response of sweet corn cultivated in eastern poland to different

Transkrypt

113
R. Rosa
Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 13(4) 2014, 113-126
RESPONSE OF SWEET CORN CULTIVATED IN
EASTERN POLAND TO DIFFERENT SOWING DATES
AND COVERING WITH NON-WOVEN PP.
PART II. EAR QUALITY TRAITS
Robert Rosa
Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities1
Abstract. Sweet corn quality is determined by such characteristics as ear length and
diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, ear fill and productivity, as well as nutrient
content in kernels. These traits may be influenced by environmental conditions and
cultivation methods. A field experiment was conducted in 2006-2008 to examine the
effect of different sowing dates (26th April, 10th and 24th May) and covering with nonwoven PP on quality traits of sweet corn ear. The experiment was carried out in eastern
Poland (52º03’ N; 22º33’ E). Sweet corn formed ears characterised by better biometrical
parameters in the cooler and wetter years 2007 and 2008 compared with the warm and dry
2006 in which, however, corn kernels contained more ascorbic acid, total sugars and
sucrose than in other study years. As corn sowing was delayed, ear diameter, kernel
weight, number of kernel rows per ear and dry matter content of kernels increased
gradually. Most total sugars and sucrose were determined in the kernels of corn sown on
the second date. In 2006, ears with most kernels were harvested from plots sown with
corn on the first date, while in the cooler and wet weather during the 2008 growing season
the best ear fill was found for the second and third sowing date. Covering corn in the
initial stages of crop development increased biological productivity of ears as well as the
dry matter content, total sugars and sucrose in kernels. ‘Sweet Nugget F1’ and ‘Sheba F1’
produced longer ears with heavier kernels which also contained more dry matter, total
sugars and sucrose than ‘Rana F1’ which, however, had most kernel rows and kernels per
ear.
Key words: covering, ear fulfilment, ear length and diameter, kernel weight, nutritive
value, sowing date, Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.
Corresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: dr inż. Robert Rosa, Department of Vegetable
Crops of Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce,
e-mail: [email protected]
Acta Sci. Pol.
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R. Rosa
INTRODUCTION
Sweet corn is a new potential crop for moderate climates but requires additional
agronomic improvements and development due to climatic changes [Fekonja et al.
2011, Genc et al. 2013]. These changes, in particular increasing average air
temperatures and an extending growing season, make it possible to sow sweet corn
earlier than recommended in many places in Central and Eastern Europe, including
Poland. It is important that high yields of ears and kernels should be accompanied by
the best quality possible. Sowing date of sweet corn is one of the factors which
influence both the ear yield and its quality. Ear quality is determined based on
characteristics such as ear length and diameter, number of kernels per ear, uniformity
and nutrient contents [White 1984, Waligóra and Kruczek 2003, Kruczek and Waligóra
2010, Kwabiah 2004, Farsiani et al. 2011].
The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of different sowing
dates and covering on the ear quality of sweet corn cultivated in eastern Poland.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out in the years 2006-2008 at the Experimental Farm in
Zawady (52º03’ N; 22º33’ E). It studied the effect of different sowing dates and
covering with non-woven PP on ear quality traits of sweet corn cultivated in eastern
Poland. The description of the study conditions and methods was presented in the first
part of the work “Response of sweet corn cultivated in eastern Poland to different
sowing dates and covering with non-woven PP. Part I. Corn yields” [Rosa 2014].
Sweet corn was harvested manually in the milk stage. Ears were harvested two or
three times depending on the combination studied. The assessment of ear quality traits
was conducted on 30 random samples of ears taken from every plot at the second
harvest. The following characteristics of ears were determined: length and diameter of
marketable ears, the average mass of kernels per 1 marketable ear, biological
productivity of ear, number of kernel rows in a marketable ear, as well as ear fulfilment
with kernels. Ear tip fill was assigned a value of 1 to 6, depending on the length of the
unfilled kernels at the ear tip. Value 1 indicated that over 30 mm of the tip was not
filled, 2 = 25 to 29 mm of the tip was not filled, 3 = 20 to 24 mm of the tip was not
filled, 4 = 15 to 19 mm of the tip was not filled; 5 = 10 to 14 mm of the tip was not
filled; and 6 = 9 mm or less of the tip was not filled.
Biological productivity of corn (Bp) was calculated according to the following
model:
mc − m p
⋅100 [%]
Bp =
mc
where:
mc – mass of an ear without cover leaves (g),
mp – mass of a core (g) [Szymanek et al. 2004].
Moreover, husked kernels were used to determine the following:
– dry weight – by drying to the constant weight at 105°C,
– total sugars and sucrose – by the Luff-Schoorl method,
– L-ascorbic acid – by the Tillman’s method.
Acta Sci. Pol.
115
Response... Part II. Ear quality...
The results of the experiment were statistically analyzed with the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) following the mathematical model for the split-block-split-plot
design. Significance of differences was determined by the Tukey test at the significance
level of P ≤ 0.05 [Winer et al. 1991].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 presents the effect of the main factors and their interactions on selected
quality traits of sweet corn ears. Weather conditions in the study years had a highly
significant effect on the characteristics studied. Sowing date had a highly significant
effect on ear diameter, kernel weight and number per ear, and number of kernel rows
per ear, but it did not influence the remaining traits. The interaction between years and
sowing date was significant for all the characteristics except for the number of kernel
rows per ear. The effect of covering on most examined parameters was not significant,
and the interaction of covering with other factors was not significant, either. Sweet corn
cultivars had a highly significant effect on ear quality traits. Moreover, the interaction of
the sowing date, covering and cultivar was highly significant, too.
Table 1. The effect of the experimental factors and their interactions on the sweet corn traits
Tabela 1. Wpływ czynników doświadczenia oraz ich interakcji na cechy kukurydzy cukrowej
Factor – Czynnik
Year – Rok (Y)
Sowing date – Termin
siewu (A)
Y×A
Covering – Osłanianie (B)
Y×B
A×B
Y×A×B
Cultivar – Odmiana (C)
Y×C
A×C
Y×A×C
B×C
Y×B×C
A×B×C
1
LE1
DE
WK
BP
NR
EF
DM
AA
TS
SU
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
ns – ni
**
**
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
**
**
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
*
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
*
ns – ni
**
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
ns
ns – ni
ns – ni
*
**
**
ns – ni
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
**
ns – ni
*
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
*
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
ns
ns – ni
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
*
**
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
ns – ni
ns – ni
**
**
*
**
LE – length of ears – długość kolb, DE – diameter of ears – średnica kolb, WK – kernel weight per
marketable ear – masa ziaren w kolbie handlowej, BP – biological productivity of ears – wydajność
biologiczna kolb, NR – number of kernel rows per ear – liczba rzędów ziaren w kolbie, EF – fulfilment of
ears – zaziarnienie kolb, DM – dry matter content in kernel – zawartość suchej masy w ziarnie, AA –
ascorbic acid content in kernel – zawartość kwasu askorbinowego w ziarnie, TS – total sugar content in
kernel – zawartość cukrów ogółem w ziarnie, SU – sucrose content in kernel – zawartość sacharozy
w ziarnie
* significant at P ≤ 0.05 – istotne przy P ≤ 0,05
** significant at P ≤ 0.01 – istotne przy P ≤ 0,01
ns – ni – non-significant – nieistotne
Agricultura 13(4) 2014
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R. Rosa
Weather conditions in the study years affected the length and diameter of sweet corn
marketable ears (Table 2). In 2007 and 2008, which were cooler and wetter, plants
formed longer ears with a larger diameter than in the hot and dry 2006. In their
experiment carried out in 2004-2007, Rosa et al. [2010] harvested the smallest ears in
2006, too, whereas in 2005 and 2007, when the weather was more favourable, the ears
were much larger. By contrast, Waligóra and Weber [2010] cultivated sweet corn in
western Poland in 2006-2008 and found no significant differences in the ear length.
Farsiani et al. [2011] reported that ear length and diameter declined due to insufficient
soil moisture. Waligóra et al. [2008] found that water shortages due to low rainfall in
the initial stages of sweet corn development (April and June) reduced the ear length.
Rivera-Hernandez et al. [2010] believed that an increase in the other traits causes
a decrease in the ear length as a consequence of drought stress, because of a decrease in
photosynthesis and total biomass accumulation in the plant.
Table 2. Length and diameter of ears depending on the sowing date and covering of sweet corn
(average for the examined cultivars)
Tabela 2. Długość i średnica kolb w zależności od terminu siewu i osłaniania kukurydzy cukrowej
(średnio dla badanych odmian)
Ear length – Długość kolb, cm
Factor – Czynnik
2006
Sowing date – Termin siewu
April 26th – 26 kwietnia
18.7a*
18.8a
May 10th – 10 maja
19.5a
Covering – Osłanianie
no covering – bez osłaniania
19.2a
non-woven PP – agrowłóknina 18.8a
19.0A**
Mean – Średnia
year – rok
2007
2008
Ear diameter – Średnica kolb, cm
mean
średnia
2006
year – rok
2007
2008
mean
średnia
19.9a
19.6a
19.3a
19.3a
20.7b
19.6a
19.3A
19.7A
19.5A
3.8a
3.9ab
4.1b
4.4a
4.4a
4.8b
4.3a
4.9b
4.7b
4.2A
4.4B
4.5B
19.8a
19.4a
19.6B
19.8a
20.0a
19.9B
19.6A
19.4A
19.5
3.9a
4.0a
3.9A
4.5a
4.6a
4.5B
4.5a
4.7a
4.6B
4.3A
4.4A
4.4
* a, b, A, B – values in columns followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 –
wartości w kolumnach oznaczone tymi samymi literami nie różnią się istotnie przy P ≤ 0,05
** A, B – values in rows followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 – wartości
w wierszach oznaczone tymi samymi literami nie różnią się istotnie przy P ≤ 0,05
The effect of the sowing date on sweet corn ear length and diameter varied over the
study years. In 2006 and 2007, ears from plants sown on the three dates were of
a similar length. When the weather was cool in 2008, the significantly longest ears were
produced by corn sown on 10th May (the second date). In 2006, ears from the third
sowing date (24th May) had a significantly larger diameter compared with the first date
(26th April). In 2007, ear diameter for the third sowing date was significantly greater
compared with the first date (26th April). In 2007, ear diameter for the final date was
significantly larger compared with the first and second date. In 2008, ears harvested
from corn sown on the second and third date were significantly larger in diameter than
ears of corn sown on the first date. Öktem et al. [2004] cultivated sweet corn in Turkey,
where hot and dry weather conditions predominate, and found that the diameter of
sweet corn ears gradually increased as the sowing date was delayed. Kwabiah [2004]
reported a significant increase in ear length and an insignificant increase in diameter as
sowing was delayed from 1st to 15th and 29th May. In turn, Panahi et al. [2010] found no
Acta Sci. Pol.
117
effect of the delayed sowing (from 5th to 20th May) on ear length, while the diameter
was on the decline. Farsiani et al. [2011] sowed sweet corn on four dates (from 4th May
to 3rd July) and noticed that ears were longest and largest in diameter when corn plants
had been pollinated during a period of lower air temperatures. This finding may provide
an explanation to the results of the present study where the largest ears were harvested
in years when lower temperatures were recorded during flowering and pollination.
The weight of kernels obtained from one marketable ear averaged 128.3 g (Table 3).
It significantly depended on the study year, sowing date and an interaction of these
factors. The heaviest kernels were harvested in 2007 when the air temperature was
moderate and rainfall evenly distributed. Corn ears harvested in the hot and dry 2006
had significantly the lowest kernel weight. It was by 29 and 25%, respectively, lower
than in 2007 and 2008. Waligóra and Weber [2010] found no differences in kernel
number per ear in 2006-2008. In this study kernel weight per ear of corn sown on 10th
and 24th May was significantly higher compared with sowing on 26th April in all the
study years. There was no effect of the sowing date on kernel weight in 2006, whereas
in 2007 kernels were the heaviest for the third sowing date, and significantly lighter for
the second date. In 2008, significantly, the heaviest kernels per ear were harvested for
the second date and the lightest for the first sowing date.
Table 3. Kernel weight per marketable ear and biological productivity of marketable ears
depending on the sowing date and covering of sweet corn (average for the examined
cultivars)
Tabela 3. Masa ziaren w kolbie handlowej oraz wydajność biologiczna kolb handlowych
w zależności od terminu siewu i osłaniania kukurydzy cukrowej (średnio dla badanych
odmian)
Factor – Czynnik
Kernel weight per marketable ear
Masa ziaren w kolbie handlowej, g
year – rok
2007
2008
mean
średnia
2006
111.3a* 142.2ab 95.6a
99.2a 129.6a 166.1c
98.6a 164.8b 147.1b
116.4A
131.6B
136.8B
64.6b
58.1a
54.5a
67.6b
62.4a
68.5b
56.6a
66.3b
69.9b
62.9A
62.2A
64.3A
100.2a 141.4a
105.9a 149.6a
103.0A** 145.5C
123.8A
132.7A
128.3
58.3a
59.9a
59.1A
64.4a
67.9a
66.2B
63.2a
65.3a
64.3B
62.0A
64.4B
63.2
2006
non-woven PP – agrowłóknina
Mean – Średnia
year – rok
2007
2008
Biological productivity
Wydajność biologiczna, %
129.8a
142.7a
136.3B
mean
średnia
*, ** explanations as in Table 2 – objaśnienia jak w tabeli 2
The weight of kernels separated manually from the ear was used to determine
biological productivity of ears (Table 3). Ears harvested in 2007 and 2008, when the
weather was cooler and wetter, were significantly more productive compared with 2006.
In the hot and dry 2006, most productive ears were produced by corn sown on the first
date, whereas in 2007 the highest productivity was recorded for the first and third date
and in 2008 for the second and third date. Öktem et al. [2004] reported that as sowing of
sweet corn was delayed, the share of husks decreased while the share of kernels
increased.
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R. Rosa
Covering of sweet corn with non-woven PP in the initial growth stages significantly
increased biological productivity of ears (by 2.5%).
Weather conditions in 2007 and 2008 were favourable for increased numbers of
kernel rows on ears and kernel numbers per ear compared with 2006 (Table 4). In 2007
and 2008, the number of kernel rows per ear was 14.7, and kernel number per ear,
determined on a 1 to 6 scale, ranged from 5.4 to 5.7. In 2006, values for the respective
numbers were 13.6 and 4.5. Farsiani et al. [2011] reported significant reduction in the
number of kernel rows per ear due to water stress, which is consistent with the results of
this study obtained for the year 2006. Moser et al. [2006] reported that pre-anthesis
drought significantly reduced the number of kernels rows. Rivera-Hernandez et al.
[2010] found differences in the number of kernel rows per ear due to varying irrigation
regimes, though the parameter was not significantly affected by changes in the soil
moisture. It can be concluded that the number of kernel rows per ear is rather
genetically-controlled than influenced by the soil moisture status.
Table 4. Number of kernel rows and ear fulfillment with kernels (on a 1 to 6 scale) depending on
the sowing date and covering of sweet corn (average for the examined cultivars)
Tabela 4. Liczba rzędów ziaren oraz zaziarnienie kolb (wg skali 6-stopniowej) w zależności od
terminu siewu i osłaniania kukurydzy cukrowej (średnio dla badanych odmian)
Number of kernel rows
Liczba rzędów ziaren
Factor – Czynnik
2006
year – rok
2007
2008
13.5a* 14.6a
14.4a
13.4a
14.6a
14.6a
14.0a
15.0a
15.2a
13.6a
14.8a
14.7a
14.6a
14.8a
Mean – Średnia
13.6A** 14.7B 14.7B
Sowing date ¯ covering – termin siewu ¯ osłanianie
th
May 10 – 10 maja
Ear fulfillment
Zaziarnienie kolb
year – rok
2007
2008
mean
średnia
2006
14.1A
14.2A
14.7B
4.6ab
5.0b
3.9a
5.4a
5.3a
5.5a
5.8a
5.7a
5.7a
5.2A
5.3A
5.0A
14.4A
14.4A
14.4
4.5a
4.4a
4.5A
5.4a
5.4a
5.4B
5.6a
5.8a
5.7B
5.2A
5.2A
5.2
13.9a
14.3b
14.2a
14.3a
14.9a
14.5a
mean
średnia
5.3a
5.2a
5.3a
5.4a
4.9a
5.1a
In this study, sweet corn sown on 24th May had significantly more kernel rows per
ear compared with other sowing dates, regardless of the study year. In the hot and dry
2006, the best ear fill (5.0) was observed on plots where sowing was conducted on 10th
May, while significantly lower (3.9) for the final sowing date. White [1984] reported
a decline in the number of kernels per ear as sowing of sweet corn was delayed. In their
studies, Kruczek and Walilgóra [2010] found no effect of the sowing date on the kernel
number per ear.
Acta Sci. Pol.
119
Covering corn sown on the first date with non-woven PP increased the number of
kernel rows per plant compared with the non-covered plots. In the hot year 2006, corn
sown on the third date and covered with non-woven PP formed ears with fewer kernel
rows compared with the non-covered plants.
The average dry matter (DM) content in sweet corn kernels amounted to 21.78%
(Table 5). Significantly, the most and least DM was determined in 2008 and 2007,
respectively. Precipitation in 2008 was the highest and evenly distributed when corn
was in bloom, formed ears and when the ears matured. Michałojć et al. [1996] found
that increased soil moisture is followed by an increased dry matter content in sweet corn
kernels. In the study by Zaniewicz-Bajkowska et al. [2010], the dry matter content in
kernels increased in wetter years. Moreover, regardless of the study years, the dry
matter content in kernels increased as sowing of sweet corn was delayed. In 2007, corn
sown on the last date had a significantly higher DM content in kernels compared with
other sowing dates. In 2008, the DM content was significantly higher in kernels of corn
sown in May (on both dates) than in April. Covered sweet corn had a significantly
increased DM content in kernels, the response being most visible for the first and third
sowing date.
Table 5. The dry matter and ascorbic acid contents in sweet corn kernel depending on the sowing
date and covering (average for the examined cultivars)
Tabela 5. Zawartość suchej masy i kwasu askorbinowego w ziarnie kukurydzy cukrowej
w zależności od terminu siewu i osłaniania kukurydzy cukrowej (średnio dla badanych
odmian)
Dry matter – Sucha masa, %
Factor – Czynnik
2006
year – rok
2007
2008
22.17a* 19.42a 19.90a
21.52a 18.52a 24.86b
21.44a 24.52b 23.71b
21.28a 19.75a 21.56a
non-woven PP – agrowłóknina 22.14a 21.89a 24.08a
Mean – Średnia
21.71B** 20.82A 22.82C
Sowing date ¯ covering – termin siewu ¯ osłanianie
th
May 10 – 10 maja
mean
średnia
Ascorbic acid – Kwas
askorbinowy mg·100-1 g f.m.
2006
year – rok
2007
2008
mean
średnia
20.50A
21.63B
23.22C
11.97b 10.86a 11.08a 11.30A
11.77ab 10.78a 11.30ab 11.28A
11.62a 11.29b 11.38b 11.43A
20.87A
22.70B
21.78
11.71a 10.93a 10.74a 11.12A
11.86a 11.02a 11.77b 11.55A
11.79C 10.97A 11.25B 11.34
18.89a
22.11b
21.22a
22.04a
22.49a
23.96b
11.29a
11.32a
11.16a
11.40a
10.92a
11.93a
Weather conditions in the successive study years influenced the ascorbic acid (AA)
content in sweet corn kernels (Table 5). Significantly the most and least ascorbic acid
was accumulated by corn in 2006 (11.79 mg·100-1 g f.m.) and 2007 (10.97 mg·100-1 g
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R. Rosa
f.m.), respectively. In 2006, corn had significantly most ascorbic acid when sown on the
first than on the third date, whereas in 2007 and 2008 the AA content was the highest in
corn sown on the third date, in 2008 the accumulation being significantly higher
compared with the first date. Moreover, in 2008 AA content was the highest in kernels
of the cover-protected corn.
The average total sugar (TS) and sucrose (SU) content in sweet corn kernels
amounted to 8.27 and 6.01% f.m. (Table 6). Significantly most TS and SU were
determined in 2006, which was the warmest and driest study year. The results reported
here are consistent with the findings of other authors. Farsiani et al. [2011] found that,
when the soil is dry, corn accumulates more sugars in kernels. Also Massaci et al.
[1996] as well as Dickert and Tracy [2001] found that kernels of corn suffering from
water stress contain more total sugars and sucrose. However, Ertek and Kara [2013]
noticed that the sugar content in kernels decreases when soil moisture is below or above
a certain level. Regardless of the study years, significantly most TS and SU were
determined in the kernels of corn sown on the second date; they were significantly
lower for the first sowing date. In 2006 and 2007, corn sown on the second date
accumulated significantly more total sugars compared with the first date. Sucrose
content of corn sown on the third date in 2006 was significantly higher than for the first
date. In 2008, the highest TS and SU contents in corn kernels were found for the second
date. The contents were the lowest for the first date. Orosz et al. [2008] reported lower
accumulation of the total and reducing sugars when the sowing date of sweet corn was
delayed. Also Farsiani et al. [2011] observed varying sucrose contents in sweet corn
sown on different dates. However, it is difficult to find any patterns of corn response to
delayed sowing. Covering of corn plants increased TS and SC contents in kernels
regardless of the remaining factors, compared with the covered plots, the effect being
particularly visible in 2008.
Table 6. The total sugar and sucrose contents in sweet corn kernels depending on the sowing
date and covering (average for the examined cultivars)
Tabela 6. Zawartość cukrów ogółem i sacharozy w ziarnie kukurydzy cukrowej w zależności od
terminu siewu i osłaniania kukurydzy cukrowej (średnio dla badanych odmian)
Total sugars – Cukry ogółem, % f.m.
Factor – Czynnik
year – rok
2006
2007
2008
8.09a* 8.05a
8.86b
8.48b
8.58ab 8.19ab
8.33a
8.29a
8.19a
Mean – Średnia
8.51B** 8.24A
Sucrose – Sacharoza, % f.m.
year – rok
2007
2008
mean
średnia
2006
7.37a
8.70c
8.17b
7.83A
8.68C
8.31B
5.85a
6.50ab
6.27b
5.85a
6.13a
5.92a
5.36a
6.31c
5.90b
5.69A
6.31C
6.03B
7.65a
8.50b
8.08A
8.09A
8.46B
8.27
6.08a
6.34a
6.21B
6.02a
5.91a
5.96A
5.54a
6.18b
5.86A
5.88a
6.14b
6.01
mean
średnia
Acta Sci. Pol.
121
Sweet corn cultivars had different levels of the examined biometric ear parameters
(Table 7). Regardless of the study year, sowing date and covering, ‘Sweet Nugget F1’
formed the longest ears which were also the largest in diameter. Ears of ‘Rana F1’ were
the smallest, and had the lowest kernel weight and biological productivity, but the
numbers of kernel rows and kernels per ear were the highest. ‘Sheba F1’ formed the
most biologically productive ears.
According to Fritz and Michalsky [1979], kernel weight is the most important
parameter when corn is cultivated for processing but, in sweet corn for direct
consumption, the number of kernels per ear and ear length are of equal importance.
During the three-year study period, differences between cultivars were observed for
ear length, kernel weight and biological productivity of ears. Significant differences
between the studied cultivars in ear length and kernel number were found for each
sowing date. Individual cultivars had different kernel weights, numbers of kernel rows
and kernel numbers per ear for the first and second sowing date. Ear diameters for
individual cultivars were different for the first sowing date only.
Covering sweet corn influenced ear quality parameters for individual sowing dates.
However, it is difficult to notice any pattern of changes in the traits resulting from an
interaction of the experimental factors. According to Aziz et al. [1992] and Khan et al.
[1999], ear parameters are significantly affected by sweet corn cultivars, regardless of
the sowing date and agronomic practices. However, the differences are geneticallycontrolled.
‘Sweet Nugget F1’ and ‘Sheba F1’ had a higher content of DM, total sugars and
sucrose compared with ‘Rana F1’ (Table 8). Significant differences between DM
contents of the three cultivars were found for the sowing dates and cultivation methods
(covering vs non-covering). No interaction between the sowing date and cultivar was
found for TS and SU, but the differences were determined between the non-covered
cultivars sown on the first and second date, and the covered cultivars on the third date.
Non-covered ‘Sheba F1’ sown on the first date and the covered ‘Sweet Nugget F1’
sown on the second date accumulated more AA in kernels than ‘Rana F1’.
R. Rosa
covering – osłanianie
mean – średnia
B1*
B2
Acta Sci. Pol.
Acta Sci. Pol.
Cultivar
Mean
Odmiana
Średnia
mean – średnia
mean – średnia
B1
B2
B1
B2
Ear length – Długość kolb, cm
Sweet Nugget F1
20.6b
21.2b
20.9B
20.8b
20.1a
20.5B
20.5b
20.4b
20.5B
20.6C
Rana F1
18.3a
17.9a
18.1A
19.2a
19.2a
19.2A
18.8a
18.9a
18.8A
18.7A
18.5a
19.2b
18.8A
19.7ab
18.9a
19.3A
19.8ab
18.5a
19.2A
19.1B
Sheba F1
Ear diameter – Średnica kolb, cm
Sweet Nugget F1
4.3c
4.4b
4.4B
4.4a
4.4a
4.4A
4.5b
4.6a
4.6A
4.4B
Rana F1
3.9a
4.1a
4.0A
4.3a
4.4a
4.3A
4.3a
4.6a
4.5A
4.3A
Sheba F1
4.1b
4.2a
4.1A
4.4a
4.4a
4.4A
4.6b
4.5a
4.6A
4.3A
Kernel weight per marketable ear – Masa ziaren w kolbie handlowej, g
Sweet Nugget F1
129.1b
136.7b
132.9B
132.6a
136.6a
134.6AB
135.7a
142.7a
139.2A
135.6B
Rana F1
104.5a
107.8a
106.2A
116.8a
124.1a
120.5A
120.5a
146.6a
133.5A
120.1A
Sheba F1
99.2a
120.7ab
110.0A
136.7a
142.9a
139.8B
139.2a
136.4a
137.8A
129.2B
Biological productivity of ears – Wydajność biologiczna kolb, %
Sweet Nugget F1
63.1a
64.3ab
63.7A
62.0a
62.0ab
62.0A
61.2a
65.3a
63.3A
63.0A
Rana F1
61.5a
59.7a
60.6A
58.6a
61.0a
59.8A
60.9a
66.1a
63.5A
61.3A
62.8a
66.2b
64.5A
63.0a
66.9b
64.9A
64.6a
67.9a
66.2A
65.2B
Sheba F1
Number of kernel rows – Liczba rzędów ziaren
Sweet Nugget F1
13.0a
13.0a
13.0A
12.7a
13.0a
12.9A
13.8a
12.8a
13.3A
13.0A
Rana F1
15.1b
15.9c
15.5C
15.4c
15.1b
15.3C
15.8b
15.9c
15.9C
15.5C
Sheba F1
13.7a
14.1b
13.9B
14.4b
14.6b
14.5B
15.2b
14.8b
15.0B
14.5B
Ear fulfillment with kernels, on a 1 to 6 scale – Zaziarnienie kolb, wg skali 6-stopniowej
Sweet Nugget F1
5.4ab
5.2ab
5.3B
5.1a
5.5b
5.3AB
4.8a
4.9a
4.9A
5.2B
Rana F1
5.6b
5.6b
5.6B
5.5a
5.8b
5.6B
5.0a
5.3a
5.2A
5.5C
5.0a
4.7a
4.8A
5.2a
4.9a
5.1A
4.9a
5.1a
5.0A
5.0A
Sheba F1
* B1 – no covering – bez osłaniania, B2 – non-woven PP – agrowłóknina
** values in columns followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 – wartości w kolumnach oznaczone tymi samymi literami nie różnią się istotnie przy P ≤ 0,05
Table 7. Ear biometric parameters of the examined sweet corn cultivars (means for years 2006-2008)
Tabela 7. Parametry biometryczne kolb badanych odmian kukurydzy cukrowej (średnie z lat 2006-2008)
122
122
R. Rosa
123
11.75ab
11.07a
12.06b
7.66b
7.09a
8.05c
5.48b
5.07a
5.88c
Sweet Nugget F1
Rana F1
Sheba F1
Sweet Nugget F1
Rana F1
Sheba F1
Sweet Nugget F1
Rana F1
Sheba F1
6.09a
5.77a
5.84a
8.27a
7.91a
8.03a
10.90a
10.98a
11.25a
23.97b
18.39a
23.97b
5.78A
5.42A
5.86A
7.96A
7.50A
8.04A
11.33AB
11.03A
11.65B
21.59B
17.74A
22.16B
19.22b**
17.10a
20.34b
Sweet Nugget F1
Rana F1
Sheba F1
Cultivar
Odmiana
mean
średnia
B1*
B2
6.51b
5.78a
6.09a
9.00b
8.11a
8.34a
11.80a
12.07a
11.87a
25.66c
22.76a
23.46b
6.20A
5.78A
6.10A
8.50A
8.06A
8.38A
11.25A
11.46A
11.38A
24.51B
21.59A
23.56B
mean
średnia
B1
B2
Dry matter – Sucha masa, %
22.57b
22.17b
22.37B
23.37b
18.53a
20.45a
19.49A
20.43a
22.57b
23.50b
23.03B
23.66b
Ascorbic acid – Kwas askorbinowy, mg·100-1 g f.m.
11.27a
11.96b
11.62A
10.71a
11.09a
11.02a
11.06A
10.85a
11.12a
11.23ab
11.17A
10.88a
Total sugars – Cukry ogółem, % f.m.
8.53ab
8.73a
8.63A
8.01a
8.24a
8.84a
8.54A
8.01a
8.81b
8.91a
8.86A
8.42a
Sucrose – Sacharoza, % f.m.
6.23ab
6.35a
6.29A
5.90a
5.91a
6.48a
6.20A
5.78a
6.53b
6.37a
6.45A
6.11a
mean
średnia
B1
B2
Table 8. The content of selected elements of nutritive value in kernel of the examined sweet corn cultivars (means for years 2006-2008)
Tabela 8. Zawartość wybranych elementów wartości odżywczej w ziarnie badanych odmian kukurydzy cukrowej (średnie z lat 2006-2008)
6.09B
5.80A
6.14B
8.36B
8.03A
8.43B
11.40A
11.18A
11.40A
22.82B
19.61A
22.92B
Mean
Średnia
123
124
R. Rosa
CONCLUSIONS
1. Over the study years, quality parameters were affected by weather conditions.
Better biometric parameters were obtained for ears in cooler and wetter years 2007 and
2008, compared with the warm and dry 2006 in which, however, kernels contained
more ascorbic acid, total sugars and sucrose.
2. Delayed sowing contributed to an increased ear diameter, kernel weight, number
of kernel rows per ear, but it did not affect the ear length, biological productivity and
ear fulfillment, regardless of the study year. It also increased the dry matter content,
total sugars and sucrose in kernels. Sweet corn sown on the second date accumulated
most sugars.
3. Sweet corn’s response to delayed sowing was affected by weather conditions
during the growing season. In the warm and dry 2006, ears with most kernels were
harvested from plots sown on the first date; in the cooler and wetter years 2007 and
2008 the greatest numbers of kernels per ear were obtained for the second and third
date. In 2006, delayed sowing did not affect the dry matter content in kernels. Ascorbic
acid in 2006 was the highest in corn sown on the first date, and in 2007 and 2008 on the
third and second date. Sugars were the lowest in sweet corn sown on the first date in all
the study years.
4. Covering of sweet corn did not significantly influence biometric traits of ears,
though it protected plants against spring frosts which may occur on the earliest sowing
dates. Regardless of the study year, kernels in the covered plants had more dry matter,
ascorbic acid and sugars. The effect of covering was most visible in the coldest year.
5. From the examined sweet corn cultivars, ‘Sweet Nugget F1’ formed the largest
ears. Ears of ‘Rana F1’ had the greatest number of kernels and kernel rows, whereas
‘Sheba F1’ had ears which were biologically most productive. ‘Sweet Nugget F1’ and
‘Sheba F1’ had kernels with more dry matter, total sugars and sucrose than ‘Rana F1’.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as
part of statutory activities of the Department of Vegetable Crops, Siedlce University of
Natural Sciences and Humanities.
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Moser S.B., Feil B., Jampatong S., Stamp P., 2006. Effect of pre-anthesis drought nitrogen
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Öktem A., Öktem A.G., Coşcun Y., 2004. Determination of sowing dates of sweet corn (Zea
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126
R. Rosa
REAKCJA KUKURYDZY CUKROWEJ UPRAWIANEJ W WARUNKACH
WSCHODNIEJ POLSKI NA ZRÓŻNICOWANY TERMIN SIEWU
I OSŁANIANIE AGROWŁÓKNINĄ. CZĘŚĆ II. CECHY JAKOŚCIOWE KOLB
Streszczenie. Jakość kolb kukurydzy cukrowej określają m.in. takie cechy, jak długość
i średnica kolb, liczba rzędów ziaren w kolbie, stopień wypełnienia kolb, ich wydajność
oraz zawartość w ziarnie składników odżywczych. Na cechy te wpływać mogą warunki
środowiskowe oraz metoda uprawy. W eksperymencie przeprowadzonym w latach 2006-2008 badano wpływ zróżnicowanego terminu siewu nasion (26 kwietnia, 10 i 24 maja)
oraz osłaniania agrowłokniną na cechy jakościowe kolb kukurydzy cukrowej.
Eksperyment polowy przeprowadzono w warunkach klimatycznych wschodniej Polski
(52º03’ N; 22º33’ E). Kolby o lepszych parametrach biometrycznych zebrano w latach
2007 i 2008 niż w roku 2006, w którym okres wegetacji kukurydzy charakteryzował się
wysokimi temperaturami powietrza i bardzo małą ilością opadów atmosferycznych.
Natomiast ziarno kukurydzy z 2006 roku zawierało więcej kwasu askorbinowego, cukrów
ogółem i sacharozy niż z pozostałych lat badań. Opóźnianie terminu siewu kukurydzy,
niezależnie od roku uprawy, powodowało stopniowy wzrost średnicy kolb, masy ziaren
i liczby rzędów ziaren w kolbie oraz zawartości suchej masy w ziarnach. Najwięcej
cukrów ogółem i sacharozy stwierdzono w ziarnach kukurydzy z drugiego terminu siewu.
W najcieplejszym i suchym sezonie wegetacyjnym 2006 roku kolby o największym
udziale ziaren zebrano z kukurydzy z najwcześniejszego, w chłodnym i wilgotnym roku
2008 z drugiego i trzeciego terminu siewu. Osłanianie kukurydzy cukrowej w pierwszych
fazach rozwojowych wpłynęło na wzrost wydajności biologicznej kolb oraz wzrost
zawartości w ziarniakach suchej masy, cukrów ogółem i sacharozy. Odmiany Sweet
Nugget F1 i Sheba F1 wykształciły kolby o większej długości i masie ziaren, które
zawierały więcej suchej masy, cukrów ogółem i sacharozy niż odmiana Rana F1. Kolby
o największej długości i średnicy wykształciła odmiana Sweet Nugget F1. Odmiana Rana
F1 charakteryzowała się największą ilością rzędów ziaren w kolbie oraz najlepszym jej
zaziarnieniem.
Słowa kluczowe: długość i średnica kolb, masa ziaren, osłanianie, termin uprawy,
wartość odżywcza, wydajność biologiczna, zaziarnienie kolb, Zea mays L. saccharata
Sturt.
Accepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku: 01.12.2014
For citation – Do cytowania:
Rosa R., 2014. Response of sweet corn cultivated in eastern Poland to different sowing
dates and covering with non-woven PP. Part II. Ear quality characteristics. Acta Sci.
Pol., Agricultura 13(4), 113-126.
Acta Sci. Pol.

response of sweet corn cultivated in eastern poland to different

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