FULL TEXT - Medycyna Sportowa

Transkrypt

FULL TEXT - Medycyna Sportowa
Medycyna Sportowa
© MEDSPORTPRESS, 2008; 1(6); Vol. 24, 21-29
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Zak³ad ¯ywnoœci i ¯ywienia, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, Poznañ
Food and Nutrition Department, University School of Physical Education in Poznan
OCENA ZACHOWAÑ ANOREKTYCZNYCH
TANCEREK W ZALE¯NOŒCI OD POZIOMU
SYNDROMU GOTOWOŒCI ANOREKTYCZNEJ
Author’s Contribution
A – Study Design
B – Data Collection
C – Statistical Analysis
D – Data Interpretation
E – Manuscript Preparation
F – Literature Search
G – Funds Collection
ASSESSMENT OF ANOREXIC BEHAVIOURS AMONG FEMALE
DANCERS DEPENDING ON ANOREXIA READINESS SYNDROME
S³owa kluczowe: syndrom gotowoœci anorektycznej, zachowania anorektyczne, tancerki, taniec, kobiety
Key words: anorexia readiness syndrome, anorexic behaviours, female dancers, dance, women
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Wstêp. Celem pracy by³o porównanie zachowañ anorektycznych tancerek w zale¿noœci od poziomu syndromu gotowoœci anorektycznej (SGA).
Materia³ i metody. Badaniami ankietowymi dotycz¹cymi poziomu SGA objêto 92 tancerki w wieku od 11 do 25 lat z poznañskich klubów tanecznych. Statystyczn¹ analizê wyników
przeprowadzono za pomoc¹ programu komputerowego SPSS 12,0 PL for Windows. Analizowano wp³yw poziomu SGA na uzyskane odpowiedzi. Na przeprowadzenie badañ uzyskano zgodê Komisji Etyki Badañ Naukowych przy Akademii Medycznej w Poznaniu.
Wyniki. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na 16 odpowiedzi charakteryzuj¹cych zachowania anorektyczne, w tym na cztery dotycz¹ce form kontroli, dwa
pytania dotycz¹ce stosunku do jedzenia, trzy pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie i siedem pytañ dotycz¹cych postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci.
Wnioski. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim SGA by³ wy¿szy ni¿ we wczeœniej analizowanych grupach judoczek i gimnazjalistek, co potwierdza sugestie o wy¿szym zagro¿eniu
anoreksj¹ tej grupy sportowców. Ró¿nice w odpowiedziach tancerek o wysokim poziomie
SGA, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA,
wynikaj¹ najprawdopodobniej z ró¿nic w profilach osobowoœci pomiêdzy analizowanymi
grupami dziewcz¹t i kobiet. Obserwowany wœród ankietowanych tancerek wzrost niepo¿¹danych zachowañ ¿ywieniowych wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA wskazuj¹ na koniecznoœæ ich edukacji ¿ywieniowej. Natomiast polepszenie postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci
tancerek powinno byæ uwzglêdnione w pracy psychologa sportowego.
Summary
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Word count:
Tables:
Figures:
References:
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Background. The aim of this study was to compare anorexic behaviours among female
dancers depending on the level of anorexia readiness syndrome (ARS).
Material and methods. A questionnaire survey concerning level of ARS was conducted
among 92 female dancers aged from 11 to 25 years from dance schools in Poznañ city. The
statistical analysis was carried out by means of the SPSS 11.5 PL for Windows computer programme. The impact of level of ARS on dancers' answers was analysed.
Results. The level of ARS significantly influenced 16 answers describing anorexic behaviours, with four answers concerning forms of body's weight control and reduction, two
answers concerning eating attitude, three answers concerning family's upbringing style and
seven answers concerning perceiving of one's own attraction.
Conclusions. The percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS was higher than
in previously analysed groups of female judo athletes and female students from secondary
sport and non sport schools, what confirms observations that this sport group is at higher risk
from anorexia nervosa (AN). Differences in answers of dancers with high level of ARS in
comparison with answers of female judo athletes and female students from secondary sport
and non sport schools with high level of ARS, probably result from differences in personality
profiles between analysed girls and women. An observed increase among female dancers of
undesirable nutritional behaviours together with increase of ARS level, emphasizes the
necessity of their nutritional education.
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Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondence
dr hab. Wojciech Chalcarz, prof. nadzw. AWF
Zak³ad ¯ywnoœci i ¯ywienia, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego
61-555 Poznañ, ul. Droga Dêbiñska 7, tel./fax: (0-61) 835-52-87, e-mail: [email protected]
Otrzymano / Received
Zaakceptowano / Accepted
02.10.2007 r.
05.12.2007 r.
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Wojciech Chalcarz(A,C,D,E,F,G), Aleksandra Musie³(C,D,E,F),
Katarzyna Koniuszuk(B)
Zaanga¿owanie Autorów
A – Przygotowanie projektu
badawczego
B – Zbieranie danych
C – Analiza statystyczna
D – Interpretacja danych
E – Przygotowanie manuskryptu
F – Opracowanie piœmiennictwa
G – Pozyskanie funduszy
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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ARTYKU£ ORYGINALNY / ORIGINAL ARTICLE
21
Background
Prowadzone przez lata badania na tancerzach
i tancerkach wskazuj¹ na zwiêkszon¹ wœród nich
sk³onnoœæ do wystêpowania zaburzeñ od¿ywiania siê
w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.
Wiêkszoœæ dotychczasowych badañ skupia³a siê
na objawach charakterystycznych dla anoreksji [1,2,
3]. Tylko kilka badañ dokumentowa³o bulimiê [2,4,5]
poœród tancerzy baletowych, a bardzo ma³o wiadomo
jest na temat rozpowszechnienia zaburzeñ od¿ywiania wœród tancerzy [2,4,6].
Silniejsze zachowania anorektyczne obserwowane s¹ czêœciej wœród tancerek ni¿ tancerzy oraz
wœród profesjonalnych tancerzy ni¿ osób tañcz¹cych
amatorsko [1,7,8]. Poza tym nie zanotowano przypadków anoreksji ani bulimii wœród czarnoskórych
tancerzy [7,9]. U baletnic cierpi¹cych na anoreksjê
stan zdrowia czêsto wydaje siê poprawiaæ [10,11],
nawet bez medycznej interwencji, mimo ¿e upoœledzony stosunek do jedzenia oraz w³asnego cia³a mo¿e siê utrzymywaæ [10]. Tancerki s¹ równie¿ sk³onne
do wykazywania nieprawid³owoœci menstruacyjnych,
w szczególnoœci opóŸnionej miesi¹czki i nieregularnoœci miesi¹czkowania [12].
Poniewa¿ brakuje informacji o zagro¿eniu anoreksj¹ wœród polskich tancerek, podjêto badania dotycz¹ce ich zachowañ anorektycznych w zale¿noœci
od poziomu syndromu gotowoœci anorektycznej SGA.
For years conducted researches on female and
male dancers, show their higher tendency to develop
eating disorders in comparison with general population. Most studies have focused on symptoms characteristic for anorexia nervosa (AN) [1,2,3]. Only few
studies have documented bulimia nervosa (BN)
[2,4,5] among ballet dancers and very little is known
about prevalence of Eating Disorders Not Otherwise
Specified (EDNOS) in dancers [2,4,6].
It is known, that stronger anorexic behaviours are
observed among female dancers than among male
dancers, and among professional than amateur
dancers [1,7,8]. What is more no black dancers
reported either AN or BN [7,9]. In female ballet dancers AN conditions quite often seem to improve even
without medical intervention [10,11], although impaired attitudes to eating and one's own body may
persist [10]. Dancers are also likely to exhibit menstrual abnormalities, particularly delayed menarche
and menstrual irregularity [12].
Due to lack of information on risk of AN among
polish female dancers, research considering their
anorexic behaviours depending on level of ARS has
been undertaken.
Materia³ i metody
Material and methods
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A questionnaire survey concerning level of ARS,
a method worked out by Zió³kowska [13,14] and described in details in our previous work [15], was conducted among 92 female dancers aged from 11 to 25
years from dance schools in Poznañ city. The questionnaire was extended with questions characterizing
surveyed group of dancers.
The statistical analysis was carried out by means of the
SPSS 12.0 PL for Windows computer programme. The
impact of ARS's level on athletes' answers was analysed.
The written permission of Regional Committee for
Ethics of Research by University of Medical Science
in Poznañ was obtained.
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Badaniami ankietowymi dotycz¹cymi poziomu SGA,
metod¹ opracowan¹ przez Zió³kowsk¹ [13,14] i szczegó³owo opisan¹ w naszej wczeœniejszej pracy [15], objêto 92 tancerki w wieku od 11 do 25 lat z poznañskich
klubów tanecznych. Ankietê rozszerzono o dane dotycz¹ce charakterystyki badanej grupy tancerek.
Statystyczn¹ analizê przeprowadzono za pomoc¹
programu komputerowego SPSS 12,0 PL for Windows. Analizowano wp³yw SGA na uzyskane odpowiedzi.
Na przeprowadzenie badañ uzyskano zgodê Komisji Etyki Badañ Naukowych przy Akademii Medycznej w Poznaniu.
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Wstêp
Wyniki
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W Tabeli 1 przedstawiono charakterystykê ankietowanych tancerek w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA.
Stwierdzono statystycznie istotn¹ zale¿noœæ poziomu
SGA tylko z posiadaniem rodzeñstwa, przy czym najwiêcej rodzeñstwa posiada³y tancerki o œrodkowym
poziomie SGA, a najmniej o wysokim poziomie SGA.
Mimo braku statystycznie istotnego wp³ywu poziomu SGA na pozosta³e odpowiedzi, charakterystyczne
by³o, ¿e tancerki o wysokim SGA posiada³y lepiej wykszta³cone matki i by³y pierwszym lub drugim dzieckiem w rodzinie.
W Tabeli 2 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce form kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a w zale¿noœci od poziomu
SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na cztery spoœród piêciu analizowanych pytañ dotycz¹cych form kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a.
Odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi na te pytania wzrasta³ wraz z poziomem SGA. Równie¿ odsetek pozy-
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA
22
Results
In Table 1 is presented characteristic of surveyed
group of female dancers depending on the level of
ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced only
one question, considering having or not having siblings, and in addition the most siblings had dancers
with middle level of ARS and at least the ones with
high level of ARS.
Although the level of ARS did not significantly
influence remaining questions it was distinctive that
female dancers with high level of ARS had better
educated mothers and were first or second child in
a family.
In Table 2 are presented answers of surveyed
group of female dancers for questions concerning
forms of body's weight control and reduction depending on the level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly
influenced four from five analysed questions concerning form of body's weight control and reduction.
The percentage of positive answers for those four
questions as well as for question number two concerning taking laxatives, although statistically irrelevant, increased with level of ARS.
In Table 3 are presented answers of surveyed
group of female dancers for questions concerning
eating attitude depending on the level of ARS. The
level of ARS significantly influenced two from three
analysed questions, namely question considering being
annoyed with oneself after eating too much and knowing calorific value of many foodstuffs. The percentage of
positive answers for those questions increased with
level of ARS.
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tywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie drugie, statystycznie
nieistotne, dotycz¹ce przyjmowania œrodków przeczyszczaj¹cych, wzrasta³ wraz z poziomem SGA.
W Tabeli 3 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce ich stosunku do jedzenia w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na
dwa pytania spoœród trzech, a mianowicie czy z³oszczê siê na siebie, gdy zjem za du¿o oraz czy znam
wartoœæ energetyczn¹ wielu produktów spo¿ywczych. Iloœæ pozytywnych odpowiedzi na te pytania
wzrasta³a wraz z poziomem SGA.
Tab. 1. Charakterystyka badanej grupy tancerek. Wyniki podano w [%]
Tab. 1. Characteristic of surveyed group of female dancers depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%]
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS)
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2.
4.
5.
Stosowaáam gáodówki, diety,
ograniczaáam jedzenie/Fasting or being
on diets
Przyjmowaáam Ğrodki przeczyszczające/
Taking laxatives
ZaĪywaáam Ğrodki odchudzające/
obniĪające áaknienie/Taking diet pills or
appetite reducing pills
Intensywnie üwiczĊ/eksperymentujĊ
z reklamowanym sprzĊtem do üwiczeĔ/
Intensive exercising or experimenting
with advertised equipment
Staram siĊ ograniczaü táuszcze,
wĊglowodany/Cutting down on fat and
carbohydrates
52,6
100,0
0,0
8,8
16,7
0,0
7,0
25,0
36,8
66,7
50,9
100,0
13,0
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Tab. 3. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce ich stosunku do jedzenia. Wyniki podano
w [%]
Tab. 3. Answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning eating attitude depending on the level
of ARS. Results are given in [%]
Lp./
No
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8,7
33,3
16,7
17,4
52,6
100,0
4,3
26,3
83,3
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W moim domu wiele uwagi poĞwiĊca siĊ
jedzeniu/Paying a lot of attention to food at
home
ZáoszczĊ siĊ na siebie, gdy zjem za duĪo/
Being annoyed with myself after eating
too much
Znam wartoĞü energetyczną wielu
produktów spoĪywczych/Knowing
calorific value of many foodstuffs
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2.
Poziom SGA/Level of ARS
ĝrodkowy/
Wysoki/
Middle
High
Niski/ Low
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Pytanie/Question
Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p”0,05
Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p”0,05)
1.
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Pytanie/Question
Moi rodzice krytykują mnie/pouczają/
kontrolują/Criticizing, instructing and
controlling by parents
LubiĊ byü najlepsza w wielu dziedzinach
Īycia (nauce, sporcie, urodzie itp./
Wanting to be the best in many fields in
life (learning, sport, fashion etc.)
Nie czujĊ siĊ w peáni akceptowana przez
rodziców/Feeling to be not accepted by
parents
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Tab. 4. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie. Wyniki podano w [%]
Tab. 4. Answers of surveyed group of female judo athletes for questions concerning family's upbringing style depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%]
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Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p”0,05
Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p”0,05)
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3.
Niski/Low
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1.
Poziom SGA/Level of ARS
ĝrodkowy/
Wysoki/
Middle
High
Pytanie/Question
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Lp./No
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Tab. 2. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce form kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a. Wyniki
podano w [%]
Tab. 2. Answers of surveyed group of female dancers for questions concerning forms of body's weight control and reduction depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%]
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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In Table 4 are presented answers of surveyed
group of female dancers for questions concerning
family's upbringing style depending on the level of
ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced all of
ed
.
W Tabeli 4 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie w zale¿noœci od poziomu SGA.
Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu
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Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA
Poziom SGA/Level of ARS
ĝrodkowy/
Wysoki/
Niski/ Low
Middle
High
26,1
54,4
100,0
39,1
73,7
91,7
8,7
3,5
33,3
-
Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p”0,05
Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p”0,05)
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3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
91,7
73,9
89,5
91,7
60,9
87,7
91,7
13,0
45,6
91,7
8,7
26,3
50,0
19,3
66,7
13,0
55,2
77,2
75,0
26,1
14,0
50,0
65,2
86,0
100,0
the analysed questions and in addition the percentage of positive answers for questions number one
and two increased with level of ARS. Whereas the
percentage of positive answers on question number
three, concerning feeling lack of full acceptance by
parents, was the lowest among female dancers with
middle level of ARS.
In Table 5 are presented answers of surveyed
group of female dancers for questions concerning
perceiving of one's own attraction depending on the
level of ARS. The level of ARS significantly influenced seven from nine analysed questions. Only on
question two, concerning paying a lot of attention to
taking care of myself and my appearance as well as on
question seven, concerning controlling body weight
and size, the level of ARS had no significant influence. It is characteristic that the percentage of positive answers for put questions, increased together
with level of ARS, except for question eight, on which
one had to answer - I am not attractive to others, I am
considered as an unattractive person. As an attractive person found herself as many as 86% of female
dancers with middle level of ARS, 26,1% female dancers
with low level of ARS and 50% of female dancers
with high level of ARS.
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SGA na wszystkie analizowane pytania, przy czym
na pytanie pierwsze i drugie odsetek pozytywnych
odpowiedzi wzrasta³ wraz z poziomem SGA. Natomiast odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie
trzecie, dotycz¹ce braku odczuwania pe³nej akceptacji przez rodziców, by³ najni¿szy u tancerek o œrodkowym poziomie SGA.
W Tabeli 5 zestawiono rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci w zale¿noœci od poziomu
SGA. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wp³yw poziomu SGA na siedem spoœród dziewiêciu analizowanych pytañ. Tylko na odpowiedzi uzyskane na pytanie drugie (dotycz¹ce poœwiêcania uwagi dbaniu o siebie i swój wygl¹d) oraz na pytanie siódme (dotycz¹ce
kontroli masy i wymiarów cia³a) nie stwierdzono statystycznie istotnego wp³ywu poziomu SGA. Charakterystyczne jest, ¿e odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi
na postawione pytania wzrasta³ wraz ze wzrostem
poziomu SGA, za wyj¹tkiem odpowiedzi na pytanie
ósme, w którym nale¿a³o odpowiedzieæ czy podobam
siê innym i czy jestem uznawana za osobê atrakcyjn¹. Za osobê atrakcyjn¹ uzna³o siê a¿ 86% tancerek
o œrodkowym poziomie SGA, 26,1% o niskim poziomie SGA i 50% o wysokim poziomie SGA.
eo
Pogrubioną kursywą zaznaczono istotnoĞü w teĞcie Kruskala-Wallisa dla p”0,05
Bold italics type denotes statistically significant results in Kruskal-Wallis test (p”0,05)
Dyskusja
Discussion
Statystycznie istotna relacja poziomu SGA z posiadaniem rodzeñstwa, przy czym najmniej rodzeñstwa
posiada³y tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, posiada-
The statistically significant influence of ARS on
having or not having siblings, and at the same time
the least siblings had female dancers with high level
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78,9
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Wygląd ma olbrzymie znaczenie
w osiąganiu powodzenia Īyciowego/
Appearance has a significant meaning in
achieving life success
Wiele uwagi poĞwiĊcam dbaniu o siebie, swój
wygląd itp./Paying high attention to taking care
of myself, my appearance etc.
MĊĪczyĨni wolą szczupáe kobiety/Men prefer
slim women
CzĊsto mam záy nastrój i odczuwam
niezadowolenie z siebie/Being in bad mood
very often and feeling low self-satisfaction
PorównujĊ siĊ do modelek i atrakcyjnych
aktorek/Comparing myself to models and
attractive actresses
Moje ciaáo nie jest proporcjonalne/ Feeling
that my body is not proportional
KontrolujĊ masĊ i wymiary ciaáa/ Controlling
body weight and size
Nie podobam siĊ innym, nie jestem
uznawana za osobĊ atrakcyjną/Being not
attractive to others, and being considered
as an unattractive person
Gdyby byáo to moĪliwe, poprawiáabym swój
wygląd/ciaáo/Willingness to correct external
appearance
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1.
Poziom SGA/Level of ARS
ĝrodkowy/
Wysoki/
Niski/ Low
Middle
High
Pytanie/Question
-d
istr
Lp./
No
ed
.
Tab. 5. Rozk³ad odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na pytania dotycz¹ce postrzegania w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci. Wyniki podano w [%]
Tab. 5. Answers of surveyed group of female judo athletes for questions concerning perceiving of one's own attraction depending on the level of ARS. Results are given in [%]
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Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS)
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of ARS, as well as having better educated mothers
and being first or second child in a family, proves the
importance of this factors [16,17] in assessment of
risk of AN.
The percentage of females with high level of ARS
was found to be more than two times higher among
female dancers than among female judo athletes
[15], one and a half times higher than among female
students from secondary non sport schools [18] and
slightly higher, 13% vs 12,7%, among female students from secondary sport schools [18]. This confirms previous findings, showing that female dancers
together with athletes, gymnasts, skaters, models
and actors are the highest risk from anorexia nervosa
[3,19]. The lower risk for AN among analysed group
of female dancers in comparison with provided in literature statistics of prevalence of full and sub threshold AN among ballet dancers, being three to six times
higher than in the general population [1,2], and due
to other authors even seven times higher [3], results
from the fact, that surveyed group of female dancers
practiced amateur dance. It is known that professional dancers are at a much higher risk for eating disorders than are non athletic women or even adolescent
dance students [1].
All female dancers with high level of ARS, as well
as all female judo athletes [15] and female students
from secondary non sport schools [18] did fasting
and were on diets in order to reduce and control body
weight. Also all female dancers with high level of
ARS, as well as female judo athletes [15] tried to cut
down on fat and carbohydrates. Taking laxatives and
diet pills was among female dancers with high level
of ARS less popular than among female judo athletes
[15] and female students with high level of ARS from
secondary schools [18].
Among female dancers with high level of ARS, as
well as in case of previously analysed group of female judo athletes [15] and female students with high
level of ARS from secondary schools [18], was
observed an increase of undesirable behaviours concerning body's weight control and reduction together
with increase of level of ARS. Particularly disadvantageous is that with increase of level of ARS, similarly as among female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary school [18], there was found
an increase in intensive exercising or/and experimenting with advertised equipment in order to lose
weight quicker. Such behaviour was already described
among female dancers suffering from or being at risk
of AN [3,20]. Practiced forms of body's weight control
and reduction among female dancers with high level
of ARS should be judged negatively, because practices preferred among them will not only make it difficult to keep right body weight, but will place them at
an increased risk for menstrual irregularity and bone
injuries [16,17,21]. Considering the previously conducted researches on female dancers, which showed
their low nutritional knowledge [22,23], all the more
substantiated is their nutritional education within the
range of teaching how to keep body's weight control
according to binding recommendations in nutritional
science on human nutrition [24,25,26]. Female
dancers should also follow nutritional recommendations prepared especially for them [27,28,29].
The analysis of answers of surveyed female dancers on questions concerning their eating attitude
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nie przez nie lepiej wykszta³conych matek i bycie pierwszym lub drugim dzieckiem potwierdza wa¿noœæ tych
czynników [16,17] dla oceny zagro¿enia anoreksj¹.
Wœród tancerek stwierdzono ponad dwukrotnie
wy¿szy odsetek dziewcz¹t o wysokim poziomie SGA
ni¿ u judoczek [15], pó³torakrotnie wy¿szy ni¿ u gimnazjalistek z gimnazjów ogólnych [18] oraz nieznacznie wy¿szy (13% vs. 12,7%) ni¿ u uczennic z gimnazjów sportowych [18]. Jest to zgodne z wynikami
wczeœniejszych badañ informuj¹cych o tym, ¿e tancerki, obok lekkoatletek, gimnastyczek, ³y¿wiarek, modelek i aktorek, s¹ grup¹ najbardziej nara¿on¹ na anoreksjê [3,19]. Ni¿sze zagro¿enie anoreksj¹ w grupie badanych tancerek, w porównaniu do podawanych w literaturze szacunków dotycz¹cych wystêpowania pe³nej
i podprogowej anoreksji wœród tancerzy baletowych
(wynosz¹cych trzy do szeœciu razy wiêcej [1,2], a nawet do siedmiu razy wiêcej [3] ni¿ w populacji ogólnej)
wynika prawdopodobnie z tego, ¿e badana grupa tancerek uprawia³a taniec amatorski. Wiadomo bowiem,
¿e tancerze zawodowi s¹ du¿o bardziej zagro¿eni zaburzeniami od¿ywiania siê ni¿ kobiety, które nie uprawiaj¹ sportu, a nawet studenci szkó³ tanecznych [1].
Wszystkie tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak wszystkie judoczki [15] i gimnazjalistki ze
szkó³ niesportowych [18], stosowa³y g³odówki w celu
kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a. Równie¿ wszystkie tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak judoczki [15], stara³y siê ograniczaæ t³uszcze i wêglowodany. Stosowanie œrodków przeczyszczaj¹cych i odchudzaj¹cych by³o wœród ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA mniej popularne ni¿ wœród judoczek
[15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18].
U tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie
jak w przypadku analizowanych wczeœniej grup judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18] o wysokim poziomie
SGA, stwierdzono wzrost niepo¿¹danych zachowañ
dotycz¹cych kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a wraz ze
wzrostem poziomu SGA. Szczególnie niekorzystne
jest, ¿e wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA u tancerek,
podobnie jak u judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18],
stwierdzono wzrost odsetka pozytywnych odpowiedzi na pytanie dotycz¹ce stosowania intensywnych
æwiczeñ i/lub eksperymentowania z reklamowanym
sprzêtem do æwiczeñ w celu szybszej utraty masy
cia³a. Zachowanie takie by³o ju¿ opisywane u tancerek chorych lub zagro¿onych anoreksj¹ [3,20]. Stosowane przez tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA formy
kontroli i redukcji masy cia³a nale¿y oceniæ negatywie, gdy¿ preferowane praktyki uniemo¿liwiaj¹ d³ugotrwa³e utrzymanie masy cia³a i mog¹ nara¿aæ je zarówno na zwiêkszone ryzyko wyst¹pienia nieregularnych miesi¹czek, jak i urazów koœci [16,17,21]. Poniewa¿ prowadzone wczeœniej badania na tancerkach
wykaza³y ich nisk¹ wiedzê ¿ywieniow¹ [22,23], wiêc
tym bardziej zasadna jest ich edukacja ¿ywieniowa
w zakresie nauczenia utrzymania kontroli masy cia³a
zgodnie z zaleceniami obowi¹zuj¹cymi w naukach
o ¿ywieniu cz³owieka [24,25,26]. Tancerki powinny
równie¿ korzystaæ z opracowanych specjalnie dla nich
zaleceñ ¿ywieniowych [27,28,29].
Analiza odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek na
pytania dotycz¹ce ich stosunku do jedzenia potwierdzi³a wczeœniejsze badania [17,30,31,32] pokazuj¹ce, ¿e panuj¹cy w rodzinie stosunek do jedzenia mo¿e wp³ywaæ na zagro¿enie anoreksj¹. W analizowanej grupie tancerek, podobnie jak w grupach judo-
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Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA
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confirmed previous observations [17,30,31,32] that
certain eating attitude prevailing in family can influence anorexia risk. In analysed group of female dancers, similarly to group of female judo athletes [15]
and female students from secondary schools [18],
together with increase of level of ARS increased the
percentage of positive answers on posed questions.
In addition all female dancers with high level of ARS,
as well as all female judo athletes with high level of
ARS [15], were annoyed with oneself after eating too
much. Whereas calorific value of many foodstuffs
knew less female dancers with high level of ARS than
female students with high level of ARS from secondary sport schools [18], but more than female judo athletes [15] and female students with high level of ARS
from secondary non sport schools [18]. The percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS, in
whose houses a lot of attention was payed to food,
was significantly lower in comparison with percentage of female judo athletes [15] and female students
with high level of ARS from secondary sport and non
sport schools [18].
The answers of surveyed female dancers with
high level of ARS on questions concerning family's
upbringing style, compared with female judo athletes'
[15] and secondary schools female students' answers [18], differed in that all dancers stated they are
criticized, instructed and controlled by parents, while
the same answers were provided by only 50% of
female judo athletes with high level of ARS [15] and
more than 80% of female students with high level of
ARS from secondary schools [18]. Also higher percentage of female dancers with high level of ARS,
than female judo athletes with high level of ARS [15]
and female students with high level of ARS from secondary schools [18] stated that likes to be the best
in many fields in life. Whereas the lack of acceptance
by parents was higher among female judo athletes
with high level of ARS [15] and female students with
high level of ARS from secondary sport schools [18],
than in group of female dancers with high level of
ARS. Obtained results confirm previous observations
[17,33,34] that persons suffering from and being at
risk from AN, feel criticized, instructed and controlled,
and at the same time try to be the best in many fields
in life.
The answers of surveyed female dancers with
high level of ARS on questions concerning perceiving
of one's own attraction differ from answers of female
judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools, both with high level or ARS [18]. Namely all female dancers, as well as all female students
from secondary sport schools [18] would correct their
external appearance if it was possible, however
unlike female judo athletes [15] and female students
from secondary sport and non sport schools [18],
lower percentage of female dancers was convinced
that appearance has a significant meaning in achieving life success and that men prefer slim women.
Also lower percentage of female dancers with
high level of ARS than female judo athletes [15] and
female students from secondary schools [18], both
groups with high level of ARS, payed high attention
to taking care of oneself and their appearance, as
well as controlled body weight and size. Percentage
of female dancers comparing themselves with models and attractive actresses was higher only from per-
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czek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18], wraz ze wzrostem poziomu SGA wzrós³ odsetek pozytywnych odpowiedzi
na postawione pytania. Przy czym wszystkie tancerki o wysokim poziomie SGA, podobnie jak wszystkie
judoczki o wysokim poziomie SGA [15], z³oœci³y siê
na siebie, gdy zjad³y za du¿o. Natomiast wartoœæ energetyczn¹ wielu produktów spo¿ywczych zna³o mniej
tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA ni¿ gimnazjalistek
o wysokim poziomie SGA ze szkó³ sportowych [18],
ale wiêcej ni¿ judoczek o wysokim poziomie SGA [15]
i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA ze szkó³
niesportowych [18]. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, w których domach rodzinnych poœwiêca³o siê wiele uwagi jedzeniu, by³ znacznie ni¿szy
w porównaniu do odsetka judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek (o wysokim poziomie SGA) ze szkó³ sportowych
i niesportowych [18].
Odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim
poziomie SGA na pytania dotycz¹ce stylu wychowania w rodzinie ró¿ni³y siê tym, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18], ¿e wszystkie tancerki oœwiadczy³y, i¿
s¹ krytykowane, pouczane i kontrolowane przez rodziców, podczas gdy takich samych odpowiedzi udzieli³o
zaledwie 50% judoczek [15] i ponad 80% gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. Równie¿ wiêkszy
odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA ni¿ judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek [18] stwierdzi³, ¿e lubi byæ
najlepszy w wielu dziedzinach ¿ycia. Natomiast brak
akceptacji przez rodziców by³ wy¿szy w grupie judoczek [15] oraz gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie
SGA ze szkó³ sportowych [18] ni¿ w grupie tancerek
o wysokim poziomie SGA. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzaj¹ dotychczasow¹ wiedzê o tym, ¿e osoby chore
i zagro¿one anoreksj¹ czuj¹ siê krytykowane, pouczane i kontrolowane przez rodziców, a jednoczeœnie
staraj¹ siê byæ najlepsze w wielu dziedzinach ¿ycia
[17,33,34].
Odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim
poziomie SGA na pytania dotycz¹ce postrzegania
w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci ró¿ni¹ siê od odpowiedzi judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA
[18]. Otó¿ wszystkie tancerki, podobnie jak gimnazjalistki ze szkó³ sportowych [18], poprawi³yby swój wygl¹d/cia³o, gdyby by³o to mo¿liwe, ale w odró¿nieniu
od judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek ze szkó³ sportowych
i niesportowych [18] mniejszy odsetek tancerek by³
przekonany o tym, ¿e wygl¹d ma olbrzymie znaczenie w osi¹ganiu powodzenia ¿yciowego i ¿e mê¿czyŸni wol¹ szczup³e kobiety.
Równie¿ mniejszy odsetek tancerek o wysokim
poziomie SGA ni¿ judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18] poœwiêca³ uwagê dbaniu
o siebie i swój wygl¹d oraz kontrolowa³ masê i wymiary cia³a. Odsetek tancerek porównuj¹cych siê do modelek i atrakcyjnych aktorek by³ wy¿szy tylko od odsetka gimnazjalistek ze szkó³ sportowych [18], a odsetek tancerek przekonanych, ¿e nie podobaj¹ siê innym, by³ wy¿szy tylko od odsetka judoczek [15]. Natomiast odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA,
czêsto maj¹cych z³y nastrój i odczuwaj¹cych niezadowolenie z siebie, by³ wy¿szy ni¿ judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA [18].
Odsetek tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA przekonanych, ¿e nie maj¹ proporcjonalnego cia³a, by³
tak samo wysoki jak gimnazjalistek (ze szkó³ sportowych) o wysokim poziomie SGA [18]. Ró¿nice w od-
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Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS)
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1. Odsetek tancerek o wysokim SGA by³ wy¿szy ni¿
we wczeœniej analizowanych grupach judoczek
i gimnazjalistek, co potwierdzaj¹ poprzednie badania o wy¿szym zagro¿eniu anoreksj¹ tej grupy
sportowców.
2. Ró¿nice w odpowiedziach tancerek o wysokim
poziomie SGA, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek i gimnazjalistek o wysokim poziomie SGA,
wynikaj¹ najprawdopodobniej z ró¿nic w profilach
osobowoœci pomiêdzy analizowanymi grupami
dziewcz¹t i kobiet.
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Wnioski
Conclusions
1. The percentage of female dancers with high level
of ARS was higher than among previously
analysed groups of female judo athletes and
female students from secondary schools, what
confirms previous researches about this sport
group to be at the higher risk from AN.
2. Differences in female dancers' answers with high
level of ARS, in comparison with answers of two
previously surveyed groups, namely female judo
athletes and female students from secondary
schools, both with high level of ARS, can be
explained by differences in personality profiles
between analysed groups of girls and women.
y is
Piœmiennictwo / References
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centage of female students from secondary sport
schools [18], and percentage of female dancers convinced to be not attractive to others was higher only
from percentage of female judo athletes [15]. Whereas percentage of female dancers with high level of
ARS being in bad mood very often and feeling low
self-satisfaction was higher than in a group of female
judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary schools [18], both with high level of ARS.
The percentage of female dancers with high level
of ARS convinced that they do not have proportional
body was as high as among female students with
high level of ARS from secondary sport schools [18].
Differences in female dancers' answers with high
level of ARS, in comparison with answers of two previously surveyed groups, namely female judo athletes [15] and female students from secondary
schools [18], both with high level of ARS, can be explained by differences in personality profiles between
analysed groups of girls and women [35, 36]. However, in spite of observed differences, answers of
female dancers with high level of ARS confirmed previous researches [6,17,37,38,39] that persons suffering from and being at risk from AN, consider appearance to have a significant meaning in achieving life
success, pay a lot of attention to taking care of oneself, are convinced that men prefer slim women, are
very often in bad mood and feel low self-satisfaction,
compare themselves to models and attractive
actresses, do not feel their body is proportional, control their body weight and size, think they are less
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female dancers' own attraction, this issue is necessary to be taken into consideration in sport psychologist's work.
ed
.
powiedziach tancerek o wysokim poziomie SGA, w porównaniu do odpowiedzi judoczek [15] i gimnazjalistek
o wysokim poziomie SGA [18], mo¿na najprawdopodobniej wyt³umaczyæ ró¿nicami w profilach osobowoœci pomiêdzy analizowanymi grupami dziewcz¹t i kobiet [35,36]. Mimo obserwowanych ró¿nic, odpowiedzi ankietowanych tancerek o wysokim poziomie
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znaczenie w osi¹ganiu powodzenia ¿yciowego, st¹d
te¿ wiele uwagi poœwiêcaj¹ dbaniu o siebie. S¹ przekonane, ¿e mê¿czyŸni wol¹ szczup³e kobiety, czêsto
maj¹ z³y nastrój i odczuwaj¹ niezadowolenie z siebie,
porównuj¹ siê do modelek i atrakcyjnych aktorek, nie
uwa¿aj¹, ¿e ich cia³o jest proporcjonalne, kontroluj¹
masê i wymiary cia³a, s¹ przekonane, ¿e ich atrakcyjnoœæ jest mniejsza ni¿ ich rówieœniczek i gdyby mog³y, to poprawi³yby swój wygl¹d. Aby polepszyæ postrzeganie w³asnej atrakcyjnoœci tancerek, nale¿a³oby uwzglêdniæ tê problematykê w pracy psychologa
sportowego.
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Chalcarz W. i wsp., Zachowania anorektycznych tancerek a poziom SGA
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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Chalcarz W. et al., The behaviour of anorectic female dancers and Anorectic Readiness Syndrome (ARS)
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