docWitold Rudnicki - Instytut Informatyki UwB
download 
Reklamacja Transkrypt
Witold Rudnicki - Instytut Informatyki UwB
Bioinformatyka Witold Rudnicki Warszawa 18.05.2015 Materiały Wykłady: • Introductory Bioinforma9cs, Fourth Edi9on. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig • Bioinforma9cs and Func9onal Genomics, Second Edi9on Jonathan Pevsner. • Bioinforma9cs for Dummies, Second Edi9on Jean-‐Michel Claverie and Cedric Notredame Warszawa 18.05.2015 Materiały Laboratorium: • Manuale R: hLp://cran.r-‐project.org/manuals.html • Manuale Python: hLps://docs.python.org/3/ • Manual Biopython: hLp://biopython.org/DIST/docs/tutorial/Tutorial.html • Manual Bioconductor: hLp://manuals.bioinforma9cs.ucr.edu Warszawa 18.05.2015 Format Laboratoria: Jak wykonać różne zadania? ! Wykłady: Jak to działa? Warszawa 18.05.2015 Format Wykład: Jak to działa? • • • • • • • Wprowadzenie do biologii molekularnej Analiza sekwencji -‐ wyszukiwanie sekwencji podobnych Biologiczne bazy danych Bioinformatyka strukturalna, własności fizykochemiczne aminokwasów, własności białek R -‐ środowisko analiz statystycznych i język programowania Metody doświadczalne biologii molekularnej Analiza sekwencji -‐ identyfikacja genów, sekwencjonowanie nowej generacji, genomika, warianty strukturalne Warszawa 18.05.2015 Format Laboratorium: Jak to wykonać? Nauczymy się: 1. Podstawowych zadań wykonywanych przez bioinformatyków 2. Podstaw dwóch języków kluczowych w bioinformatyce: Python i R 3. Wykorzystywania bibliotek gotowych procedur bioinformatycznych: 1. Bioconductor 2. Biopython 4. Tworzenia protokołów przetwarzania danych Warszawa 18.05.2015 Co to jest bioinformatyka • Wąsko -‐ budowa i wykorzystanie biologicznych baz danych • Szeroko -‐ wykorzystanie komputerów do rozwiązywania problemów w biologii Warszawa 18.05.2015 Po co bioinformatyka informatykom? • Fascynująca dziedzina nauki pozwalająca włączyć się informatykom w odkrywanie wiedzy o świecie • Kopalnia nowych problemów algorytmicznych i praktycznych • Wyzwania czysto techniczne -‐ wzrost objętości danych silnie szybszy niż prawo Moore’a • Przykład zastosowania informatyki w dziedzinach praktycznych Warszawa 18.05.2015 History of life Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Pevsner 2011 Evolu9on of life Warszawa 18.05.2015 Tree of life XVII century -‐ Linnaeus -‐ the systema9cs Three kingdoms: Animaliae Plantae Mineraliae ! Currently: Three superkingdoms: Bacteria Archea Eukaryota ! ! ! Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Pevsner 2011 ! Warszawa 18.05.2015 ! Currently: Three superkingdoms: Bacteria Archea Eukaryota ! Gelidium caulacantheum Pterocladia lucida Pterocladia capillacea Pterocladiella capillacea Pterocladiella melanoidea Ptilophora pinnatifida Ptilophora subcostata Gelidiella acerosa Grateloupia filicina Cryptonemia undulata Carpopeltis phyllophora Halymenia plana Sebdenia flabellata Lomentaria australis Lomentaria baileyana Gloioderma fruticulosa Champia affinis Cephalocystis furcellata Cephalocystis leucobotrys Erythrocolon podagricum Epymenia wilsonis Rhodymenia linearis Cordylecladia erecta Plocamiocolax pulvinata Plocamium cartilagineum Plocamium angustum Tha Dol iolulia HerOikople mdem Not Bra Hal dm nat ocra ory nch ocySty ania ura iona tica nch iost nthela mo dioi lis Rhi EchSqu us om plic mu ca Sebnob inor alus cep a ia rore ata s astoato hinu acaediaflori tzi s lent dae LepPol lobu s coonth nus isosyod Fun ias on s igin teu spaaltiv osu kei dulu Clu Am s oss thu elis s Onc Ictalurupeas hete ia eus la P an s a ulos ram ius ula us dub sa s pan eringon plex sim gino oide Cam eliaopo a lanu ulmnica Lob sse a Trag zeli miajapo tica ota Rou om a Ber uba ellip zap da Euc rrya ara pali folia ede Auc ns Ga nilkatie alni a anarom ea pict ericand guin Ma lora a Imp thra Cle ola amora sanunif pure ata Pyr rax es pa pur ora icul na Sty rospcod nia mifl Pte ris Sar otro race pan inia os virg nicamna Mon race Sar illaploc ros japocolu a isii hylla Cyr spy ata ellia ria atic lewrop Sym Dio quie sylv smac min Cam sa lphu ea che acu Fou a Nys lade rang ogehec da a es is Phi Hyd saptot flori mosinal nse ioid Nys nus race sine aral ns Cam officn vire Cor nusnus ntro ron i Cor end per talis Cor acehod sem hoea Tetr us swinlute iden Troc ia o occ ia erba a Bux s exim ylla Sab umb imb ican aph Nel tanu um mex a Pla ntra ne hex olia Dice eco nia latif emo ata rnat orh Cyp s har rocl calv ync rinu pun eng itus a EchHio Alb Salhus s carctat us mo kisu us don Meg ioph ula trutt tchpio Oph is alos vulp Lati Elo alop icht pun oide es a SphPse merps s ctife Sce eno ude ia haw atla hus s Het lopo cha aiie ntic rex r erod don mys lum nsisus Allig rus pun scri nae on ator Ory Turd Gal platund ctat pta ctol mis us lus yrhiulat us Rat agusissmig gall nosus tus s ippirato Icht Typ Mus norcun ensriusus Hyp hyo hlon Hom musvegicul is us Gra ogephis ecte o culuicus Discndis oph ban s sap Gas Sca ogloonia is nannata iens s phio rost ns Nestrop Xenpusssu alte ratuicus s rnan s omahryn Eleu opuholb pict ntise caro s rookus s ther Amb oda Buf thom line laev i ysto ctyluHylao vall assnsis is Amp ma Plet Myx Sire s cineicep eti hodhium n mex cun rea s ine inte icaneatu Lam a trida glut Petr on yon rme um s inos omypetr halo ctylu dia a End a atlazon aep sse m Astr Epta ypte oxoc ntic mar ra e obra tretu Stro Oph chioAnte rinu s haginus ngy Ophioplo n don s parrstoufis loce Amp ntroiom cus constricserr ae ti ata Oph hiph tusyxa japo Stic ioca olis purpbrev nicutum Psy Lipo hop nop squ uratirima s s fugiama us chro Cuctrap us japo eza Asth pote uma ensta eno s ria vest nicu somlong sykiiens s Ech Meo Arb icau on a ows inocBris ma acia Ech ardiusop vent lixultonida inod iscuEnc m sis ricos a ope cordlyrife Cen Cass bisp aber atumra a trostEucFella sidu erfo rans ephaidar ster lus ratu zela mitis s SphPsa Diad nusis tribu aeremm ema coro ndia Stro loide echi ngyl Colo Ech chin nus seto natu s e ocen boceinus us granmiliasum s Ophtrotu ntrotescu ulari ris us lentu s TemSalmTripn iophs inter atrat nopl acis eust olis med us s Stom es acul ius euru Mes spha grati eta Astropne pilias harderoid lla opecuste Aste globwickes Alcy ten s vario ii onid Porarias irreg ulus laris ium nia amu ulari Plum gela rens Sym atell pulv is s Och BareBare bion a tinos illus ntsia etos repe um pand ns tomaPedintsia bene cellinhilde ora eryth deni Cha Sibo Ridg a gard Dodetop glinu eiarogra cern ae ecacterus m pisc mmoua Glyceria variofiord esae n Nep era concpedaicum Lani htys ame haru tus Pygo ce hom rican m conc berg a ScolPoly spio hileg Mag oplodora eleg a ii Sabeelon s armi ciliatans Harm lla a mira gera pavo bilis Capi othoe tella nina Aphr Nere capitimpa Sath odita Xiron odrilu Nere is limba ata r acule ta ogito s is atten virenata Lum n victo uatu s Dero bricu riens s digita is HaemBarbEise s rube Albo llusta gloss Hirud opis roniania fetida Phor iphon sang webe o med onis uisug Phor vancia hete icina ri onis ouve roclit lis a Phor psam rensi a onis mop s Lingu archi hila Glott Lingula anatitecta idia la NeocDiscipyram linguna Neoc idata a Hem raniana striat rania hutto a Notoithyri Tereb anom sarias psitta alani ratella nigric ceae Laqu Mege sang Falla eus ans rlia uinea x neoc califo trunc Maca Tereb ndrevaledornian ata ratalia ia nens us Gyro Neot transcraniu is Callo thyrishyris versam ria mawparva incon soni Liothy Gwyn spicu rellaLiothyia caps a Tereb Canc neozrella ula ratulin elanic Thec elloth uva idellin yris a retusaa Steno Grypa blochhedle Platid sarinahus mani yi vitreu i Eohe ia anomcrosn Lepid mithy s Lepid ozona ieri Acan ochito ris ioides thople na corea grayii Barba ura corrugnica tia japon ata viresc ica Placo Atrina Chlam Arca ens pecte pectinnoae ys island Argop n mage ata Argop ecten llanicuica Crass Pecteectenirradia s gibbuns adom n maxim s Chlam a gigan Mima us Geuke chlamys tea Mytilu nsia yshasta Mytilu variata s califordemis s gallop nianusa Mytilu rovinc s trossu ialiss Mytilu Crass Nerita s lus edulis ostrea albicil Ostre Galeo avirgini la Corcu mma ca edulis lum Fragumcardistakii Fragum fragum sa Vastic Fulvia unedo ardium Tridac mutica Tridac naflavum Tridacn na gigas Tridacn derasa Tridacn a maxim Hippop a croceaa a squam us porcel Hippop Mactro osa lanus merisus hippop polyny us Tresus ma Spisul Tresus capax a solidisnuttali Spisul sima Mulinia a solida Spisula Mercen laterali aria subtruncatas Scutop Arctica mercen us ventrol islandiaria Antalis ineatus ca Monod vulgar onta is RapanBursa labio rana Thais a venosa Reishiaclavige Nassa rius Pisania bronnira singuin striata Fasciol aria jorensi Littorin lignarias Littorina a littorea Biomph Bakerily alaria obtusat mnaea glabrataa Fossari cubens Lymnae a truncatu is a auricula la Radix Lymnae ria Stagnic a peregra ola stagnal AnthosiLymnaepalustr is phonaria glabrais Siphona a sirius Onchidria algesira ella Laevica celticae Limicola ulis alte ria Balea kambeu Pycnop Helix biplicatal hyes aspersa Priapulu Euperip kielensi s caudatu s Echiniscatoides leuckarts us viridissim Thulinia i Macrobi stephan us Milnesiu otus iae hufeland m tardigrad Porocep i um halus Argulus crotali Stenocyp nobilis Daphniaris major Bosmina galeata longirost BranchinDaphnia ris ecta pulex Artemiapackardi Stenopu salina Penaeuss hispidus Oedignat aztecus hus Panulirus inermis Nephrops argus norvegicu Astacus Procamb s Raninoid arus astacus leonensis es Pugettialouisiane nsis Callinect quadriden es sapiduss Philyra Palaemon Helice pisum tridens Ulophysemetes kadiakens a oeresunde is Dendroga nse Loxothylaster asterinae cus Calanticatexanus villosa Ibla cumingi Verruca Chthamaluspengleri Tetraclita s fragilis stalactifera Chelonibia patula Balanus eburneus Lepas Paralepas anatifera Octolasmi palinuri Trypetesa s lowei Berndtia lampas Callipallenepurpurea gen sp Limulus polyphemus Pseudocellu Odiellus s pearsei Eurypelma troguloides Liphistius californica Androctonubicoloripes Eusimonia s australis wunderlichi ChortoglyphuAcarus siro Gehypochtho s arcuatus nius urticinus Steganacaru is Hyp ens Arg unto lliaquin bite ala liata esii Sta boe Hol biaizab trifo fargtia chineata cun ra ea Ake nsis Lard uila che xa and ade Boq aisnfran todo poly ra can nsis a Dec Sino gentelea ra caff m ane ous ssim Sar spo rmu tais plici Eup ispe ulus sard Tino unc ulus sim atum ides Men unc hiza lia nsis Ran palmade ictro trifo Ran thor can thal atum Xan tis ium is um pelt a Cop ucid yllum ace m Gla rastloph yllum estic Hyd oph dom elsa cori ersu Cau dina exc um dem um dus ens Pod htia erm Nan osp yllum resc Knig tophas albidflori Plac thus arbo Cera safrcan um eri Sas yosmwint aticainata Caly ys arom acum Hed ys ryi m Drim nolia hen tanu se sa Drim ma haya den ento na Mag tom ezia Saru rum cana anduus s Asa rum hia ferncern ensiatus Asa toloc Aris oris s s chin spic ata a Lact ruru hus cord ens Sau ruru ia rican Sau rant ia serp ura ame Chlo ttuyn eum ana Hou erom kads erranse Pep r opanche afric r subticen Pipe Pros nora rubeytum nsis jama Hyd nus m nne Cyti roph caye saii cras llii Omb baliu Scy sisnaea keithzipe osa m Helo es fung gaea ineu Cory lesia hypo Raff anth ora coccna Rhiz noph ffia is Bala sdor riumichia Lang omo wall uens Cyn s s luch ttii Pinu s ellio iana a linii carp Pinu Pinu a mar lasio lepis frank s Pice s lepto obosustu olia lus es Abie rostr is taxif phyl noid Larix sitax tys hypo omo Laga alis Para nopi dus trich cost s Prum locla dus us elatu a Phyl locla us picu Phyl carp Podo carpnagi tuscons gona i Podo eia falca aea tetra raldi des Nag eiagoth hrys fitzgea s Nag totar ydioi Saxe ocac bos icatuum Micr ostro us dacr Micr carp pus imbressin puscupr Podo ycar sta narisylla Dacr ycar Dacr ydiumrobucolumroph mii Dacr his hete ingha s Agat caria cunn lsa is Arau caria exce eens rioide Arau caria tome nsis paa Arau cariaborn ocar Arau his cryp s Agat ania chine macr osan Taiw erus s form rrens boide Junip essu us decu ostro Cupr cedr us glypt icaniana Calo cedr oia japon wilso a Calo sequ riaxus osan ra Meta tome a Cryp alota nucife form Ceph ya xus i cillat verti Torre ntota maire tys a Ame s Taxu dopi sinic rnica califo tilis itica Scia dra Ephe dra saxa yphil Ephe dra antis Ephe dra urens ldii Ephe um leybo lorum Gnet um nodif num bilis mira Gnet um africa Gnet um ia la is Gnet itsch pumi gens Welw a taitun a ia Zami s bilob lunarentale Cyca ochiumoccid leri Ginkg Botry num muel erula Blech lepisscab incisa num Hypo ia Paes pterisaquili ctica Histio ium antarta nsis s Pterid onia hirsuchine is llioide ia linear Dicks hitis dava Lonc tosor ris Odon nopte schia num Dicra enbo raddia icum a Vand tum japon nidusmome Adian ium iifolia atum Lygod nium cinna Asple nda lygod petiol Osmu pteris um Angio glossnudum nsis tannetum Ophio um Psilot ipteris robus ale s Tmes etum hyem ata Equis etum nataninund hyum Equis iaodiella tristac la Salvin Lycop odiumlucidu lia maria Lycop rzia taxifo Hupe rzia phleg iisa Hupe odium vogel ii Lycop inella umbro mann Selag inella i atum Selag s engel durieucuspidre Isoete s Isoete num palust s Sphag num s natan tre Sphag carpo s rupes m Riccio fluitan am conicu ica Riccia chasm phaer Plagio ephalu hemis Conoc lia quadrata ica Rebou ia roman orpha polym Preiss ia lli Buceg antia phylla donne s March helico os texanuynum Riella rocarp usandrog m Sphae rocarp Sphae mnium turgidu Aulaco mnium hians Aulaconchium etrica Eurhy acuta eum tha Blindia hygrom Wardiaphyllan stramin Ulota richum Orthot ruralis ta us Tortula trunca taxifolirium ri Pottia ens scopa gardne m Fissid um Dicran mitrium affine ophyllu Ptychomnium hymen Plagio nium Cyrtom hornum stygium s Mnium ium Cinclid cruda bryoide ta Pohlia hoferia elonga arpum Mielich hoferia eri Mielich boland macroc e Pohlia omum a Leptost uliginos pyriform s Meesia ryum mnioide Leptob don luteum m a Tetraplonum Splach lingulat pulchru um Tayloria meniumgigante Brachy ryum m Rhodobdonianu Bryum alpinum icium m Bryum caespitjulaceu Bryum bryum um carpa s Anomo argente Bryum ta rhapdo longipe a Encalypttonia Bryobri ria aquatic tica Scoule lis antipyre lineare Fontina ntium Orthodo ia stricta scens Bartram ia ciliata purpura Hedwig arpus Rhacoc tis fontana mis gratiae Philono ia pomifor m vallis Bartram ryum undulatu m Pyrrhob ecium rutabuluta Plagioth ecium cuspida Brachyth nella iformens us Calliergo cupress splende squarros Hypnum ium e Hylocomdelphuspyriform Rhytidia itrium trica Physcomhygromepatens Funaria itrella lis Physcomsibiricaautumna Timmia iella leiantha Jamesonannia e Jungerm ia arguta commun um Calypogeum Polytrich angustat Atrichum um formosum Polytrich undulatum Atrichum pellucida Tetraphis rupestrisides Andreaealepidozio Takakia rothii Andreaeaos agrestis Anthocer os laevis Anthocer epiphylla Pellia nemorea brongartiis Scapania yna Symphyoga adiantoide Plagiochil a tomentella lla Trichocole a heterophy s Lophocole onia pusilla Fossombr onia brasiliensi Fossombr furcata Metzgeriaium hookeri Haplomitr pinguis ii Riccardia hornemann Chara curtissii Chara hispida Chara foetida Chara vulgaris Chara connivens Chara muelleri Chara australis macropogon nium Chara Lamprotham nium papulosum Lamprotham nus barbatus Lychnothamobtusa Nitellopsis preissii Chara axillaris Nitella porteri Tolypellaflexilis Nitella scutata Coleochaete orbicularis Coleochaete m flaccidum Klebsormidiu atmophyticus Chlorokybus a longiseta Raphidonemus aerius tus Bracteacocc us grandis Bracteacoccus medionuclea Nehypochtho s magnus Trhypochthonnius porosus Archegozete ius tectorum s longisetosus Allonothrus Euzetes russeolus Xenillus globulosus tegeocranus Nothrus sylvestris Lohmannia Hypochthoniu banksi Cosmolaelapss rufulus Megisthanus trifidus floridanus Argas persicus Argas lahorensis Otobius megnini Ornithodoros Ornithodoroscoriaceus moubata Carios puertoricensis Ixodes holocyclus kopsteini Ixodes Ixodes simplex simplex Ixodes cookei Ixodes pilosus Ixodes affinis Ixodes Ixodes ricinus Aponomma auritulus Aponomma concolor undatum Haemaphysalis Haemaphysalis leachi Haemaphysalis petrogalis humerosa Haemaphysalis leporispalustris Haemaphysalis Haemaphysalispunctata inermis Amblyomma Amblyomma maculatum Amblyomma americanum tuberculatum Amblyomma variegatum Aponomma latum Aponomma fimbriatum vikirri Amblyomma Amblyomma triguttatum triguttat Dermacentor marginatus Dermacentor andersoni Rhipicephalus pusillus Boophilus annulatus Rhipicephalus bursa Rhipicephalus zambeziensis Boophilus microplus Rhipicephalus sanguineus Hyalomma dromedarii Hyalomma rufipes Hyalomma lusitanicum Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Polydesmus coriaceus Cylindroiulus punctatus Clinopodes poseidonis Pseudohimantarium mediterraneum Scutigera coleoptrata Lithobius variegatus Craterostigmus tasmanianus Cryptops trisulcatus Scolopendra cingulata Theatops erythrocephala Podura aquatica Hypogastrura dolsana Crossodonthina koreana Lepidocyrtus paradoxus Lepisma saccharina Aeschna cyanea Mesoperlina pecircai Acheta domesticus Carausius morosus Batrachideidae gen sp Aonidiella aurantii Acyrthosiphon pisum Pealius kelloggii Trioza eugeniae Okanagana utahensis Philaenus spumarius Prokelisia marginata Spissistilus festinus Hackeriella veitchi Hemiowoodwardia wilsoni Lygus hesperus Raphigaster nebulosa Graphosoma lineatum Polistes dominulus Leptothorax acervorum Phaeostigma notata Clambus arnetti Meloe proscarabaeus Tenebrio molitor Dynastes granti Xanthopyga cacti Hydroscapha natans Copelatus chevrolati renovatus Suphis inflatus Oregus aereus Mecodema fulgidum Blethisa multipunctata aurata Elaphrus clairvillei Elaphrus californicus Systolosoma lateritium Trachypachus holmbergi Trachypachus gibbsii Notiophilus semiopacus Nebria hudsonica Leistus ferruginosus Opisthius richardsoni Cychrus italicus catalinae Scaphinotus petersi nemoralis Carabus Calosoma scrutator Pamborus guerinii Ceroglossus chilensis Psydrus piceus Omophron obliteratum Laccocenus ambiguus crassus Promecognathusolympica Gehringia pictulum Cymbionotum semelederi Cymbionotum Pachyteles striola Metrius contractus sedecimpunctata CicindelaOmus californicus hamatus Omoglymmius Clinidium calcaratum Siagona jennisoni Siagona europaea Carenum interruptum Scarites subterraneus atronitens Pasimachus aequinoctialis Pheropsophus Brachinus hirsutus armiger Brachinus aridus Morion brasiliensis Catapiesis sulciferus Cnemalobus n sp nr amplithora punctigera Loxandrus Cymindis Agonum extensicolle Amara apricaria Calybe laetula ruficauda Chlaenius cordicollis Discoderus latipennis Tetragonoderusmelanarius Pterostichus Aptinus displosor rufulus Pseudaptinuslecontei lecontei eydouxi GaleritaCreobius relictum Broscosomarufithorax curtus Apotomus Amblytelusvulcans Mecyclothoraxpicipennis Melisodera sphaericollis Dyschirius Clivina ferrea falli hilaris Schizogenius Batesiana tasmaniae Sloaneanaangusticollis Merizodus Zolus helmsi planatus Diplochaetus laetulus Pericompsus longicornis Patrobus californicus curtum Diplous Asaphidion carrianum levettei mexicanum Bembidion Bembidion edwardsi Amarotypus pilicornis pilicornis foveata s Loricera Loricera us complanatu ovalipennis Antarctonom clara Monolobus Oliarcescarnea a Anisochrysgermanica Panorpaylla erinacei Archaeops mellonella Galleria chobauti Mengenilla melittae Stylopsvesparum Xenos vittatum Simulium mia rhamphes Amblabes s variipenni cornutadi Culicoide Dixella a underwoo Eucorethr s albimanus Anophele nctipennis s psuedopu ynchus sis tritaeniorh Anophele Culex ambionen punctor hites Aedes aegyptis Toxorhync Aedes albopictu Aedes a shannoni Lutzomyima altissima a vicina Nephroto Ornithoic capitata ster Ceratitis la melanoganigerii Drosophi Chrysops emerson nus diella tus Blastocla s macrogy acumina is Allomyce yces commun as joyonii Spizellom Piromonmastix frontalis e Neocalli astix Neocallim m conferva as Chytridiu californic Taphrina maculan tricolor Taphrina Calicium cariniis cystis japonicu Pneumo pombe myces ata accharo myces complic is accharo Schizos Schizos Saitoella irregular vitellina Neolecta a letifera Neolect Taphrina iana i robinson wiesner ns Taphrina Taphrinadeforma ra Taphrina populina Taphrinaflavorub nis Taphrina commuulmi Taphrina Taphrinaa pruni Taphrin a nana Taphrinmirabilis a atae Taphrin subcord a carnea a pruni Taphrina virginicae Taphrin lactuca Taphrin yces inouyei Protom yces ermus Protompachyd porus yces macros leata Protom yces uninuclipoferis Protomscopsis ycesdrimyd na a Dipoda Waltom Candida valdivia rorum Candid a chiroptealbidus hum Candid scus humii Dipoda geotric myces geotric yces a vaccinres Galacto Endom Candid a geocha ola bombic Candid rella a bombi Starme Candida apicola vensis Candid lis a spando aciens ranaef orienta a Candid memb enkiada silvatic lens Pichia Issatch Candi insectanensis da siana lus Candira naarde custer Dekke ra s anoma la Dekke omyce ra anoma lensis Brettan Dekke ra bruxel lensis da mogii Dekke es bruxel rrima ufii nomyc Candi is ia pulche ia reuka Bretta hnikow idata i da agrest Metsc hnikow Metsc Candi ia bicusp da torresi osica hnikowCandimelibi iae da lusitan yae Metsc Candi pora tsuchiulonii Clavis idahaemnensis Candda Candida orego nensis edia Candida akaba intermmedia Candi daointer lataa Candi catenu tica da pseudda da rugos Candi Candi Candi lipoly ans wia otoler iae Yarrotherms opuntnsis s ca antille myce myce es ida sueci a ntericica Phaffo Phaffo omyc Candmese Phaff racea ida ida savon sis cylind Cand Cand ida chilen philussa Cand idatanno Cand n muco ii nus ysole psisvar mrak Pach Willionus satur ala satur psis anom ea cariba psis WillioPichia era ameth Willio pachy Starm var var rnica ioninaa nsis amethhionin califo prate m era amet psis psis uvaru gii ludwi Starm era Willio Willio pora waltii Starm enias es yces ans Hans ycod otoler eri harom erom therm kluyvntatillii Sacc Kluyv yces ycesferme caste ttii erom haromyces yces barne us Kluyv Sacc arom yces exigu um sacch harom yces ceror nus Zygo Sacc harom spenafrica ii rosinrae Sacc harom Sacc yces ycesyces lodde wiis haromerom yces yarro poru Sacc Kluyv harom Saccerom yces polys oxus nus Kluyv erom yces parad baya 2 Kluyv erom ycesyces isiaeisiaes cerev Kluyv harom harom s s cerevrianu Sacc Sacc myce pasto ensis ata haroharomyce yces delphglabrtinusfii yces ida Sacc Saccharom s phaf ela erom Cand s floren Sacc mycemyce blatta Kluyv vitico haro vero yces nia ulosa sacc Kluy verom collic oideis chsta ida ellipsriens ii Zygo Kluy Kaza Cands micropreto uecksa ii ra delbrglobo myceaspo ra ra s mrak nsis haroTorul aspoaspo orus sacc TorulTorul mycevaale azzii harotranss unisp nsis Zygo serv is sacc s myce ss dairetellur Zygo myce myce a s bailii s haro haro haro mycezym Sacc Sacc haro myce s lenturus ii Sacc Arxio haro myce Sacc s roux sa s bispo melli sacc haro mycemyce es caud Zygo sacc mii haroharo mycsine Zygo erha kii saccsacc haro ya hans s lactis ZygoZygo sacc Hollees wick dobzes ianu Zygo uarii myc es myc aest ntati s vero mycvero es marx Kluy veroKluy myc es ermeulari Kluy vero mycnonf caps igera s iger e KluyKluyvero esopsi s fibulfibul myc opsi ces orniasta vero myc angu sis myc omy s salic ia sten s Kluy haro Sacc haro End opsiPich erga ensirina Sacc Willi dida omo coip roma sakes ii Can aust ensi dida Candida awa kruis ila Can dida tanz Can dida sophans dida Can lyxoctam bosasa Can dida inse glaeaebo ana Candida dida dogl saito atilis Can Canpseu dida fluvi phila ataesa dida Can dida ioleo shehligno a Can Can palm ctos var didaatae varinse orussis ataevar gisp Can psiloerae shehsheh thii atae elon para loddana osa dida yces Can didasheh dida dida malt nsis Can dida eromCan Can visw linie ans s dida dida Can Lodd dub albicicali e i Can Can dida dida trop soja seni Can Can dida didahan elliinii Can Can es castude myc es es osa ii ond aryo mycmycia farin wii Deb aryoaryoPich iermfarlo fabrs ii DebDeb a guillrina i var han ond s zym Taph seniii var ierm arensis han ada aen obii es sen Yam myc hania guill entic es ferm yam xest phila hila i aryomyc Pichdida fukudida oso gluc hrop frag is Debaryo Can dida Can psyc dida lensusa dida Deb Can Can nata rcitr nae Can dida ides dida que regi Can anobeechii tam Can dida hiae sis zeyl Can sop dida san bra sii var nen dida dida Can e ralu memkris Can Can ariadida var eliae ii e didalaur atav la tam a san Can aria Candida sch ticophil is tam dida san Can dida bole oleo mm ris Can dida Can dida didamultige gula ens ii ifaci rich is Can Can Can ia trian branfried ensrica a dida Can Pichmemdida buinhae ntic iae atla dida Can dida osp ensndra is Can atmdida diddode tenu Can emaum didaCandida nae ri Can Can dida didadronctor buty eri Canden Can dida insedida aas ata a didaCan dida globican us Can Can Can conmex olat ldiiia dida ia line skjobad ra Can Pich lus holmiza spothus oboeus Pez nthoxan desia zioi dot a Asccoth a acaano lepi cos dier mel terfe suc ariaus a The que areniasc Bou us ezia iza ulatrmis a hloe Terf iza ezia flex Pez PezTerf ia undbrifo por hyp Pac Caz zinacere cros tanaica Rhi ya ma monforn idesta i tra notr cinaomi cali ucoulensne lale Hyd DisGyr iname esc tula osalis m rhiz itra rya vencau udo itra om not is sub ianuemicaica om PseGyr GyrHydDisciotula thusboh con a ta elat her carpa pa ella ulen alism Fiscgium Ver Verrch esc hiemosu tidia can ola ta Mo ella ula glob Leu rch Urn a ia rhyacictrac ca Mo om ella pro tria a aus cosPlectan zier Sar ma om ha rostcyp DesMiccos Sar Bracteacocc s minor Bracteacoccu s giganteus Bracteacoccu zofingiensis Chlorella us stipitatus Ankistrodesm ovalternuscapitatus Scenedesmus producto Scenedesmus obliquus Scenedesmus rubescens Scenedesmus vacuolatus Scenedesmusoocystiformis Scotiellopsis terrestris Scotiellopsismultistriata Coelastrella pupukensis Scenedesmus costato granulatus Scenedesmus abundans Scenedesmus communis Scenedesmus aquatica Neochloris vigenis Neochloris hindakii Characium reticulatum Hydrodictyonduplex Pediastrumaeria echinozygotum Tetracystis Chlorococcum hypnosporum Chlorococcum moewusii Chlamydomonas pitschmannii Chlamydomonas noctigama Chlamydomonas Carteria radiosa Carteria crucifera Polytoma oviforme monadina Chlamydomonas fimbriata Chlamydomonas rapa Chlamydomonas asymmetrica Chlamydomonas Hormotila blennista Gloeococcus maximus baca Chlamydomonas zebra Chlamydomonas Chloromonas oogama debaryana Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chlamydomonas Volvox carteri Paulschulzia pseudovolvox Polytomella parva Hafniomonas reticulata Chloromonas serbinowi nivalis Chlamydomonas Chloromonas rosae Chloromonas clathrata Chlamydomonas macrostellata Chlamydomonas mutabilis Chlamydomonas bipapillata Chlamydomonas radiata Chlorococcopsis minuta Botryococcus braunii Ascochloris multinucleata Protosiphon botryoides Spongiochloris spongiosa Gongrosira papuasica Characium saccatum Characium vacuolatum Chloromonas perforata Chlorococcum oleofaciens Pleurastrum insigne Haematococcus zimbabwiensis Polytoma ellipticum Polytoma anomale Polytoma mirum Polytoma obtusum Polytoma uvella difficile Polytoma Chlamydomonas pulsatilla Chlamydomonas humicola Chlamydomonas dysosmos Dunaliella parva Dunaliella salina Asteromonas gracilis Spermatozopsis similis Muriella aurantica Chaetophora incrassata Stigeoclonium helveticum Fritschiella tuberosa Hormotilopsis tetravacuolaris Planophila terrestris Hormotilopsis gelatinosa Chaetopeltis orbicularis Oedogonium cardiacum Oedocladium carolinianum Oedogonium angustistomum Bulbochaete hiloensis Pleurastrum paucicellulare Parietochloris pseudoalveolaris Characium perforatum Pleurastrum erumpens Pleurastrum terrestre Chlorella sorokiniana Chlorella lobophora Chlorella vulgaris Muriella terrestris Chlorella kessleri Chlorella minutissima Nanochlorum eucaryotum Prototheca wickerhamii Chlorella protothecoides Prototheca zopfii Chlorella ellipsoidea Chlorella mirabilis Stichococcus bacillaris Choricystis minor Chlorella Chlorella saccharophila luteoviridis Dictyochloropsis reticulata Trebouxia jamesii Trebouxia arboricola Trebouxia asymmetrica Trebouxia usneae Trebouxia impressa Myrmecia biatorellae Friedmannia israeliensis Myrmecia astigmatica Trebouxia magna Chlorella homosphaera Microthamnion kuetzingianum Leptosira obovata Siphonocladus Ernodesmis tropicus ver Pro s s ! Fung Pleurotuscinereus Coprinus iodes Cortinarius procera Lepiota ta laeve Crucibulumrugosoannula Strophariagigantea Calvatia striatus Cyathus lateritia Lentinula muscaria Amanita tubaeformis Cantharellus pavonia Dictyonema commune Schizophyllum hepatica Fistulina tuberregium Pleurotus bisporus Agaricus macrocephala Tulostoma petasatus Pluteus cartilagineus Termitomyces albuminosus Termitomyces purpurea Ceriporia adusta Bjerkandera Phlebia radiata chrysosporium Phanerochaete zeae Rhizoctoniasphaerophorus Tretopileus sulphurellum Dentocorticium Fomes fomentarius Lentinus tigrinus australe Ganoderma Trametes suaveolens squamosus Polyporus sulphureus Laetiporus schweinitzii Phaeolus spathulata Sparassis Antrodia carbonica Daedalea quercina Fomitopsis pinicola unicolor Spongipellis Panus rudis Meripilus giganteus Albatrellus syringae sepiarium Gloeophyllum Hydnum repandum Multiclavula mucida Clavulina cristatasubcoronatum Botryobasidium isabellinum Botryobasidiumcucumeris Thanatephorus praticola Thanatephorus Heterotextus alpinus Calocera cornea Dacrymyces chrysospermus Dacrymyces stillatus Tsuchiaea wingfieldii Cryptococcus neoformans Filobasidiella neoformans Bullera dendrophila Trimorphomyces papilionaceus Bullera miyagiana Bullera globospora Tremella globospora Bullera pseudoalba Bullera penniseticola Bullera hannae Bullera alba Bullera unica Tremella moriformis Fellomyces distylii Kockovaella schimae Fellomyces ogasawarensis Kockovaella phaffii Kockovaella machilophila Kockovaella imperatae Kockovaella sacchari Kockovaella thailandica Fellomyces fuzhouensis Fellomyces penicillatus Fellomyces polyborus Fellomyces horovitziae Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum Fibulobasidium inconspicuum Sirobasidium magnum Bullera coprosmaensis Bullera oryzae Bullera derxii Bullera sinensis Bullera mrakii Bullera huiaensis ! s us ulanaure reus coag s s llus occu sulfu bovis philu e Baci hyloc ccus ccus acido nens Stap roco us Ente toco illusa tiawaicumi Strep obac butyrgesti lactic ns Lact plasmm rium acterdura tum Spiro tridiu Clos bacte aerobradio odora iae Helio moan cusrium mon etens Ther ococ perfo Dein bactea pneu Flavo mydi rium ia coli a us Chla bacte ocina agon Fuso erich a arianmend ila Esch onell nas mophae rum Salm aestu pneu rrhoeacea Vibrio domo Pseu nella gonosolan rum vitis Legio eria riarium inosa alis Neiss holde legum ana testins Burk bacte Agro bium mont hyoincystu Rhizo ttsia acterchole um s loide Ricke pylob ter infern Cam obac numcoral ca Helic lfoaci us alkali oides ta alsa Desu cocc ovibri a Myxo chae subs Spiro lina phae caesidulae um philum Spiru obium sporalaven Chlor tomo ces lactic acido Tricho tomy rium rea aceto tiacus rus Strep bactecalca Micro rdia terium obscu auran ulatum us Noca ebac s caten Coryn coccu tophil rium tiacus Kineo erma auran Geod bacte s hilusma Bifido oflexu pyropmariti tum Chlor ex Aquif otoga occul tenax ri stette olans A Therm ictium us Pyrod oprote us fumic schii aludis m Therm ococc us janna marip tii Therm ococcccus cus bryan rraneu Thermanoco subtee Meth nococ terium Metha nobac teriumsicilia hilum i Metha nobac cina a acidopmortu Metha nosar maris Metha oplasmum ificans Therm acteridenitr a m rus Halob rax revers aureuensis Halofe ansia n inospo Coem actylo brazili acum Spirod ansia es pora Coem comyc pennisstrina porus Dipsa ina alaba pteros Linder lla ycestae us Kickxe nsiom culise stellat rangus Marte um es boome us Smitti iomyc s hibern lis Capn omycees Furcul telloid aspira s boidesola Genis yces minutu Spirom yces s throm vermic ns Spiromiobolu hthora castra Conid biotop a hidis ae Macro wellse culiset s Strong ra neoap Pando thora radicanterae Zooph thora ptycop e Zooph psis a aulicae musca phora Erynio ophag ra schizotus Entom ophtho racorona Entom ophtho Entom obolus nianus Conidi raman o sum Mucor muced sus racemo Mucor racemo um m Mucor halastrranaruis Syncep boluspisiformphala Basidioone polyce Endog rella rugosa a iana Mortie spora spinos Acaulo spora a columb Acaulo hospor ae rum Entrop s mosse geospo e Glomu s cf Glomu s mossa tis Glomu s maniho ices Glomu s intrarad tum Glomu s etunica um a Glomu s claroide me Glomu s versifor pellucida Glomu lospora castaneama Scuttel spora heterog osa Scutello spora dipapill Scutellolospora ita Scuttel ora albida margar ns Gigasp ora decipie a Gigasp ora gigante annii Gigasp ora gerdeme Gigasp pora us Acaulos on pyriform botryos ntha Geosiph iscus Aleurod hirsutumm leucoxa m Stereum stidiellu annosu Gloeocy annosum Stereum asidion bicolorm Heterob um Laxitext ramosu m Hericium erinaceu ursinus des Hericiumlus omphalo Lentinel lus Lentinel ona pyxidata vulgare i Clavicor pium berkeley Auriscal ewia alutum Bondarz troma nuda Scytinosora tinctorium Penioph ntium a Echinodocompact Russula hispidus Inonotus igniarius Phellinusm biforme violaceum Trichaptu m abietinum Trichaptu m fusco Trichaptu m laricinum radula Trichaptu dulum Basidioraperennis Coltricia ra paradoxa alutaria Schizopo ntia stellatus Hyphodo olus Sphaerob saccatum Geastrumstricta pistillaris Ramaria elphus Clavariad floccosus fusiformis Gomphus lus Pseudoco polytricha m Auricularia auricula gelatinosu Auriculariadnum ron Pseudohysatanas Boletus s chrysente Xerocomua ravenelii um Calostom cinnabarin Calostoma a citrina rus Scleroderm panuoides gongylopho Paxillus icus Atta cephalotes ex bond of Leucoagar symb ex bugn Basid symb of Sericomyrm mex rimos Basid symb of Trachymyrm coll Basid symb of Cyphomyr ma Basid symb of Apterostig Basid bombacina Athelia stipticus Panellusphacorrhiza Typhula serotinus Panellus matsutake Tricholoma umbellifera Omphalinaostreatus Coo Ge opy Tar kein Pau xis zett a Pyr Leu one Neo roc car a sulc Otidttiel oty boncati ipe Scucos ma nus cyp ea la lis aria s ruti pila Tric Wiltelli ha dom lepo lan Asc Iner hop coxnia oro esti rina s ode Gla mis hae ina scu arc cum Cha smi zielAle ia a miktella tica uria agg hyb ola ta lazi s sphla Und aur aur reg rida e erwCal Pul on aer ant ant ata oodosc vinu helv osp iaca ia yph la etic Hel Hel ia ora Bal vellvell colua arc um Bar Bal sam a a terr mnfulg her ens LabRed Wy ssia sam ia lacu estr aris i yrin dell nne ore ia ma nos is Din thomom lla gonvulg gna a yce silv ens aris ta gley yce icol Tub Tub Tuba verr s s don or is vari Cho Tuber rapaer er uco uskii gibb borc Cho Tub er irom sa irom Tub er panexc eod osu hii Arth yce ava orum m yceer rob Orbs mea s magnife tum Dac otry rum MonMon ilia ndriven natu Dac tyle osu m s dacdeli form acroacro Arth tyle spo spo robo lla rho tylocatu is s Ste Dud riumrium lla oxy Las Mon la ides palo trys gob Arth ding hap robuspo ta iumiode acro robo tonigep toty ra panrma spo Orb trys a hyro lum sta iceuserr rium ilia conflag pag Myc Umbilicm icor ellip auri oiderans a yea ne sos colo oca s aria st yea Cha Ste liciuLasalliasublike st pora r eno Sph like Con thec inctnoc m albo rossglabsym ybe CerCon iosp opsrina pullnigr icara Sar amoiosp oriu is turb atulum cino Gra sav inat thyroriu m perf myc phiu onic a a Cap iumm apo oran Exoes m a pha roni caliclinna llinis s Pha Pull phia eoma eoc Exo ular la derm man ioideae urifo son es occ Capphiaia prot Pha Exoomy atitidrmis ii la eoa phiacesroni manotro Hist nne Nad la exoa pilo sonpha is Hist opla Mal llom son jean phia sella ii opla sma bran yces iella selmlae Erem che sma cap Asc elegnigr ei Hist cap sula osp ascua gyp ansa Gym Blas opla sula tum hae s noa Chrtom sma tum ssp ra albusea scoi ysosyces cap ssp dubapis s Trichdeus pori dermsula farc oi Cten atitidtum i ophypetaum parv Ren omy ispo ceston losp umis Coc Ony rubr orus ra serr um MalbUnc cidio genflavi atus Malb ssim Malb rancinoc ides a equ ranc heaarpu imm inaa Elap Auxranc hea hea albos reesitis Tala Elaphomarth filamdend lutea rom homycesron zuffi ritica ii ento Tala Talayces ycesmac anumsa GeoTala rom rombaci leveulatu The smitromyyces ycesllisp illei s orus rmo hia ces eme flavu Pae ascu ebur rson s Bys cilom scylin crusdros neus ii Asp soch yces tacepora Asp ergil lamy vario Asp ergil us Asp ergil lus s Asp ergil luslus sparnive tii zona sus a ergil Asp Asp luslus cand tus cerv idus Aspergil ergil awa inus Asp ergillus lus mor ChaNeoergil lusochr nige ii etos sartolus clavaceu r fumi atuss Asp artor rya gatu Aspe ergil ya fisch AspeFennrgillu lus crem eri s wen ea Eme rgilluellia s terre Aspe ricel flavip ustii rgillu las nidu Aspe Aspe s nidu lanses rgillu rgilluvers lans Euro Euro s s icolo Mon tium tiumrestr ustu r Aspe ictus s ascu herb rubru rgillu Aspe s s purparior m Aspe Aspe aven ureuum rgillu aceu rgillu rgillu Aspe s soja ss s paras tama Aspe rgillu e Hem Aspe rgillu s nom siticu rii icarp Meri Ham entergillu s oryz ius s Eupe mbla igera les s flavuae Geo nicill ingel avellorna s Peni smith cilliu ia ium heim aneatus Eupe m nam javan ense nam yslowicum nicilli Peni yslow Chro Peni um cilliu skii mocl cillium crust m skii Cyph eista aceufreii TexoThelo elium nota mala tumm spor mma chite Calicium maminquinansa sanc mosu Porpium adspti jacobm Buno Mega Lecididia crustersum i lospo ea doph Xant fuscoulata ra sulph oron horia atra Spha Leifidscrob elega Rhizo urata eroph ium iculat carpo ns Squa n orus tener um geog globo um marin Stere raphi sus Leca ocau a Clad lonnora lentigcum onia ramudispe era Pilop Cladi rsa Pseu horusa bellid losum aggre iflora deve Peltig rnia acicu gata era Solor clado laris Nephneop ina croce niae romaolyda Cyan Gyale arcticctyla a Conooderm trema ella cta um ulmi Placo populviridu DiploAnam Trape Trape psis orumla gelid schisylops lia lia involu a Pertu tes ora placodioide ta pulch sariaocella Sarci tus errim s nomySiphutrachy var a Cocc ces la thallin al Aureo odiniu cerati a crusta tes Dothibasid m dea ium bartsceus Phae Dothi hippopullul chii oscler dea ans phaeo Botry a dema inscu s Botryo ospha lpta tioide Dendsphae eria Myco Herporyphioria ribiss sphae trichia rhodin psis Kirsch a Herporella atra steini trichia mycodiffus a Mono otheli pappi junipe dictys a mariti Sporo castan Lophio mari Weste mia stoma lignicoeae rdyke Cucur Pleoslla crena la Phaeo bitaria dispertum sa Ophio sphae pora rudis Leptos bolus berbe ria nodorridis phaer Cucur ia herpo um Leptos bitaria micros trichus Leptosphaeri elonga copica phaer a macul ta SetospPleospia dolioluans Pleosp haeriaora betaem rostrat AlternAlternora herbar a aria aria um Clathro Alterna brassiraphan cicola i spora ria alterna Alterna PyrenoCochli ria diplosp ta ora Pyrenophoraobolusbrassicae Kirsch Helica phoratritici sativu repent s steinio scus trichos Cucurbthelia kanalo tomais idothiselatera anus Geomy Leptos pityoph scus ces Bulgarphaeria pannor bicolorila um ia inquina Geomy var Microg ces asperu ns pannor la lossum Ascoz um onus Leotia viride Theleb woolho lubrica olus pensis Cyttari stercor Phyllac a darwin eus Neobu Blumertinia guttataii Amyloc lgaria ia gramin arpus premno Sclerot enceph philais inia Monilinsclerotaloides iorum ia fructico Monilin Rhytism ia laxala a salicinu Cudoni Spathu a m Lulwort lariaconfusa flavida Magnap hia fucicola Ophioc Pseudo eras orthe leptosp grisea halonec Ophiost tria orum falcata Ophiost oma oma piceae Ophiost Pesotum bicolor oma fragrans penicilla Ophiost Sporoth oma tum Ophiost ulmi omarix schenck Ophiost stenoce ii Ophiost ras Ophiosto oma oma ainoae cucullat ma europhio Leucost um oma ides CryphonEndothiapersoon Cryphon ectria gyrosaii ectria cubensi Cryphon havanen s Cryphon ectria Ascovag ectria sis radicalis inospora parasitic Camarop stellipalaa Chaetoms microspo ium elatumra Sordaria Neurosp fimicola Podospo ora crassa Meliola ra anserina niesslea Meliola na Kionocha juddiana Kionochaeta Kionocha etaramifera spissa eta ivoriensis Obolarina Rosellinia dryophila Xylaria necatrix polymorp Xylaria Hypoxylo carpophiha Verticilliun fragiformela Glomerell m dahliae Hypomyce a cingulata s chrysospe Hypocrea rmus Chaetops lutea Nectria ina fulva Nectria aureofulva Mycoarac ochroleuc his inversaa Spicellum Geosmith roseum ia lavendula Geosmithi Hamiltona a putterillii phis styraci Cordycepio symb Paecilomyideus bisporus Fusarium ces tenuipes merismoide Gibberella Fusarium avenaceas oxysporum Nectria haematoco Fusarium cca Fusarium equiseti Gibberella cerealis Fusarium pulicaris Ceratocysti culmorum Graphium s fimbriata penicillioide Microascus Halosarphe s cirrosus Aniptodera ia retorquens chesapeaken sis Nais inornata Pseudallesc Lignincola laevis heria Pseudallesc ellipsoidea Lomentospo heria boydii ra prolificans Petriella Graphium setifera Graphium tectonae Helicogloea putredinis Helicobasidiu variabilis m corticioides Helicobasidium Helicobasidium mompa Rhodosporidiu purpureum m dacryoidum Rhodotorula Erythrobasidiu lactosa m hasegawianum Rhodotorula Aecidium minuta Nyssopsora epimedii Puccinia echinata suzutake Gymnoconia Physopella nitens ampelopsidis Uredinopsis intermedia Cronartium ribicola Peridermium Hyalopsoraharknessii Heterogastridium polypodii pycnidioideum Bensingtonia intermedia Leucosporidium Microbotryum scottii Zymoxenogloeaviolaceum eriophori Bensingtonia yamatoana Sporobolomyces Sporidiobolus roseus Rhodosporidiumjohnsonii fluviale Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Rhodotorula Rhodotorulagraminis glutinis Rhodosporidium toruloides Mixia osmundae Bensingtonia ciliata Bensingtonia naganoensis Sporobolomyces xanthus Chionosphaera apobasidialis Kurtzmanomyces nectairei Bensingtonia Bensingtonia musae ingoldii Agaricostilbum Sterigmatomyceshyphaenes halophilus Mycogloea Bensingtoniamacrospora phylladus Bensingtonia yuccicola Bensingtonia subrosea Bensingtonia miscanthi Kondoa malvinella Sympodiomycopsis Camptobasidium paphiopedili hydrophilum Graphiola phoenicis Graphiola cylindrica Ustilago shiraiana Ustilago maydis Ustilago hordei Tilletiopsis pallescens Tilletiopsis washingtonensis Tilletiopsis albescens Tilletiopsis minor Tilletiopsis flava Tilletiopsis fulvescens Tilletiaria anomala Tilletia caries Phaffia rhodozyma Cystofilobasidium capitatum Leucosporidium lari marini Bullera grandispora Udeniomyces piricola Udeniomyces puniceus Udeniomyces megalosporus Mrakia frigida Mrakia psychrophilia Filobasidium floriforme Holtermannia corniformis Tremella foliacea Trichosporon japonicum Trichosporon cutaneum Bullera variabilis Bullera armeniaca Bullera crocea Three kingdoms: Animaliae Plantae Mineraliae Y sag per Constombek poly sylt eilh tum oi a ana ia nta naria nula got ssa s Sym Ana stomgra lla cra gan le Aph osth ofo logoPro ma adeitta ele nta inop Atri lumus ii Hap loso aspSag itta oriepha Act a nos Par Sag tice car vskalis sco yem s alestin um Pha Dica acussu kow inte ntic yem glo us na atla Dic ano lossCio ma Bal cog oso Pyr Sac XVII century -‐ Linnaeus -‐ the systema9cs Gracilaria verrucosa Gracilaria pacifica Gracilaria tikvahiae Gracilaria cornea Gracilaria chilensis Melanthalia obtusata Curdiea flabellata Gracilaria lemaneiformis Gracilariophila oryzoides Schizymenia dubyi Mastocarpus stellatus Gigartina crassicaulis Schottera nicaeensis Gardneriella tuberifera Sarcodiotheca Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii furcata Eucheuma denticulata Eucheuma isiforme Kappaphycus alvarezii Mychodea Areschougiacarnosa Endocladia congesta muricata Gleiopeltis furcata Phacelocarpus peperocarpos Nizymenia australis Sphaerococcus Farlowia mollis coronopifolius Dilsea carnosa Dasyphloea Callophyllis insignis rangiferina Bonnemaisonia hamifera Ceramium Ceramium macilentum rubrum Dasya baillouviana Phycodrys Rhodomelarubens Anotrichium confervoides Griffithsia furcellatum Crouania monilis attenuata Hildenbrandia Apophlaea rubra Dixoniella lyallii Rhodella grisea maculata Boldia erythrosiphon Erythrotrichia Porphyra carnea Porphyra pseudolinearis Porphyra katadae Porphyra yezoensis Porphyra tenera Porphyra leucosticta Porphyra haitanensis dentata Bangia atropurpurea Porphyra Porphyra acanthophora Porphyra suborbiculata Porphyra miniata Porphyra umbilicalis purpurea Stylonema Cosmariumalsidii Sphaerozosmbotrytis Cosmoclad a granulatum Gonatozygoium saxonicum Genicularia n aculeatum Mesotaeniu spirotaenia Mougeotia m caldariorum Spirogyra scalaris Zygnemopsgrevilleana Dioscorea is circumcarin bulbifera ata Tacca plantaginea Calectasia Zea mays intermedia Oryza sativa Joinvillea Sparganium ascendens Cyperus eurycarpum Glomeropialbostriatu Anigozan tcairnia s penduliflora Eichhorni thos flavidus Elasis a crassipes hirsuta Tradescan Costus tia ohiensis Marantabarbatus Calathea bicolor Zingiber loeseneri Canna gramineum indica Heliconia Ravenala indica Orchidan madagas Phenakostha fimbriatacariensis Strelitzia permum Musa nicolai guyannen acuminat Calochor se a Colchicumtus albus Veitchia autumna Drymoph sessilifo le Chamae loeus lia Trachyca dorea subdistic seifrizii ha Cyanella rpus wagneria Gladiolu capensis nus Isophysi s buckerve Bowiea s tasmanic Xanthorr volubilis aldii Asparag hoea Ledebou us quadran Chlorop ria falcatus gulata socialis Allium hytum thunber nepalen Eucharis se gii Burman grandiflo Apostas nia distichara Gymno ia stylidioid Calla siphon es palustri suaveol Vallisne s ens Sagittar ria america Ananas ia trifolia na Scheuc comosu Gymno hzeria s Corallor stachys palustri ancepss Aplectru hiza Neottia m macula hyemale ta Eburop nidus Oncidiu hyton avis austina Oncidiu m sphace e Cypripe m excava latum Acorus dium tum Lilium calamucalceol Illiciumformosa s us Schisa parviflonum rum Austrobndra Nupha aileyachinen sis Nupha r japonicscande Nymph r shimad a ns Ambor aea ai Arabid ella tuberos Sinapisopsistrichop a Cleom alba thalianoda Pentad e hasleri a Resed iplandr ana Gyrost a alba a brazze Tropae emon ana Moring olum tepperi majus Carica a oleifera Floerke papaya Batis a proser papaya Pilea maritim Euony cadier a pinaco ides Brexia mus ei alatus Parna madag Lepuro ssia ascare fimbria Albizz petalon ta nsis Trifoliu ia Pisum m julibrisspathu repens sin latum Glycin sativu Abobr e max m Corall a tenuifo Luffa ocarp Marahquinqu us lia Coriar macroefidabaines ii Datisc ia arborecarpa Datisc a canna a Begon a glome bina Hilleb ia glabra rata Begon randia Begon ia Begon ia metalsandw Octom ia boisia lica ichen Tetram elesoxylob na x Begonsis ia sangu Cross eles sumaa Morus osom nudiflo trana Celtis alba a ra Cean yunna califor Elaea othus nensi nicum Franc gnus sangu s Greyi oa umbe ineus sonch llata Zelko a radlko Fraga va feriifolia Spira ria serrat Photi ea ananaa Prununia x vanhossa fraser Ricin Adria uss persic i uttei comm a Chrys na glabra Lican obala unis Linumia tomennus ta Goss peren icaco Lueh ypium netosa Bomb ea Koeb ax seemhirsut Munt erliniaceiba anniium Turne ingia spino Drype ra calab Malp tes ulmifo urasa Mirab ighia roxbulia Tetra ilis cocci rghii Mollugonia jalapa gera Phyto go expan Spina laccavertic sa Plum cia illata amer Polyg bago olera Cocc onum auriccea icana Dros oloba chineulata Euph era Citru orbiacapeuvifer nse Koelr s auran nsis a Acer euter pulch Dillen rubru ia tium errim a Gunn ia m panic alata Mkilu ulata Guai a era mani fragra Ceph acum ns cata Eucr alotu sanc Cera yphia s follic tum Sloa topet lucid Baue nea alum ularis a Casu ra latifo gumm Betu arinarubio lia iferum Alnu la ides Dend s papy equis glutin rifera etifol Phor roph osa ia Phor aden thora Dend aden dron clava Arce roph dron califo ta Arce utho thora serot rnicu Arce utho bium dom inum Visc utho bium verti ingen m Visc um bium pend cilliflo sis Korth um albu Kort alselartic m oxyc ens rum edri Gina hals ulatu Noto lloa ellala com m Noto thixoarno linds plan Buck thixo s ttiana ayi ata leiop Pyru leya s suba Thes laria distic hyllu Com ium pube ureu s Geo andr impe hoph s ra Eubr caul Exo achioona umbditum ylla Nes carp lividuellata Den troni osn amb m Dufr drotr a bidw iguu Antid enoy umb illii m San aphnaophe ellula Osy talum sphavaria e viscoeroc ns Opil ris Can ia lanc albu Ago sjeraame eolam ideaarpa Cha nand ntac Alep mpe ra lepto eata Lysia is reia mac stac Den na flavi manroca hya Oryc drop exocda illanarpa Tripo tanthemo arpi Psitt dant Stru acan us n hus occibico Gaia than thus acut denlor Tupe dend thus Amy ia ang ifoliu talis oers Dipl ema anta ron punc ustif Glob atia tedii s glabrctic Eria imet furca tatum olius Heli nthe ruma ula ta Moq xan mum Tapi uinie ther dink Eng nant lla a dreg lage Age lerin hus rubrkirki ei i Dec lanth i Lora aisn a wooquin a us quan Liga Phth rianthu ina sansdfor gulu Sch irus cuns eurohollr ibardioid s Sch oep eifol paeung icuses Miso oep a pyrif ia us ii Sco den fiafia aren olia Stro rodo drumschr aria Heis ebe Xim mbo carp Ola eniateria sia us brac ri Min x con phili bornhyst Poly quaaph ame cinn ppin eenachy Pun gala rtiaylla rica a ens sis um Cer ica na is Tetra cidip granpauguia Halo ciflonen Myr ragicarp hyllu atum ra sis aea m Pen ioph Dud thor s erec japo Kala leya umyllum tasm nicu ta anic Sed nch sed exa m Cra Sull ssulum oevisc oidelbes a rubr daigida Sax ivan Sax ifrag a otint rem s cens Chr ifrag tia mar a oregnier um onti Pelt yso a intemer anaana Heu obo sple ana tens Boy che ykin niumgrifo iana Itea kinia ra ia Pter virg lia mic iowe telli Pae oste inte rant inica Pae moi nse Liqu onia mon rme ha des Ribe onia suff rotu dia Ped idam lact Ped s aure bar iflorrutic ndif osa oliu Orth icul Orth icul aris um styr a s Cas oca aris lanc acif Oro tilleoca rpus race rpus eola lua Oro ban ja eria mos Oro Lath ban che min lute nthu a ta Har ban che muliata us s Hyo raea che ludo tiflor Con vey Con ban a clan fasc vicia a Epi ophoph che spe des icul olis atrocios tina atana Bos fagu Bou chn olis alpi s purpa Ehr rrer Pho iaki virg ame na urea Cus etia ia inia rica Byb lism cym suca ros Byb cuta a are cule sicana na osa Aes lis Chi lis linifgro nar nta Lina onochy giga loranov ium Ipom ria nan ii phil nte Sol oea vulg a thus a Lyc Mo anu jam rad Mitc ntinope m hed aris Vah hell ia rsic tube erac esii ican Hel s Phy lia a car on rosu ea Pan win cap rep yop esc m Pan llon gia ens ens hyll ulen Pan ax om ace tum Hed ax japo jap is Hyd eraax quin a laticoni a gins nicu Pitt ca Ligu roc que usp Cni osp otylheli eng folius is x Lom stic oru Ang diu um m e sibt s Lon atiu m Sym icerelic m officchujapo hor Cor a Esc okiapho a acutrite ina anx nicu pioi ma tilobrna le iong m des Ere allo rica tium mo niacoto rpoack a syn nea s ii e coq steralbu pec uim tina ben s ta sis An ma s Capreolia implexa Onikusa pristoides Griffithsia globulifera Gelidium vagum Gelidium americanum Gelidium serrulatum Gelidium sesquipedale Gelidium floridanum Gelidium latifolium Gelidium pusillum Thorea violacea Nothocladus nodosus Batrachospermum louisianae Batrachospermum virgato decaisn Batrachospermum macrosporum Psilosiphon scoparium Batrachospermum turfosum Batrachospermum helminthosum Batrachospermum gelatinosum Paralemanea catenata Lemanea fluviatilis Sirodotia huillensis Sirodotia suecica Tuomeya americana Batrachospermum boryanum oregonica Rhododraparnaldiapurpureum Rhodochorton Galaxaura marginata Nemalion helminthoides Camontagnea oxyclada floridula Rhodothamniella Halosaccion glandiforme Palmaria palmata Meiodiscus spetsbergensis Devaleraea ramentacea Rhodophysema elegans Audouinella tenue Audouinella hermannii Audouinella secundata Audouinella arcuata Audouinella amphiroae Audouinella daviesii Audouinella rhizoidea Audouinella caespitosa Audouinella endophytica dasyae Audouinella tetraspora Audouinella asparagopsis Audouinella proskaueri Audouinella pectinata Audouinella carriebowensis durum Rhodogorgon Sporolithon woelkerlingii Heydrichia parcum Clathromorphum compactum Clathromorphum caniculata ferox Mastophoropsis Leptophytum acervatum Leptophytumlenormandii Phymatolithon laevigatum Phymatolithon glaciale Lithothamnion tophiforme Lithothamnionerubescens Mesophyllum engelhartii Mesophyllum patena Synarthrophyton fragilissima Amphiroa aspergillum Lithothrixkotschyanum yendoi Lithophyllum Spongitesradiatum Metagoniolithon n stelliferum n chara Metagoniolitho Metagoniolitho roseum Haliptilon crassa Jania sagittatum Cheilosporum Jania rubens elongata Corallina officinalis Corallinacalifornica Bossiella tuberculosum des Calliarthron cheilosporioi orbigniana Calliarthron Bossiella macmillanii filicula Serraticardia um Arthrocardia nostochinear gloeocystis Glaucocystis paradoxa Cyanoptyche astronyxis Cyanophora eba Acanthamo eba tubiashi Acanthamo eba comandoni eba healyi Acanthamo Acanthamoculbertsoni eba Acanthamo eba polyphaga Acanthamo eba royreba Acanthamoeba rhysodesis Acanthamo eba lugdunens Acanthamo oeba castellanii Acantham eba stevensoni hatchetti Acanthamo eba pearcei Acanthamo eba griffini Acanthamo eba is Acanthamo palestinens oebaeba pustulosa Acantham lenticulata Acanthamo oeba as truncata Acantham theta Goniomon Guillardiasulcata nas Proteomo nas amylosa Plagiomo is rufescens ns Hemiselm is virescens Hemiselm is brunnesce ia amphioxe Hemiselm sis leidyi Teleaulax Mnemiop cucumis Beroe cerebrum s Clathrinacalcaravi ciliata Sycon Scyphadawsoni alyptus muelleri Rhabdoc Ephydatia lacustris s fragilis Spongilla Eunapiu japonica es Tetilla polypoid s ficus Axinella Suberiteprolifera na Microcio fibrexilis lus Mycale convolvueni phus vanhoeff ra CrateroloAtollaa cystopho e a Tripedaliium hydriform corniger Polypod psisgium hians Selagino Gymnan littoralis Hydra pusilla na Coryne ia gustavia s um Virgular s fimbriatu Leioptilu um gracillim ura crassa rigida Alcyoni Euplexa lla sa Bellonegranulo e orgia axinella lata Calicog nthus es Parazoa Antipath ensis es galapag ea aureaa Antipath Tubastras japonic minuta Epiacti sammia nia sulcata midorie Rhizop Anemoleura kurogan nsis Anthop leura Anthop ris mutsuelucia nella ns Flosma a Halipla lax adhaere paradox matas Trichop stomula la squam plicatili rnis Gnatho dermel onus Lepido Brachi na acutico s grandis rmis Philodihynchu Mediorrmis molinifoingens mydiss Molinifo ynchus pseude s anthorh chusnchus crassu thecatuoli Macrac inorhyn hinorhy ides bulboc aceus Neoech Neoec hyncho hus ctus i Leptor orhync us cylindr conspe enhydr i Pomph rhynch us Plagio rhynch soma altman gadi Centro Coryno rphus us omaeni Polymorhynch Echinolura ophioc morga s odes nctatu cus Rhopa Chord s albopu s aquati spiralis Gordiu Gordiu ella is muris tus Trichin Trichurelonga orus ema rivesi olus Longid Xiphin arenic cens chulusis nigres vus s MylonMerm primiti dorus dermu nes Trichorus pachy anemoedius rus ichodo us intermionalis Paratr ichodo us merid us brevise Paratratolaim vulgar s Prism Enopl Enopl ema caecu Ponton chus meyli us procer anthon loides Parac aimel nema lus lirellusm Diplol Daptocepha a turgidu eatumis binuclocyon is Terato ostom Gnath aneopr immit i ostoma aria malay i Gnathostom justin DirofilBrugia ilius cana Gnath tus ptaem ameri ens Brum Cruzialus tunica reliqu zae ochei icum s Heter acium fortale rothylacium pelaginquieia Hysterothyl acium ris pelag Hyste rothyl gasca ia ssuma Goezdepreleonin Hyste Iherin m onis s caecu carisprocyicoide um Porro Toxas is lumbrequor ascar suum ris Baylis Asca caris ris fuga tum Paras Asca is trans apillacanis ascar multip ara leroi Baylisum Toxoc cabal iense acaec novaa decip a Contr Terraranov us avena pallidria e doter lenchdera e arena Pseu ApheGlobo s oryzaatae dogyn alobu punct Meloi ratti CephZeldia capsa es a carpo gyloid oralis ri ernem Strones stercr lethieieriti Stein gyloid gaste lherit us m halic arum Stron Diplo onchiculu palm ivuses Pristicosp ditis s rediv gyloid ris Adunorhab ns grellu stron vulga TeratPana era ditis elegasae Pelod orhab ditis brigg oraea Caen orhab ditis rioph is Caen orhab bacte trach lienstagi s Caen bditis amus s brasiosterbattu rorha Syng rtagia ngylu rus rtusis i Hete conto ostro Oste atodi us us simil place Nipp Nem onchonch us phila i Haem Haem onchmyrio blum a Haemditis ditis typicaxei Rhab Rhab ditis a titums Pellio ditell inatu Rhab tripar tilis nemaacumaqua ns Cruz tus tusnx mica stram Plec Plec hary rmne majutus thopea hype a opoli tus ra AcanRobb onem Stilb s cosms oneis a ovigearaae Laxu Laxu odorsis vivip dianrius Desmorop ustopia rus mad strichus sitife psm para leuco Chro Eubostrich riorutuba us re Eubo aqua strichostomum ps mumlinea aa baltic EuboStenleuco rosto phal mum chii Macosto ora tus mum roph roce a Micrcent sphy broc osto oon tritria Sten Geo oraanoz ros is tigrinralis roph ana cent Thys doceocel a aust kore ata Pseu Disc plan a acul s Geo planitent gatu aris Noto Notomult s elonrivul inae a oide iloa cypr ata a ocul ocerertinArch ilis toma Plan hexa issim Nem Uras ria mollm grac ilism grac inge ninia tomu lianu latum Reis Ulia toma anni udos finga riocu term cum Pse dros quadklos oleu tum i Cylin toma dros m m ochr vitta ijima s ulata Cylin omutomu tum mum mum icero dost udos iostoVort a cuticstria tum PseuPse iosto cinc um i Plag Plag stommum onatnem perschiro orumris Plica iosto mum Plag iosto tomaabe calig sala ns r Plag esos otyll nella ylusa arde mino is is rom Enc Udo dact tyle trem batid Both liaca Gyrourray toco rhinole affin Lep lus coty coele urna uus udom Pse locephaCali tyle coty exig pii i scorgad yoco us Trog Dict Gyroalusalus m ace ayi eph eoc eph thriuerins mal tti iurae Prot rioc Abootiaoide a spra Both Grill stomtaen ificami pac stom polyrium tyle roso briata PolyNeoboth oco pagscom ticul ardi hexa micr gina niaden gurn lae teri udo Neo Biva Kuh hora le ta serio man isim Pse coty xap a purv idop i Dicl tanoZeu tom tylematobiudale atos tico spin son m Plec Lob Mul hae a mannicu a orum rrini oma som isto soma japoophvive roni ki istos calic s Sch isto Sch Schistosomn rchi a cap busatica tom psishep cum a Sch horostho cop Opi inos ciolo driti ntic ta e Cali Ech Fas cioladen gigaa blep hala m Fas m eliumciola rasticep aticu oco Fas acegloba hep catu enslis bacilescmol m Tetr a Dicr li trem us eatu la itrem limu pho mumgrac a es Nas Zalo osto Heronim trilinna ullanigr na han hoid liumopla ata s alpi ea Step ync Bipa Ect goc celi ia lact ta sorh PhaPoly nob gula ari e Pro Cre psistrian okwens a oelo a man kew nan droc sthi m ana tanauis a musaliu mon a Den opo Arti ydeBip roplpia a pingchroane Mic ica Plat Nep Cur polyiterr iber nica ta esiamed japo gula ea a Dugesia esia Dugesia trian guinrulearfii Dug Dug stia a san cae sch na is iopoplan lanalana tigriens latara Arthtralo nop rop rdiakyu acu rub ditis ryu Aus Cae Mic Gira tentella hab llum a esia sub atomntor lapi ndic umm DugesiaPar giga um enla pictneu tus Dug ha tom gromum bru ulea sis is orp nos ldia umbiac aienens ila om ecy Chi osto cyn tomus naik coff oph nsishra plic lom ta tme nos per ta ros mm nnepulc nsevi Sim Phi ecyAna volu psa rmi ta sce Pos dom Con volu ra tvaevolu a vire isch uola is i Con ittifeus lem vac ensard Pae Tree of life Bac e a A chaea David Hillis and James: www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense ! Warszawa 18.05.2015 ! Currently: Three superkingdoms: Bacteria Ct Eukaryota ! ! s ns he if s eys thya es g r h h a H amp dric d fis hes L hon inne d fis C y-f inne Ra be-f es Lo gfish ns Lun phibia Am mals Mam s Turtle aurs s Lepido ilians d o c Cro Birds Spirochaetes Chlamydias Hyperthe rmophilic bacteria Cyano bacter Lowia G High C Gram -posit Dei -GC G ives Pro nococ ram-po s c itive us/ Cr teob T s Eu enar acter hermu c ia s ha Ha rya B pt rch eot D row oph aeo a ia n to a ytes ta m lga s e s es et ate yc gell ans ex om la O inof mpl D ico Ap liates s Ci dicot Eu nocots Mo noliids Mag anise Star es li li Water lla Ambore Conifers Gnetophytes Archea Cn en ida lca o r reo Plac pho ians us oz re De sp oan s m o Gla ospo nges s s n s Cho g ano spong es flag ella es Micr ospo tes ri "Chyt dia rids" "Zygosp ore Fun gi" Arbuscular M ycorrhizal F ungi Sac Fungi Club Fungi s Amoebozoan s n a ri Radiola ns a o z Cerco rans fe mini nads Fora o m ds lo Dip basali ns a a Par bose nids o l s e l o ter Eug astid es l yt e He p h a to ne op lg Ki auc d A Gl Re Ca Co Chl leo oro ch ph a y Ch eta tes Liv ara les erw le Clu Mo orts s bm oss s es a Hornw ses nd o rts re Whi latives sk fe Hors rns etails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Three kingdoms: Animaliae Plantae Mineraliae Loriciferans s Kinorhynch lids Priapu s worm Arrow llusks Mo s elid Ann nids s oro Ph opod s i ch orm rs w fe s Bra i t on bb Ro orm ns Ri w a at o Fl yoz Br XVII century -‐ Linnaeus -‐ the systema9cs Horesehair worms Nematodes Tardigra des Onych Chel ophorans Myr icerates Cru iapods He stace Ec xapo ans He hino ds C mi der Ur eph cho ms oc alo rda ho ch tes rd or d at es ate s Tree of life David Hillis and James: www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense ! ! Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer 1953 DNA Structure James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (1916–2004) Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) Nobel Price 1963 ! ! ! Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Four levels of protein structure Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Central Dogma of Molecular Biology extended Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Białka Rodzaje białek Strukturalne -‐ tworzące strukturę komórek Enzymy -‐ prowadzą reakcje chemiczne Białka sygnałowe receptory aktywatory inhibitory Sita molekularne -‐ białka membranowe Regulatory transkrypcji -‐ białka wiążące się z DNA Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Molecular Biology Primer Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Molecular Biology Primer Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Warszawa 18.05.2015 Białka Ile jest białek? ~ 20 000 genów > 100 000 białek Jak to możliwe? Alterna9ve splicing Warszawa 18.05.2015 Białka Ile jest białek? ~ 20 000 genów > 100 000 białek Jak to możliwe? Alterna9ve splicing Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Białka Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Białka Wikipedia Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer René Fester Kratz Molecular and Cell Biology for Dummies Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/images/chromatinstructurefigure1.jpg Warszawa 18.05.2015 Molecular Biology Primer From Epigenetic mechanisms in neurological disease • Mira Jakovcevski & Schahram Akbarian Nature Medicine 18, 1194–1204 (2012) doi:10.1038/nm.2828 Introductory Bioinformatics, Fourth Edition. Stefanie Hartmann, Joachim Selbig Warszawa 18.05.2015 Rozwój biologii molekularnej 1949 Protein sequence 1998 -‐ First mul9cellular organism 1953 DNA structure 1999 -‐ Human chromosome 1958 Protein crystal structure 2001 -‐ dras of human genome 1961-‐1965 Gene9c code 2005 -‐ Next genera9on sequencing arrives 1972 First gene sequence 2014 -‐ tens of thousands of individual human genomes sequenced 1976 First genome sequence (RNA bacteriophage) ! 1977 First DNA genome sequenced ! 1981 -‐ Mitochondrial genome ! 1986 -‐ Chloropolast genome 1992 -‐ Yeast chromosome 1995 -‐ Free living organism 1996 -‐ First eukario9c organism Warszawa 18.05.2015