FULL TEXT - Medycyna Sportowa
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FULL TEXT - Medycyna Sportowa
Medycyna Sportowa © MEDSPORTPRESS, 2008; 1(6); Vol. 24, 21-29 tio np roh ibit Zak³ad ¯ywnoœci i ¯ywienia, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, Poznañ Food and Nutrition Department, University School of Physical Education in Poznan OCENA ZACHOWAÑ ANOREKTYCZNYCH TANCEREK W ZALE¯NOŒCI OD POZIOMU SYNDROMU GOTOWOŒCI ANOREKTYCZNEJ Author’s Contribution A – Study Design B – Data Collection C – Statistical Analysis D – Data Interpretation E – Manuscript Preparation F – Literature Search G – Funds Collection ASSESSMENT OF ANOREXIC BEHAVIOURS AMONG FEMALE DANCERS DEPENDING ON ANOREXIA READINESS SYNDROME S³owa kluczowe: syndrom gotowoœci anorektycznej, zachowania anorektyczne, tancerki, taniec, kobiety Key words: anorexia readiness syndrome, anorexic behaviours, female dancers, dance, women ibu Streszczenie al us This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - eo nly -d istr Wstêp. Celem pracy by³o porównanie zachowañ anorektycznych tancerek w zale¿noœci od poziomu syndromu gotowoœci anorektycznej (SGA). Materia³ i metody. Badaniami ankietowymi dotycz¹cymi poziomu SGA objêto 92 tancerki w wieku od 11 do 25 lat z poznañskich klubów tanecznych. Statystyczn¹ analizê wyników przeprowadzono za pomoc¹ programu komputerowego SPSS 12,0 PL for Windows. Analizowano wp³yw poziomu SGA na uzyskane odpowiedzi. Na przeprowadzenie badañ uzyskano zgodê Komisji Etyki Badañ Naukowych przy Akademii Medycznej w Poznaniu. Wyniki. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na 16 odpowiedzi charakteryzuj¹cych zachowania anorektyczne, w tym na cztery dotycz¹ce form kontroli, dwa pytania dotycz¹ce stosunku do jedzenia, trzy pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie i siedem pytañ dotycz¹cych postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci. Wnioski. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim SGA by³ wy¿szy ni¿ we wczeœniej analizowanych grupach judoczek i gimnazjalistek, co potwierdza sugestie o wy¿szym zagro¿eniu anoreksj¹ tej grupy sportowców. Ró¿nice w odpowiedziach tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA, wynikaj¹ najprawdopodobniej z ró¿nic w profilach osobowoœci pomiêdzy analizowanymi grupami dziewcz¹t i kobiet. Obserwowany wœród ankietowanych tancerek wzrost niepo¿¹danych zachowañ ¿ywieniowych wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA wskazuj¹ na koniecznoœæ ich edukacji ¿ywieniowej. Natomiast polepszenie postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci tancerek powinno byæ uwzglêdnione w pracy psychologa sportowego. Summary 5649 5 0 39 op Word count: Tables: Figures: References: y is - for pe rs on Background. The aim of this study was to compare anorexic behaviours among female dancers depending on the level of anorexia readiness syndrome (ARS). Material and methods. A questionnaire survey concerning level of ARS was conducted among 92 female dancers aged from 11 to 25 years from dance schools in Poznañ city. The statistical analysis was carried out by means of the SPSS 11.5 PL for Windows computer programme. The impact of level of ARS on dancers' answers was analysed. Results. The level of ARS significantly influenced 16 answers describing anorexic behaviours, with four answers concerning forms of body's weight control and reduction, two answers concerning eating attitude, three answers concerning family's upbringing style and seven answers concerning perceiving of one's own attraction. Conclusions. The percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS was higher than in previously analysed groups of female judo athletes and female students from secondary sport and non sport schools, what confirms observations that this sport group is at higher risk from anorexia nervosa (AN). Differences in answers of dancers with high level of ARS in comparison with answers of female judo athletes and female students from secondary sport and non sport schools with high level of ARS, probably result from differences in personality profiles between analysed girls and women. An observed increase among female dancers of undesirable nutritional behaviours together with increase of ARS level, emphasizes the necessity of their nutritional education. Th is c Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondence dr hab. Wojciech Chalcarz, prof. nadzw. AWF Zak³ad ¯ywnoœci i ¯ywienia, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego 61-555 Poznañ, ul. Droga Dêbiñska 7, tel./fax: (0-61) 835-52-87, e-mail: [email protected] Otrzymano / Received Zaakceptowano / Accepted 02.10.2007 r. 05.12.2007 r. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. ed . Wojciech Chalcarz(A,C,D,E,F,G), Aleksandra Musie³(C,D,E,F), Katarzyna Koniuszuk(B) Zaanga¿owanie Autorów A – Przygotowanie projektu badawczego B – Zbieranie danych C – Analiza statystyczna D – Interpretacja danych E – Przygotowanie manuskryptu F – Opracowanie piœmiennictwa G – Pozyskanie funduszy This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - ARTYKU£ ORYGINALNY / ORIGINAL ARTICLE 21 Background Prowadzone przez lata badania na tancerzach i tancerkach wskazuj¹ na zwiêkszon¹ wœród nich sk³onnoœæ do wystêpowania zaburzeñ od¿ywiania siê w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej. Wiêkszoœæ dotychczasowych badañ skupia³a siê na objawach charakterystycznych dla anoreksji [1,2, 3]. Tylko kilka badañ dokumentowa³o bulimiê [2,4,5] poœród tancerzy baletowych, a bardzo ma³o wiadomo jest na temat rozpowszechnienia zaburzeñ od¿ywiania wœród tancerzy [2,4,6]. Silniejsze zachowania anorektyczne obserwowane s¹ czêœciej wœród tancerek ni¿ tancerzy oraz wœród profesjonalnych tancerzy ni¿ osób tañcz¹cych amatorsko [1,7,8]. Poza tym nie zanotowano przypadków anoreksji ani bulimii wœród czarnoskórych tancerzy [7,9]. U baletnic cierpi¹cych na anoreksjê stan zdrowia czêsto wydaje siê poprawiaæ [10,11], nawet bez medycznej interwencji, mimo ¿e upoœledzony stosunek do jedzenia oraz w³asnego cia³a mo¿e siê utrzymywaæ [10]. Tancerki s¹ równie¿ sk³onne do wykazywania nieprawid³owoœci menstruacyjnych, w szczególnoœci opóŸnionej miesi¹czki i nieregularnoœci miesi¹czkowania [12]. Poniewa¿ brakuje informacji o zagro¿eniu anoreksj¹ wœród polskich tancerek, podjêto badania dotycz¹ce ich zachowañ anorektycznych w zale¿noœci od poziomu syndromu gotowoœci anorektycznej SGA. For years conducted researches on female and male dancers, show their higher tendency to develop eating disorders in comparison with general population. Most studies have focused on symptoms characteristic for anorexia nervosa (AN) [1,2,3]. Only few studies have documented bulimia nervosa (BN) [2,4,5] among ballet dancers and very little is known about prevalence of Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) in dancers [2,4,6]. It is known, that stronger anorexic behaviours are observed among female dancers than among male dancers, and among professional than amateur dancers [1,7,8]. What is more no black dancers reported either AN or BN [7,9]. In female ballet dancers AN conditions quite often seem to improve even without medical intervention [10,11], although impaired attitudes to eating and one's own body may persist [10]. Dancers are also likely to exhibit menstrual abnormalities, particularly delayed menarche and menstrual irregularity [12]. Due to lack of information on risk of AN among polish female dancers, research considering their anorexic behaviours depending on level of ARS has been undertaken. Materia³ i metody Material and methods tio np roh ibit ibu -d istr nly eo A questionnaire survey concerning level of ARS, a method worked out by Zió³kowska [13,14] and described in details in our previous work [15], was conducted among 92 female dancers aged from 11 to 25 years from dance schools in Poznañ city. The questionnaire was extended with questions characterizing surveyed group of dancers. The statistical analysis was carried out by means of the SPSS 12.0 PL for Windows computer programme. The impact of ARS's level on athletes' answers was analysed. The written permission of Regional Committee for Ethics of Research by University of Medical Science in Poznañ was obtained. pe rs on al us Badaniami ankietowymi dotycz¹cymi poziomu SGA, metod¹ opracowan¹ przez Zió³kowsk¹ [13,14] i szczegó³owo opisan¹ w naszej wczeœniejszej pracy [15], objêto 92 tancerki w wieku od 11 do 25 lat z poznañskich klubów tanecznych. Ankietê rozszerzono o dane dotycz¹ce charakterystyki badanej grupy tancerek. Statystyczn¹ analizê przeprowadzono za pomoc¹ programu komputerowego SPSS 12,0 PL for Windows. Analizowano wp³yw SGA na uzyskane odpowiedzi. Na przeprowadzenie badañ uzyskano zgodê Komisji Etyki Badañ Naukowych przy Akademii Medycznej w Poznaniu. ed . Wstêp Wyniki Th is c op y is for W Tabeli 1 przedstawiono charakterystykê ankietowanych tancerek w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotn¹ zale¿noœæ poziomu SGA tylko z posiadaniem rodzeñstwa, przy czym najwiêcej rodzeñstwa posiada³y tancerki o œrodkowym poziomie SGA, a najmniej o wysokim poziomie SGA. Mimo braku statystycznie istotnego wp³ywu poziomu SGA na pozosta³e odpowiedzi, charakterystyczne by³o, ¿e tancerki o wysokim SGA posiada³y lepiej wykszta³cone matki i by³y pierwszym lub drugim dzieckiem w rodzinie. W Tabeli 2 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce form kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na cztery spoœród piêciu analizowanych pytañ dotycz¹cych form kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a. Odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi na te pytania wzrasta³ wraz z poziomem SGA. Równie¿ odsetek pozy- - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA 22 Results In Table 1 is presented characteristic of surveyed group of female dancers depending on the level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced only one question, considering having or not having siblings, and in addition the most siblings had dancers with middle level of ARS and at least the ones with high level of ARS. Although the level of ARS did not significantly influence remaining questions it was distinctive that female dancers with high level of ARS had better educated mothers and were first or second child in a family. In Table 2 are presented answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning forms of body's weight control and reduction depending on the level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced four from five analysed questions concerning form of body's weight control and reduction. The percentage of positive answers for those four questions as well as for question number two concerning taking laxatives, although statistically irrelevant, increased with level of ARS. In Table 3 are presented answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning eating attitude depending on the level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced two from three analysed questions, namely question considering being annoyed with oneself after eating too much and knowing calorific value of many foodstuffs. The percentage of positive answers for those questions increased with level of ARS. tio np roh ibit ed . tywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie drugie, statystycznie nieistotne, dotycz¹ce przyjmowania œrodków przeczyszczaj¹cych, wzrasta³ wraz z poziomem SGA. W Tabeli 3 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce ich stosunku do jedzenia w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na dwa pytania spoœród trzech, a mianowicie czy z³oszczê siê na siebie, gdy zjem za du¿o oraz czy znam wartoœæ energetyczn¹ wielu produktów spo¿ywczych. Iloœæ pozytywnych odpowiedzi na te pytania wzrasta³a wraz z poziomem SGA. Tab. 1. Charakterystyka badanej grupy tancerek. Wyniki podano w [%] Tab. 1. Characteristic of surveyed group of female dancers depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%] y is op is c Th - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - for pe rs on al us This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - eo nly -d istr ibu This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) 23 2. 4. 5. Stosowaáam gáodówki, diety, ograniczaáam jedzenie/Fasting or being on diets Przyjmowaáam Ğrodki przeczyszczające/ Taking laxatives ZaĪywaáam Ğrodki odchudzające/ obniĪające áaknienie/Taking diet pills or appetite reducing pills Intensywnie üwiczĊ/eksperymentujĊ z reklamowanym sprzĊtem do üwiczeĔ/ Intensive exercising or experimenting with advertised equipment Staram siĊ ograniczaü táuszcze, wĊglowodany/Cutting down on fat and carbohydrates 52,6 100,0 0,0 8,8 16,7 0,0 7,0 25,0 36,8 66,7 50,9 100,0 13,0 30,4 nly eo Tab. 3. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce ich stosunku do jedzenia. Wyniki podano w [%] Tab. 3. Answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning eating attitude depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%] Lp./ No us 8,7 33,3 16,7 17,4 52,6 100,0 4,3 26,3 83,3 pe rs 3. W moim domu wiele uwagi poĞwiĊca siĊ jedzeniu/Paying a lot of attention to food at home ZáoszczĊ siĊ na siebie, gdy zjem za duĪo/ Being annoyed with myself after eating too much Znam wartoĞü energetyczną wielu produktów spoĪywczych/Knowing calorific value of many foodstuffs al 2. Poziom SGA/Level of ARS ĝrodkowy/ Wysoki/ Middle High Niski/ Low on 1. Pytanie/Question Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p0,05 Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p0,05) 1. Th 3. Pytanie/Question Moi rodzice krytykują mnie/pouczają/ kontrolują/Criticizing, instructing and controlling by parents LubiĊ byü najlepsza w wielu dziedzinach Īycia (nauce, sporcie, urodzie itp./ Wanting to be the best in many fields in life (learning, sport, fashion etc.) Nie czujĊ siĊ w peáni akceptowana przez rodziców/Feeling to be not accepted by parents is c 2. y is Lp./ No for Tab. 4. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie. Wyniki podano w [%] Tab. 4. Answers of surveyed group of female judo athletes for questions concerning family's upbringing style depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%] op This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. 8,7 Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p0,05 Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p0,05) - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. 3. Niski/Low -d istr 1. Poziom SGA/Level of ARS ĝrodkowy/ Wysoki/ Middle High Pytanie/Question ibu Lp./No tio np roh ibit Tab. 2. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce form kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a. Wyniki podano w [%] Tab. 2. Answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning forms of body's weight control and reduction depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%] This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - In Table 4 are presented answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning family's upbringing style depending on the level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced all of ed . W Tabeli 4 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA Poziom SGA/Level of ARS ĝrodkowy/ Wysoki/ Niski/ Low Middle High 26,1 54,4 100,0 39,1 73,7 91,7 8,7 3,5 33,3 - Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p0,05 Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p0,05) 24 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 91,7 73,9 89,5 91,7 60,9 87,7 91,7 13,0 45,6 91,7 8,7 26,3 50,0 19,3 66,7 13,0 55,2 77,2 75,0 26,1 14,0 50,0 65,2 86,0 100,0 the analysed questions and in addition the percentage of positive answers for questions number one and two increased with level of ARS. Whereas the percentage of positive answers on question number three, concerning feeling lack of full acceptance by parents, was the lowest among female dancers with middle level of ARS. In Table 5 are presented answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning perceiving of one's own attraction depending on the level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced seven from nine analysed questions. Only on question two, concerning paying a lot of attention to taking care of myself and my appearance as well as on question seven, concerning controlling body weight and size, the level of ARS had no significant influence. It is characteristic that the percentage of positive answers for put questions, increased together with level of ARS, except for question eight, on which one had to answer - I am not attractive to others, I am considered as an unattractive person. As an attractive person found herself as many as 86% of female dancers with middle level of ARS, 26,1% female dancers with low level of ARS and 50% of female dancers with high level of ARS. is c op y is for pe rs on al us SGA na wszystkie analizowane pytania, przy czym na pytanie pierwsze i drugie odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi wzrasta³ wraz z poziomem SGA. Natomiast odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie trzecie, dotycz¹ce braku odczuwania pe³nej akceptacji przez rodziców, by³ najni¿szy u tancerek o œrodkowym poziomie SGA. W Tabeli 5 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na siedem spoœród dziewiêciu analizowanych pytañ. Tylko na odpowiedzi uzyskane na pytanie drugie (dotycz¹ce poœwiêcania uwagi dbaniu o siebie i swój wygl¹d) oraz na pytanie siódme (dotycz¹ce kontroli masy i wymiarów cia³a) nie stwierdzono statystycznie istotnego wp³ywu poziomu SGA. Charakterystyczne jest, ¿e odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi na postawione pytania wzrasta³ wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA, za wyj¹tkiem odpowiedzi na pytanie ósme, w którym nale¿a³o odpowiedzieæ czy podobam siê innym i czy jestem uznawana za osobê atrakcyjn¹. Za osobê atrakcyjn¹ uzna³o siê a¿ 86% tancerek o œrodkowym poziomie SGA, 26,1% o niskim poziomie SGA i 50% o wysokim poziomie SGA. eo Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p0,05 Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p0,05) Dyskusja Discussion Statystycznie istotna relacja poziomu SGA z posiadaniem rodzeñstwa, przy czym najmniej rodzeñstwa posiada³y tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, posiada- The statistically significant influence of ARS on having or not having siblings, and at the same time the least siblings had female dancers with high level Th This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - 78,9 - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. 26,1 nly 9. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. 5. tio np roh ibit 2. Wygląd ma olbrzymie znaczenie w osiąganiu powodzenia Īyciowego/ Appearance has a significant meaning in achieving life success Wiele uwagi poĞwiĊcam dbaniu o siebie, swój wygląd itp./Paying high attention to taking care of myself, my appearance etc. MĊĪczyĨni wolą szczupáe kobiety/Men prefer slim women CzĊsto mam záy nastrój i odczuwam niezadowolenie z siebie/Being in bad mood very often and feeling low self-satisfaction PorównujĊ siĊ do modelek i atrakcyjnych aktorek/Comparing myself to models and attractive actresses Moje ciaáo nie jest proporcjonalne/ Feeling that my body is not proportional KontrolujĊ masĊ i wymiary ciaáa/ Controlling body weight and size Nie podobam siĊ innym, nie jestem uznawana za osobĊ atrakcyjną/Being not attractive to others, and being considered as an unattractive person Gdyby byáo to moĪliwe, poprawiáabym swój wygląd/ciaáo/Willingness to correct external appearance ibu 1. Poziom SGA/Level of ARS ĝrodkowy/ Wysoki/ Niski/ Low Middle High Pytanie/Question -d istr Lp./ No ed . Tab. 5. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci. Wyniki podano w [%] Tab. 5. Answers of surveyed group of female judo athletes for questions concerning perceiving of one's own attraction depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%] - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) 25 eo nly -d istr ibu tio np roh ibit ed . of ARS, as well as having better educated mothers and being first or second child in a family, proves the importance of this factors [16,17] in assessment of risk of AN. The percentage of females with high level of ARS was found to be more than two times higher among female dancers than among female judo athletes [15], one and a half times higher than among female students from secondary non sport schools [18] and slightly higher, 13% vs 12,7%, among female students from secondary sport schools [18]. This confirms previous findings, showing that female dancers together with athletes, gymnasts, skaters, models and actors are the highest risk from anorexia nervosa [3,19]. The lower risk for AN among analysed group of female dancers in comparison with provided in literature statistics of prevalence of full and sub threshold AN among ballet dancers, being three to six times higher than in the general population [1,2], and due to other authors even seven times higher [3], results from the fact, that surveyed group of female dancers practiced amateur dance. It is known that professional dancers are at a much higher risk for eating disorders than are non athletic women or even adolescent dance students [1]. All female dancers with high level of ARS, as well as all female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary non sport schools [18] did fasting and were on diets in order to reduce and control body weight. Also all female dancers with high level of ARS, as well as female judo athletes [15] tried to cut down on fat and carbohydrates. Taking laxatives and diet pills was among female dancers with high level of ARS less popular than among female judo athletes [15] and female students with high level of ARS from secondary schools [18]. Among female dancers with high level of ARS, as well as in case of previously analysed group of female judo athletes [15] and female students with high level of ARS from secondary schools [18], was observed an increase of undesirable behaviours concerning body's weight control and reduction together with increase of level of ARS. Particularly disadvantageous is that with increase of level of ARS, similarly as among female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary school [18], there was found an increase in intensive exercising or/and experimenting with advertised equipment in order to lose weight quicker. Such behaviour was already described among female dancers suffering from or being at risk of AN [3,20]. Practiced forms of body's weight control and reduction among female dancers with high level of ARS should be judged negatively, because practices preferred among them will not only make it difficult to keep right body weight, but will place them at an increased risk for menstrual irregularity and bone injuries [16,17,21]. Considering the previously conducted researches on female dancers, which showed their low nutritional knowledge [22,23], all the more substantiated is their nutritional education within the range of teaching how to keep body's weight control according to binding recommendations in nutritional science on human nutrition [24,25,26]. Female dancers should also follow nutritional recommendations prepared especially for them [27,28,29]. The analysis of answers of surveyed female dancers on questions concerning their eating attitude Th is c op y is for pe rs on al us nie przez nie lepiej wykszta³conych matek i bycie pierwszym lub drugim dzieckiem potwierdza wa¿noœæ tych czynników [16,17] dla oceny zagro¿enia anoreksj¹. Wœród tancerek stwierdzono ponad dwukrotnie wy¿szy odsetek dziewcz¹t o wysokim poziomie SGA ni¿ u judoczek [15], pó³torakrotnie wy¿szy ni¿ u gimnazjalistek z gimnazjów ogólnych [18] oraz nieznacznie wy¿szy (13% vs. 12,7%) ni¿ u uczennic z gimnazjów sportowych [18]. Jest to zgodne z wynikami wczeœniejszych badañ informuj¹cych o tym, ¿e tancerki, obok lekkoatletek, gimnastyczek, ³y¿wiarek, modelek i aktorek, s¹ grup¹ najbardziej nara¿on¹ na anoreksjê [3,19]. Ni¿sze zagro¿enie anoreksj¹ w grupie badanych tancerek, w porównaniu do podawanych w literaturze szacunków dotycz¹cych wystêpowania pe³nej i podprogowej anoreksji wœród tancerzy baletowych (wynosz¹cych trzy do szeœciu razy wiêcej [1,2], a nawet do siedmiu razy wiêcej [3] ni¿ w populacji ogólnej) wynika prawdopodobnie z tego, ¿e badana grupa tancerek uprawia³a taniec amatorski. Wiadomo bowiem, ¿e tancerze zawodowi s¹ du¿o bardziej zagro¿eni zaburzeniami od¿ywiania siê ni¿ kobiety, które nie uprawiaj¹ sportu, a nawet studenci szkó³ tanecznych [1]. Wszystkie tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak wszystkie judoczki [15] i gimnazjalistki ze szkó³ niesportowych [18], stosowa³y g³odówki w celu kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a. Równie¿ wszystkie tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak judoczki [15], stara³y siê ograniczaæ t³uszcze i wêglowodany. Stosowanie œrodków przeczyszczaj¹cych i odchudzaj¹cych by³o wœród ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA mniej popularne ni¿ wœród judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. U tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak w przypadku analizowanych wczeœniej grup judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18] o wysokim poziomie SGA, stwierdzono wzrost niepo¿¹danych zachowañ dotycz¹cych kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA. Szczególnie niekorzystne jest, ¿e wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA u tancerek, podobnie jak u judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18], stwierdzono wzrost odsetka pozytywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie dotycz¹ce stosowania intensywnych æwiczeñ i/lub eksperymentowania z reklamowanym sprzêtem do æwiczeñ w celu szybszej utraty masy cia³a. Zachowanie takie by³o ju¿ opisywane u tancerek chorych lub zagro¿onych anoreksj¹ [3,20]. Stosowane przez tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA formy kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a nale¿y oceniæ negatywie, gdy¿ preferowane praktyki uniemo¿liwiaj¹ d³ugotrwa³e utrzymanie masy cia³a i mog¹ nara¿aæ je zarówno na zwiêkszone ryzyko wyst¹pienia nieregularnych miesi¹czek, jak i urazów koœci [16,17,21]. Poniewa¿ prowadzone wczeœniej badania na tancerkach wykaza³y ich nisk¹ wiedzê ¿ywieniow¹ [22,23], wiêc tym bardziej zasadna jest ich edukacja ¿ywieniowa w zakresie nauczenia utrzymania kontroli masy cia³a zgodnie z zaleceniami obowi¹zuj¹cymi w naukach o ¿ywieniu cz³owieka [24,25,26]. Tancerki powinny równie¿ korzystaæ z opracowanych specjalnie dla nich zaleceñ ¿ywieniowych [27,28,29]. Analiza odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce ich stosunku do jedzenia potwierdzi³a wczeœniejsze badania [17,30,31,32] pokazuj¹ce, ¿e panuj¹cy w rodzinie stosunek do jedzenia mo¿e wp³ywaæ na zagro¿enie anoreksj¹. W analizowanej grupie tancerek, podobnie jak w grupach judo- - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA 26 eo nly -d istr ibu tio np roh ibit ed . confirmed previous observations [17,30,31,32] that certain eating attitude prevailing in family can influence anorexia risk. In analysed group of female dancers, similarly to group of female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools [18], together with increase of level of ARS increased the percentage of positive answers on posed questions. In addition all female dancers with high level of ARS, as well as all female judo athletes with high level of ARS [15], were annoyed with oneself after eating too much. Whereas calorific value of many foodstuffs knew less female dancers with high level of ARS than female students with high level of ARS from secondary sport schools [18], but more than female judo athletes [15] and female students with high level of ARS from secondary non sport schools [18]. The percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS, in whose houses a lot of attention was payed to food, was significantly lower in comparison with percentage of female judo athletes [15] and female students with high level of ARS from secondary sport and non sport schools [18]. The answers of surveyed female dancers with high level of ARS on questions concerning family's upbringing style, compared with female judo athletes' [15] and secondary schools female students' answers [18], differed in that all dancers stated they are criticized, instructed and controlled by parents, while the same answers were provided by only 50% of female judo athletes with high level of ARS [15] and more than 80% of female students with high level of ARS from secondary schools [18]. Also higher percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS, than female judo athletes with high level of ARS [15] and female students with high level of ARS from secondary schools [18] stated that likes to be the best in many fields in life. Whereas the lack of acceptance by parents was higher among female judo athletes with high level of ARS [15] and female students with high level of ARS from secondary sport schools [18], than in group of female dancers with high level of ARS. Obtained results confirm previous observations [17,33,34] that persons suffering from and being at risk from AN, feel criticized, instructed and controlled, and at the same time try to be the best in many fields in life. The answers of surveyed female dancers with high level of ARS on questions concerning perceiving of one's own attraction differ from answers of female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools, both with high level or ARS [18]. Namely all female dancers, as well as all female students from secondary sport schools [18] would correct their external appearance if it was possible, however unlike female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary sport and non sport schools [18], lower percentage of female dancers was convinced that appearance has a significant meaning in achieving life success and that men prefer slim women. Also lower percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS than female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools [18], both groups with high level of ARS, payed high attention to taking care of oneself and their appearance, as well as controlled body weight and size. Percentage of female dancers comparing themselves with models and attractive actresses was higher only from per- Th is c op y is for pe rs on al us czek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18], wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA wzrós³ odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi na postawione pytania. Przy czym wszystkie tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak wszystkie judoczki o wysokim poziomie SGA [15], z³oœci³y siê na siebie, gdy zjad³y za du¿o. Natomiast wartoœæ energetyczn¹ wielu produktów spo¿ywczych zna³o mniej tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA ni¿ gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA ze szkó³ sportowych [18], ale wiêcej ni¿ judoczek o wysokim poziomie SGA [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA ze szkó³ niesportowych [18]. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, w których domach rodzinnych poœwiêca³o siê wiele uwagi jedzeniu, by³ znacznie ni¿szy w porównaniu do odsetka judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek (o wysokim poziomie SGA) ze szkó³ sportowych i niesportowych [18]. Odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA na pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie ró¿ni³y siê tym, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18], ¿e wszystkie tancerki oœwiadczy³y, i¿ s¹ krytykowane, pouczane i kontrolowane przez rodziców, podczas gdy takich samych odpowiedzi udzieli³o zaledwie 50% judoczek [15] i ponad 80% gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. Równie¿ wiêkszy odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA ni¿ judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18] stwierdzi³, ¿e lubi byæ najlepszy w wielu dziedzinach ¿ycia. Natomiast brak akceptacji przez rodziców by³ wy¿szy w grupie judoczek [15] oraz gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA ze szkó³ sportowych [18] ni¿ w grupie tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzaj¹ dotychczasow¹ wiedzê o tym, ¿e osoby chore i zagro¿one anoreksj¹ czuj¹ siê krytykowane, pouczane i kontrolowane przez rodziców, a jednoczeœnie staraj¹ siê byæ najlepsze w wielu dziedzinach ¿ycia [17,33,34]. Odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA na pytania dotycz¹ce postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci ró¿ni¹ siê od odpowiedzi judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. Otó¿ wszystkie tancerki, podobnie jak gimnazjalistki ze szkó³ sportowych [18], poprawi³yby swój wygl¹d/cia³o, gdyby by³o to mo¿liwe, ale w odró¿nieniu od judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek ze szkó³ sportowych i niesportowych [18] mniejszy odsetek tancerek by³ przekonany o tym, ¿e wygl¹d ma olbrzymie znaczenie w osi¹ganiu powodzenia ¿yciowego i ¿e mê¿czyŸni wol¹ szczup³e kobiety. Równie¿ mniejszy odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA ni¿ judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18] poœwiêca³ uwagê dbaniu o siebie i swój wygl¹d oraz kontrolowa³ masê i wymiary cia³a. Odsetek tancerek porównuj¹cych siê do modelek i atrakcyjnych aktorek by³ wy¿szy tylko od odsetka gimnazjalistek ze szkó³ sportowych [18], a odsetek tancerek przekonanych, ¿e nie podobaj¹ siê innym, by³ wy¿szy tylko od odsetka judoczek [15]. Natomiast odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, czêsto maj¹cych z³y nastrój i odczuwaj¹cych niezadowolenie z siebie, by³ wy¿szy ni¿ judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA przekonanych, ¿e nie maj¹ proporcjonalnego cia³a, by³ tak samo wysoki jak gimnazjalistek (ze szkó³ sportowych) o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. Ró¿nice w od- - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) 27 tio np roh ibit ibu -d istr nly eo us for pe rs on al 1. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim SGA by³ wy¿szy ni¿ we wczeœniej analizowanych grupach judoczek i gimnazjalistek, co potwierdzaj¹ poprzednie badania o wy¿szym zagro¿eniu anoreksj¹ tej grupy sportowców. 2. Ró¿nice w odpowiedziach tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA, wynikaj¹ najprawdopodobniej z ró¿nic w profilach osobowoœci pomiêdzy analizowanymi grupami dziewcz¹t i kobiet. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. Wnioski Conclusions 1. The percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS was higher than among previously analysed groups of female judo athletes and female students from secondary schools, what confirms previous researches about this sport group to be at the higher risk from AN. 2. Differences in female dancers' answers with high level of ARS, in comparison with answers of two previously surveyed groups, namely female judo athletes and female students from secondary schools, both with high level of ARS, can be explained by differences in personality profiles between analysed groups of girls and women. y is Piœmiennictwo / References Th is c op 1. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 1980; 10: 647-656. 2. Ringham R, Klump K, Kaye W, Stone D, Libman S, Stowe S, Marcus M. Eating disorder symptomatology among ballet dancers. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 503-508. 3. Mark H. Anshel. Sources of Disordered Eating Patterns Between Ballet Dancers and Non-dancers. J Sport Behavior 2004; 27 (2): 115-133. 4. Abraham S. Characteristics of eating disorders among young ballet dancers. Psychopathol 1996; 29: 223-229. 5. Holderness CC, Brooks-Gunn J, Warren MP. Eating disorders and substance use: a dancing vs a nondancing population. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 297-302. 6. Ravaldi C, Vannacci A, Zucchi T, Mannucci E, Cabras PL, Boldrini M, Murciano L, Rotella CM, Ricca V. Eating disorders and body image disturbances among ballet dancers, gymnasium users and body builders. Psychopathol 2003; 36: 247-254. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. centage of female students from secondary sport schools [18], and percentage of female dancers convinced to be not attractive to others was higher only from percentage of female judo athletes [15]. Whereas percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS being in bad mood very often and feeling low self-satisfaction was higher than in a group of female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools [18], both with high level of ARS. The percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS convinced that they do not have proportional body was as high as among female students with high level of ARS from secondary sport schools [18]. Differences in female dancers' answers with high level of ARS, in comparison with answers of two previously surveyed groups, namely female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools [18], both with high level of ARS, can be explained by differences in personality profiles between analysed groups of girls and women [35, 36]. However, in spite of observed differences, answers of female dancers with high level of ARS confirmed previous researches [6,17,37,38,39] that persons suffering from and being at risk from AN, consider appearance to have a significant meaning in achieving life success, pay a lot of attention to taking care of oneself, are convinced that men prefer slim women, are very often in bad mood and feel low self-satisfaction, compare themselves to models and attractive actresses, do not feel their body is proportional, control their body weight and size, think they are less attractive from their peers, and what is more they would correct their external appearance if they had such possibility. In order to improve perceiving of female dancers' own attraction, this issue is necessary to be taken into consideration in sport psychologist's work. ed . powiedziach tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18], mo¿na najprawdopodobniej wyt³umaczyæ ró¿nicami w profilach osobowoœci pomiêdzy analizowanymi grupami dziewcz¹t i kobiet [35,36]. Mimo obserwowanych ró¿nic, odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA potwierdzi³y wczeœniejsze badania [6,17,37,38, 39] pokazuj¹ce, ¿e osoby zagro¿one anoreksj¹ i chore na anoreksjê uwa¿aj¹, ¿e wygl¹d ma olbrzymie znaczenie w osi¹ganiu powodzenia ¿yciowego, st¹d te¿ wiele uwagi poœwiêcaj¹ dbaniu o siebie. 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The influence of wanting to look like media figures on adolescent physical activity. J Adolesc Health 2004; 35: 41-50. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. - Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) 29