total of 75
phytosociological records were made on each cultivation combination in maize.
The results of the study were worked out separately for crop rotation and
monoculture of maize, and for ploughing and no-ploughing tillage system, determining
also such elements of biodiversity as the average number of species occurring in
a phytosociological record, and the total number of species. The stability of occurrence
and area cover factors for all the weeds were also calculated. Monocotyledonous,
dicotyledonous and other species were distinguished, and among them annual, perennial
and dominating species characteristic of the tested systems of maize rotation and soil
tillage.
RESULTS
In the years of the study, the weather conditions – the air temperature and
precipitation remaining at a slightly higher level than the long-term average – favoured
the diversity of field flora in maize. Mild winters and favorable distribution of
temperatures and precipitation in the early spring allowed carrying out sowings as early
as around the 10th of April and stimulated weeds for an earlier development. Some of
them were developed as early as at the beginning of maize growth on treatments where
no-ploughing tillage was applied, often with forms which survived the snowless winter,
and the cool air in May did not threaten their development. The least favorable weather
conditions occurred in 2005. A considerable water deficit occurred in the whole season,
and a growth in temperature occurring at the end of June and in July resulted in the
occurrence of its shortage (Table 1).
Both maize cultivation in crop rotation and in monoculture with the use of
ploughing and no-ploughing tillage system exerted a significant effect on its weed
infestation. In 2008, in crop rotation and in the ploughing tillage system the highest
count of weeds was recorded – a total of 27 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
species, including three dominating ones with the highest cover factors: barnyard grass,
Chenopodium album – lamb's quarters, field violet. As a result of ploughing tillage in
crop rotation, the number of species in the community increased in relation to the initial
state from 2002, whereas the sum of cover factors for the dominating species decreased
from 8254 to 7531 (Table 2).
In the years of conducting observation on the treatment cultivated with the noploughing system, the state of weed infestation remained at the similar level (Table 2).
In 2008, as compared with 2002, the number of species slightly decreased. Only 19
taxons were distinguished altogether. The dominating species occurring were lamb’s
quarters and barnyard grass, for which considerably higher cover factors were recorded,
as compared with the initial state from 2002, i.e. for barnyard grass from 3475 to 3736,
and for lamb's quarters from 2796 to 3892. Apart from those species, field violet and
blue cornflower occurred in quite large amounts, but with a tendency to increasing
intensity. Under conditions of reduced soil cultivation, Setaria viridis – green
bristlegrass increased its proportion, and perennial plants also appeared, such as quack
grass and field horsetail found in 40% of all the phytosociological records (Tables 2, 3).
Agricultura 10(1) 2011
2008
2005
2002
1956-2006
Year
Rok
temperature – temperatura, oC
rainfall – opady, mm
temperature – temperatura, oC
rainfall – opady, mm
temperature – temperatura, oC
rainfall – opady, mm
temperature – temperatura, oC
rainfall – opady, mm
Weather conditions
Warunki pogodowe
13.4
404
14.3
558.4
14.9
299.6
14.6
441.6
8
37.6
9.6
42.5
10.9
35.6
8.3
22.2
April
Kwiecień
13.1
61.3
11.9
26.5
13
63
14.6
38.5
May
Maj
15.6
71.4
13.9
65.2
18.2
71
17.8
85.3
June
Czerwiec
18.2
80
19.8
183.8
19.8
39.9
19.5
39.3
July
Lipiec
17.1
67.7
21.6
88.1
17.2
32.1
18.8
147.6
August
Sierpień
13.5
47.6
11.1
88.3
16
36.5
13.3
93.4
September
Wrzesień
8.6
38.4
11.7
64
9.7
21.5
9.7
15.3
October
Październik
Table 1. Monthly mean air temperature and monthly total rainfall in region of Wroclaw in comparison with many-year average (IUNG – PIB Wrocław
1956-2008)
Tabela 1. Średnia miesięczna temperatura powietrza oraz miesięczne sumy opadów w rejonie Wrocławia w porównaniu ze średnią wieloletnią (IUNG –
PIB Wrocław 1956-2008)
16
H. Gołębiowska
Acta Sci. Pol.
Agricultura 10(1) 2011
* S – stałość fitosocjologiczna – phytosociological stability
** W.p. – cover factor – współczynnik pokrycia
Average number of species per phytosociological record
Średnia liczba gatunków w zdjęciu fitosocjologicznym
Total number of species, of which:
Łączna liczba gatunków, w tym:
annual monocotyledonous – jednoliścienne
jednoroczne: Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria spp
perennial monocotyledonous – jednoliścienne
wieloletnie: Elymus repens
annual dicotyledonous – dwuliścienne jednoroczne
perennial dicotyledonous – dwuliścienne
wieloletnie: Artemisia vulgaris, Cirsium arvense,
Convolvulus arvense
others – inne wieloletnie: Equisetum arvense
S*
Dominating weed species – Gatunki dominujace
Echinochloa crus-galli
V
Chenopodium album
V
Viola arvensis
V
Centaurea cyanus
V
Veronica persica
–
Polygonum aviculare
–
Polygonum convolvulus
–
Sum of cover factors
–
Suma współczynników pokrycia
Indices of weed infestation
Wskaźniki bioróżnorodności zbiorowisk chwastów
27
2
–
25
–
23
2
–
21
–
–
20
0
2
22
21.8
–
15
1
2
19
18.9
1
18
1
2
22
20.4
2002
1
14
1
2
18
16.6
2008
2
14
1
1
19
18.5
2002
3
8
1
1
14
13.7
2008
no-ploughing tillage
uprawa bezpłużna
Monoculture – Monokultura
ploughing tillage
uprawa płużna
8254
–
7531
–
8599
–
8817
–
8993
–
9442
–
9093
–
9679
–
–
–
1
–
–
1
1
W.p.** S* W.p.** S* W.p.** S* W.p.** S* W.p.** S* W.p.** S* W.p.** S* W.p.**
3735
V
3456
V
3475
V
3736
V
3938
V
4169
V
3838
V
4496
2859
V
2753
V
2796
V
3892
V
3905
V
3806
V
4105
V
4866
764 IV
796
V
1202 IV
944 IV
489
V
694
V
489
–
–
896 IV
526 IV 1026 IV
845
V
336
–
–
V
336
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
V
325
V
773
V
325
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
IV
139
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
III
178
26.6
22.4
2008
2002
2002
2008
no-ploughing tillage
uprawa bezpłużna
ploughing tillage
uprawa płużna
Crop rotation – Zmianowanie
Table 2. Selected indices of weed infestation in maize depending on different tillage systems
Tabela 2. Wybrane wskaźniki bioróżnorodności zbiorowisk chwastów w różnych systemach uprawy kukurydzy
Diversity of weed...
17
Echinochloa crus-galli
Chenopodium album
Viola arvensis
Centaurea cyanus
Veronica persica
Anthemis arvensis
Papaver rhoaes
Solanum nigrum
Setaria spp.
Amaranthus retroflexus
Matricaria inodora
Aethusa cynapium
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Geranium pussillum
Stellaria media
Polygonum convolvulus
Polygonum persicaria
Fumaria officibnalis
Thlaspi arvense
Sinapis arvensis
Galinsoga parviflora
Euphorbia helioscopia
Tripleurospermum
inodorum
Cerastium arvense
Veronica arvenssis
Spergula arvensis
Vicia vilosa
Equisetum arvense
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
3
23
25
17
16
15
15
13
16
12
15
16
15
14
12
14
13
13
9
15
6
7
4
for explanations, see Table 2 – objaśnienia pod tabelą 2
24
25
26
27
28
23
Weed species
Gatunek chwastu
No.
Lp.
II
V
V
V
V
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
III
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
III
3
3735
2859
764
896
252
241
225
192
141
117
78
75
60
41
31
28
25
22
19
15
9
8
8
6
6
6
9
20
20
19
13
15
16
15
13
16
15
16
13
15
12
11
13
13
11
12
9
9
9
ploughing tillage – uprawa płużna
2002
2008
no. of occurrence
no. of occurrence
S
W.p.
liczba wystąpień
liczba wystąpień
II
II
I
I
II
V
V
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
III
IV
IV
III
III
III
III
III
S
8
8
5
5
9
3456
2753
796
526
357
252
233
195
137
125
75
72
65
38
34
30
26
23
18
14
12
10
W.p.
III
III
III
III
III
10
8
7
4
4
V
V
V
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
III
IV
IV
21
22
20
20
20
15
15
14
12
14
14
15
11
10
10
10
12
7
19
15
9
8
3475
2796
1202
1026
475
266
225
192
141
117
78
75
60
41
31
28
25
III
IV
II
6
12
8
III
III
III
III
III
II
III
III
9
9
9
8
10
10
9
10
V
V
IV
IV
IV
III
IV
IV
IV
S
20
20
20
18
18
9
14
17
16
no-ploughing tillage – uprawa bezpłużna
2002
2008
no. of occurrence
no. of occurrence
S
W.p.
liczba wystąpień
liczba wystąpień
Crop rotation – Zmianowanie
Table 3. Biodiversity of weed communities in crop rotation of maize depending on the tillage system
Tabela 3. Bioróżnorodność zbiorowisk chwastów w kukurydzy w zmianowaniu w zależności od systemu uprawy roli
14
9
176
25
23
70
68
39
17
23
19
3736
3892
944
845
325
172
256
185
315
W.p.
18
H. Gołębiowska
Acta Sci. Pol.
Diversity of weed...
19
In weed infestation of maize monoculture on treatments cultivated in ploughing and
no-ploughing systems, varied intensity of two dominating species, lamb’s quarters and
barnyard grass, was observed. Due to reduced tillage, the cover factor for those species
increased considerably in comparison with the treatment cultivated in ploughing system
in crop rotation, particularly for lamb's quarters, i.e. from 2753 to 4866, namely by
76.7%. In 2002, the list of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds occurring on
the treatment cultivated with the use of ploughing consisted of 18 species, whereas the
phytocenosis of the later maize monoculture with reduced soil tillage was poorer and
consisted of 14 species (Tables 2, 4). The frequency of occurrence and cover factors of
species allow making an assessment of the factual threat to maize monoculture in the
tillage systems discussed (Table 2). In the weed infestation of monoculture, the amount
of dicotyledonous annual species decreased. A higher intensity of monocotyledonous
annual species was also observed, as well as perennial ones, frequently or constantly
present, especially in the reduced system. Apart from barnyard grass, the group of
perennial weeds consisted of dicotyledonous species: common wormwood and Cirsium
arvense – Canadian thistle and field horsetail. The proportion of dominating species in
the total area cover by weeds, particularly of lamb's quarters and barnyard grass, is
worth noting. On the treatment cultivated with no-tillage system, the sum of cover
factors for both species was 9362, whereas after ploughing in maize in crop rotation it
amounted to 6209 (Table 2).
After two crop rotations, the highest biodiversity of field flora was found in maize
cultivated in the ploughing system, whereas the lowest in monoculture with the use of
reductions in soil tillage. In the case of maize cultivation in monoculture after
introducing cultivation reductions, the appearance of perennial species – common
wormwood, Canadian thistle and field horsetail – was observed, as well as an increased
intensity of quack grass (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Maize cultivation technology, and particularly crop rotation economy, exerts
a significant effect on the state and degree of weed infestation. In years it has undergone
considerable reductions, in relation to expanding cereal cultivation area, including
maize [Dzienia et al. 1998, Rola 1999].
Changes in maize cultivation technology were the most often forced by
organizational and economic factors, such as:
– reductions in respect of crop rotation and soil tillage,
– an increase in mineral fertilization, especially with nitrogen,
– appearing varieties of plants well adapted to mechanical harvest, but less
competitive towards weeds,
– supplementing the methods of agrotechnical weed control with chemical methods,
which to the largest degree decided on the state and degree of weed infestation of
fields [Rola and Rola 1995, Adamczewski and Dobrzański 1997].
Agricultura 10(1) 2011
Echinochloa crus-galli
Chenopodium album
Viola arvensis
Centaurea cyanus
Veronica persica
Anthemis arvensis
Papaver rhoaes
Solanum nigrum
Setaria spp.
Matricaria inodora
Aethusa cynapium
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Geranium pussillum
Stellaria media
Polygonum convolvulus
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum persica
Thlaspi arvense
Sinapis arvensis
Galinsoga parviflora
Euphorbia helioscopia
Artemisia vulgaris
Equisetum arvense
Convolvulus arvense
Cirsium arvense
Elymus repens
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
9
for explanations, see Table 2 – objaśnienia pod tabelą 2
Weed species
Gatunek chwastu
No.
Lp.
II
6
18
ploughing tillage – uprawa płużna
2002
2008
no. of occurrence
no. of occurrence
S
W.p.
liczba wystąpień
liczba wystąpień
25
V
3938
20
25
V
3905
20
22
IV
489
19
22
V
336
12
19
V
325
18
20
IV
249
15
17
IV
237
14
12
IV
215
14
IV
196
14
11
IV
115
9
IV
87
10
8
IV
69
13
8
III
58
12
7
III
52
13
IV
45
12
11
IV
46
14
9
12
III
20
7
II
15
8
9
II
7
9
II
6
14
8
II
6
10
6
65
27
38
266
6
5
163
11
III
IV
III
III
IV
III
II
IV
II
35
149
IV
III
4169
3806
694
10
773
299
152
W.p.
V
V
V
III
V
IV
IV
S
12
6
4
5
11
10
12
14
9
9
8
9
III
II
I
II
III
III
III
IV
II
III
II
III
212
29
15
34
75
33
209
311
36
205
35
215
16
12
8
13
16
17
15
15
no-ploughing tillage – uprawa bezpłużna
2002
2008
no. of occurrence
no. of occurrence
S
W.p.
liczba wystąpień
liczba wystąpień
3838
25
V
25
25
V
4105
25
25
V
489
20
23
V
336
19
22
V
325
19
17
IV
296
16
12
III
236
Monoculture – Monokultura
Table 4. Biodiversity of weed communities in monoculture of maize depending on the tillage system
Tabela 4. Bioróżnorodność zbiorowisk chwastów w monokulturze kukurydzy w zależności od systemu uprawy roli
IV
III
II
IV
IV
III
IV
IV
V
V
IV
IV
IV
IV
S
168
32
22
45
254
178
139
107
4496
4866
649
383
498
357
W.p.
20
H. Gołębiowska
Acta Sci. Pol.
Diversity of weed...
21
Also in the conditions of intensive farming, the traditional crop rotation is often
abandoned and its filling with cereals only is observed, and maize is cultivated in
monoculture. This affects changes in its weed infestation, whereas site conditions,
according to Domaradzki et al. [2002] began to play a secondary role in diversification
of weed communities. Any reductions in maize cultivation technology, according to
Blecharczyk et al. [2004], may contribute to an increase in weed infestation in the first
years of application.
Favorable weather conditions in last twenty days, in comparison with the long-term
averages – higher temperatures, a growth in sun exposure, particularly in May and June,
and precipitation remaining at the similar level, favor maize development and ripening,
which in the area of Wrocław allows carrying out sowings even 10 days earlier than
those recommended so far [Kozyra 2004].
The study gave attention to how different soil tillage systems: ploughing or notillage – can affect the state of weed infestation of maize cultivated in the same habitat
conditions. In the experiment conducted in grey-brown soil with maize cultivated in
crop rotation, in a system based on ploughing, larger species biodiversity was recorded,
with smaller counts than in monoculture. The list of monocotyledonous and
dicotyledonous weeds found in cultivation based on ploughing was the richest, whereas
in the reduced system it was poorer in species, especially in monoculture, where the
fewest taxons were recorded in the community. Dominating species, irrespective of the
kind of crop rotation and soil tillage system were lamb's quarters and barnyard grass.
The proportion of barnyard grass in weed infestation increased particularly in
monoculture and as a result of cultivation reductions, which consequently could lead to
its compensation.
In the structure of weed infestation of maize monoculture the number of
dicotyledonous weeds decreased, particularly in comparison with conventional
cultivation in crop rotation. Also a larger intensity of monocotyledonous annual and
perennial species, often or constantly present, was observed, particularly in the reduced
system.
In the case of perennial weeds, their threat grew considerably in the no-ploughing
system; beside quack grass, it was made by dicotyledonous species, such as: common
wormwood, Canadian thistle and field horsetail.
The results obtained confirm the thesis by Rola [1991] about a larger species
abundance of weed communities in conventional cultivation using crop rotation,
characterizing by a higher stability, lower threat with perennial species, which are often
expansive. In such a community it is easier to control weed infestation with
agrotechnical methods than in phytocenoses where one or two species predominate.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Reductions in both soil tillage and crop rotation contributed to limiting species
diversitiy in the phytocenosis, a considerable growth in the number of dominating
species and the appearance of perennial taxons.
2. The highest species biodiversity of field weeds occurred in crop rotation and as
a result of the ploughing tillage system. However, cultivation reductions resulted in
a considerable increase in the proportion of green bristlegrass, and a perennial species
appeared, i.e. field horsetail.
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H. Gołębiowska
3. In the structure of monoculture weed infestation, the amount of dicotyledonous
weeds decreased and intensity of annual monocotyledonous species was observed,
particularly of barnyard grass, as well as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
perennial taxons: common wormwood, Canadian thistle and quack grass, as compared
with maize grown in crop rotation, particularly using the ploughing tillage system.
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Acta Sci. Pol.
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Diversity of weed...
RÓŻNORODNOŚĆ ZBIOROWISK CHWASTÓW KUKURYDZY
W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD ZMIANOWANIA ROŚLIN I UPRAWY ROLI
Streszczenie. W latach 2002-2008 w Zakładzie Herbologii i Technik Uprawy Roli IUNG
– PIB we Wrocławiu (51o07’ N; 17o02’ E) oceniano wpływ sposobu uprawy roli na
zróżnicowanie gatunkowe w zbiorowiskach chwastów segetalnych kukurydzy uprawianej
w zmianowaniu i monokulturze. Zmiany w zbiorowiskach chwastów oceniano metodą
zdjęć fitosocjologicznych w dwóch wariantach uprawy roli: tradycyjnym (orka plus
uprawki doprawiające) oraz uproszczonym – składającym się z uprawy kultywatorem
z doprawianiem roli agregatem uprawowym. Po przejściu dwóch rotacji w zmianowaniu
największą bioróżnorodność flory segetalnej stwierdzono w kukurydzy uprawianej
po zastosowaniu orki, zaś najuboższe zachwaszczenie wystąpiło w monokulturze z zastosowaniem uproszczeń uprawowych. W przypadku zmianowania, jak monokultury po
wprowadzeniu uproszczeń uprawowych obserwowano pojawienie się gatunków
wieloletnich Elymus repens, Cirsium arvense i Equisetum arvense oraz większą
liczebność Artemisia vulgaris.
Słowa kluczowe: flora segetalna, bezorkowa uprawa roli, monokultura kukurydzy,
wskaźniki bioróżnorodności, Zea mays
Accepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku: 28.01.2011
Agricultura 10(1) 2011