ORNAMENTAL and SPECIAL PLANTS
Transkrypt
ORNAMENTAL and SPECIAL PLANTS
Biostimulators IN MODERN AGRICULTURE Ornamental and special plants E D I T O R : Aleksandra Łukaszewska W a r s a w 2 0 0 8 1 Biostimulators IN MODERN AGRICULTURE Ornamental and special plants EDITOR: Aleksandra Lukaszewska Warsaw 2008 2 The series of monographs under a common name BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE contains a review of recent research related to this subject and consists of the following parts: GENERAL ASPECTS FIELD CROPS SOLANACEOUS CROPS VEGETABLE CROPS FRUIT CROPS ORNAMENTAL AND SPECIAL PLANTS EDITORIAL BOARD: Andrzej Sadowski, Department of Pomology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) chairman Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Department of Applied Entomology, WULS Helena Gawroñska, Laboratory of Basic Natural Sciences in Horticulture, WULS Aleksandra £ukaszewska, Department of Ornamental Plants, WULS Adam S³owiñski, Arysta LifeScience Poland PRODUCTION EDITORS: Aleksandra £ukaszewska Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Anna Karbowniczek, Arysta LifeScience Poland Ada Krzeczkowska, Wie Jutra Halina Skrobacka, Wie Jutra REVIEWERS: Aleksandra £ukaszewska, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Karol Chyliñski, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Halina Laskowska, University of Life Sciences in Lublin Monika Latkowska, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Leonard Indeka, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Bo¿ena Matysiak, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice Irena Olszewska-Kaczyñska, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Andrzej Pacholczak, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Ewa Skutnik, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) Piotr Urbañski, Poznan University of Life Sciences Katarzyna Wróblewska, Wroc³aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences This edition was supported by Arysta LifeScience Cover: Plantpress ISBN 83-89503-60-3 Published by the Editorial House Wie Jutra, Limited Janowskiego 6 02-784 Warszawa phone: (0 22) 643 82 60 e-mail: [email protected] www.wiesjutra.pl Printed by Ryko Copies 300, publishing sheets: 6.0 3 CONTENTS PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 5 THE EFFECT OF BIOPREPARATIONS ON EARLY STAGE OF GROWTH OF SELECTED GRASS SPECIES USED FOR RECLAMATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE DUMPS ................. 7 Daria G¹bka, Karol Wolski EFFECT OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON ORNAMENTAL AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS SPP.) PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM ............. 15 Mariola Wrochna, Barbara £ata, Bo¿enna Borkowska, Helena Gawroñska THE EFFECTS OF BIOSTIMULATORS ASAHI SL AND SIAPTON 10L ON THE GROWTH OF BERGENIA CORDIFOLIA ((HAW.) STERNB.) `ROTBLUM` AND HOSTA (TRATT.) `SUM AND SUBSTANCE` AND `MINUTEMAN` .................................................................... 33 Justyna Krajewska, Monika J. Latkowska EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF WILLOW CUTTINGS AT VARIED SOIL MOISTURE ................................................................................................... 40 Gra¿yna Harasimowicz-Hermann, Krzysztof Czy¿ THE EFFECT OF ATONIC PLANT GROWTH STIMULATOR ON PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE BASKET WILLOW (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) CULTIVATED IN ANTHROPOGENIC SOIL ............................................................................................................. 47 Jacek Wróbel, Anna Woniak INFLUENCE OF ETEPHON ON FLOWERING OF EASY POT FREESIA CULTIVATED IN SPRING-SUMMER SEASON ................................................................................................ 56 Piotr ¯urawik POLISH SUMMARIES ............................................................................................................... 63 4 PREFACE The high yield potential of modern cultivars is often restrained by various environmental stresses both of biotic and abiotic nature, affecting the crop status. The present approach in pro-ecological plant protection from such biotic stresses as weeds, diseases and pests emphasises enhancement of naturally occurring compounds, organisms or plant defence mechanisms. These compounds should fill the gap resulting from the regulatory decisions of national authorities in many countries, leading to restrictions in use of a number of synthetic pesticides. Extensive research carried out in the last two decades has shown that some natural products may be efficiently used in enhancing the plants endogenous resistance or tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses. A group of such active products is presently classified as biostimulators. When reduction of the chemical input is expected, the use of biostimulators becomes a particularly promising option. Biostimulators are defined as compounds of biological origin and should act by increasing natural capabilities of plants to cope with stresses. Biostimulators do not act neither as nutrients nor affect directly the stress factors making them less harmful for plants. The efficacy of biostimulators is not limited to reducing effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. They stimulate growth and development of plants under unfavourable soil and climatic conditions. Although the effects of biostimulators are not so spectacular and not always stable over the years due to interaction with other used chemicals and/or environmental factors the interest of farmers in using biostimulators is successively increasing over time. According to the national legislation, biostimulators are related to the category of plant protection products. Therefore they must comply with all rules for registration and hence prior to formal approval for use they must be tested for safety to humans and the environment. The dynamic increase of research projects on biostimulators and of farmers interest in their use in agriculture and horticulture production provoked an idea of the international conference on Biostimulators in Modern Agriculture. It was organized by the Laboratory of Basic Sciences in Horticulture, at the Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. The conference has attracted a large group of scientists and graduate students from universities and research institutions involved in basic and applied research 5 in agriculture as well from the industry. About three hundred sixty participants included also representatives of farmers and distributors of agricultural supplies. The extensive and creative discussions during the conference and interest in conference materials as well as suggestions from participants indicated the urgent need for dissemination of the state of knowledge on biostimulators. This inspired the organizers of the Conference to co-ordinate preparing reviews on recent scientific achievements in the field of biostimulators, including the practical aspects of their application on various crops. Following suggestions appearing at the Conference, the organisers invited scientists having experience and achievements in work on biostimulators to prepare relevant reviews related to particular products and crops. Based on the submitted manuscripts the Editorial Board decided to publish a series of monographs entitled: BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE comprising the following six volumes: General Aspects, Field Crops, Solanaceous Crops, Vegetable Crops, Fruit Crops and Ornamental and Special Plants. The Editors hope that this publication would fill the gap in knowledge on the mechanisms of action of various biostimulators and on the conditions for their high efficacy. We are very grateful to the authors who willingly agreed to contribute to these books. EDITORS 6 7 THE EFFECT OF BIOPREPARATIONS ON EARLY STAGE OF GROWTH OF SELECTED GRASS SPECIES USED FOR RECLAMATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE DUMPS Daria G¹bka, Karol Wolski Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland INTRODUCTION Recently, we have been observing the effects of the years lasting human activity which resulted in environmental pollution exemplified, among others, by devastated and degraded areas which have to be subjected to land reclamation processes. Restoring the value of soils by special biological treatments has become a challenge to contemporary scientists. Crucial for the successful soil reclamation is an appropriate selection of plants able to thrive in the extremely unfavorable habitat conditions since they often have to face pollution of all environmental components, namely water and air pollution, as well as soil contamination. Grasses have proved to be very advantageous plants regarding biological reclamation of soil as they have low nutrition requirements, high resistance to drought and frost as well as tolerance of salinity and heavy metals. They also posses an ability to incorporate toxic substances into their biomass and a considerable immunity to plant diseases and pathogens. Grasses do successfully fulfill three basic functions of reclamation process: antierosion, soil-building and decoration. Yet, in spite of all the features mentioned above, the environment is sometimes polluted to such a degree that additional introduction of the so-called biopreparations, also known as natural biological stimulators, seems to be fully justified. Biopreparations consist solely of natural substances like free amino acids in their biologically active form, oligoproteins, soluble humates, plant extracts, growth factors, selected microorganisms, valuable nutrients, probiotic and enzymatic factors, essential for many biological functions. Because of their rich composition biopreparations are of high quality and have a wide spectrum of action. Biopreparations act on the root system increasing its capacity of nutrient absorption from soil or any substrate, they possess chelating properties for microelements which become easily available for plants thus decreasing a risk of various forms of chlorosis, they stimulate and nourish week and stressed plants. They fulfill a useful function of carriers in relation to mineral elements and fertilizers, and increase plants resistance to climate and environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the applied biopreparations on early growth of grass species destined for reclamation of municipal waste dump slopes at Swojec in Wroclaw. 8 MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was established on 19th April 2007 at the northern slope of municipal waste dump at Swojec in Wroclaw (Fig. 1), which is located in the eastern part of the city, in the river Widawa basin. This dumping ground has been utilized since 1973 at the former clay pit, on the area of permeable bedding, without any protection against pollution of ground waters with effluents from waste dump. In 1991 exploitation of this municipal dumping ground ended and the stage of dump technical reclamation was completed [Account 2005]. Climate conditions (air temperature and rainfall) on the area of municipal dumping ground in 2007 and in the years 1976-2007 are shown in table 1. THE EXPERIMENTS Dowiadczenia THE MUNICIPALWASTE DUMPS Sk³adowisko odpadów komunalnych FIGURE 1. LOCATION PLAN MUNICIPAL DUMPING GROUND AT SWOJEC IN WROCLAW WITH EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 1. Sk³adowisko odpadów komunalnych Swojec we Wroc³awiu z lokalizacj¹ za³o¿onych dowiadczeñ ród³o: badania w³asne. 9 TAB LE 1. WEATH ER C ON D ITION S D ATA FR OM WEATH ER STATION AT SWOJEC IN WR OC LAW Tabela 1. D ane meteorologi czne ze stacji Wroc³aw Swojec MON TH IV V VI VII VIII IX Mi esi ¹c AVERAGE D AILY TEMPERATURE [0C ] IN PARTIC ULAR MONTH IN 2007 10.90 16.16 19.19 19.23 18.86 12.89 redni a dzi enna temperatura [0C ] z mi esi ¹ca w 2007 r. AVERAGE D AILY TEMPERATURE [0C ] IN THE YEARS 1976-2005 8.3 14.1 16,9 18.7 17.9 13.3 redni a dzi enna temperatura [0C ] za lata 1976-2005 TOTAL MONTHLY PREC IPITATION [mm] IN 2007 2.7 50.3 69,2 92.4 52.8 46.1 Mi esi êczna suma opadów [mm] w 2007 r. TOTAL PREC IPITATION [mm] IN THE YEARS 1970-2000 30.5 51.3 59.5 78.9 61.7 45.3 Suma opadów [mm] w latach 1970-2000 SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. Agriculturally used areas can be found in the vicinity of the dumping ground (arable land, meadows and pastures). The south-west part of waste dump, however, adheres to the area of stores and warehouses. Soil grain size analysis proved the occurrence of silty soil (sand silt) featuring advantageous protective properties (sorption of contaminants) [Account 2002]. The whole object of investigation was divided into two experiments with different sowing rates (1 or 2 caryopsis/cm2). The experiments were established according to a split-plot design with two factors (1) particular grass species and cultivars, (2) biopreparations applied (Greenflorid, GreenBio) to be compared to an untreated control (Tab.2). TAB LE 2. EXPER IMEN TAL SC H EME MU N IC IPAL WASTE D U MP AT SWOJEC IN WR OC LAW Tabela 2. Schemat dowi adczeñ na sk³adowi sku odpadów komunalnych Swojec we Wroc³awi u SPEC IES C U LTIVAR I EXPER IMEN T II EXPER IMEN T Gatunek Odmi ana 1 C AR YOPSIS/cm2 2 C AR YOPSES/cm2 I dowi adczeni e 1 zi arni ak/cm2 II dowi adczeni e 2 zi arni aki /cm2 C ON TR OL APPLIED C ON TR OL APPLIED (U N TR EATED ) B IOPR EPAR ATION (U N TR EATED ) B IOPR EPAR ATION Obi ekt kontrolny Bi opromotor Obi ekt kontrolny Bi opromotor Festuca arundi nacea `ASTERIX` `INKA` `PINIA` `AD IO` Festuca rubra `NIMBA` `ALIC JA` Poa pratensi s `NAND U` `NONI` Festuca ovi na `WITRA` SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. Lo l i u m perenne 10 Grass species and cultivars were selected to meet the requirements of sowing on difficult habitat areas (land reclamation species) and biopreparations introduced were meant to support plant development, as well as to increase grass resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. The experiments involved different sowing rates and various rates of biopreparation according to the species sown. To assess efficiency of biopreparations on seedling emergence for two sowing rates (unit/m2) results of observations were subjected to analysis after 4 and 6 weeks (biopreparations versus untreated control). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Observations of the early growth of grass on experimental plots (biopreparations vs untreated control) showed that biopreparations fulfilled their function which was to contribute to a better growth and development of plants and had beneficial effects on their vegetation in the unfavorable environmental conditions. Natural humic substances, as components of soil organic matter and included in biopreparations, play a vital role in soil fertility and environmental quality and are beneficial for plant growth. They increase fertilizer efficiency or reduce soil compaction. Our work indicated that plant stimulation provided by increased micro-elements iron and zinc availability, in the presence of humic substances, was the most important factor. Biopreparations facilitate uptake of trace metals like iron and zinc and, at the same time, provide simple and less expensive methods of plant nutrition eliminating or reducing the risk of environmental contamination. Investigation by Clapp et all [2002] confirmed such an action of biopreparations and proved the improvement of grass growth by humic substances. In Agrostis stolonifera peat extract addition caused the increase in root and shoot dry mass from 46 to 65%, with the more pronounced increase being observed in roots. Soil organic matter is also a source of nitrogen and other nutrients. Kerek et al. [2003] proved that nitrogen can be found in soil mobile fraction. Nitrogen content in soil mobile fraction increases as the sward age increases. The mentioned preparations affect soil microbiological activity and therefore, the root zone. Due to that fact the quality of grass becomes significantly ameliorated. Soil microorganisms make use of biopreparations and consequently, the visual quality of grass is considerably improved after application of biopreparations and this improvement is not a result of a nutrients source. Nevertheless, these observations do not exclude the possibility that biopreparations can have additional ability to improve the plant tolerance to excessive drought and moisture [Mueller 2005]. Soil physico-chemical properties affect a behavior and reproduction of Listeria and Yersimia bacteria. Such factors as high content of humic acids and fulvic acids in humus, as well as high temperature of soil stimulate bacteria reproduction in soils. High content of humus, predominance of humates and low temperature of soil inhibit bacteria development, which was proved by Sidorenko et all [2006]. The research carried out by Zhang revealed an effect of temperature on activity of enzymes in two cultivars of Cynodon dactylon. Catalase and peroxidase activity decreased in response to cold acclimation in both cultivars. The cold acclimation triggered 11 accumulation of sugars and proline in grass and affected structure of carbohydrates and protein, but this effect was cultivar-dependant [Zhang et al. 2006]. According to Duo Li An et al. [2005] the addition of EDTA significantly increased heavy metal accumulation in grasses The concentrations of heavy metals in Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea increased with the increasing EDTA supply. The EDTAinduced increase in the accumulation of heavy metals in turfgrass was plant and metalspecific. Lolium perenne had a relatively high ability to accumulate Cr, Ni, and Zn. Additionally EDTA caused increase in the chlorophyll and proline contents and improved caryopsis germination [Duo Li An et al. 2005]. Amino acids and peptides constitute an essential part of biomolecules which form biostimulants. Cambri [2008] carried out his research using Aminoplast preparation which, among others, diminishes yield losses resulting from stress conditions due to abiotic factors (salinity, extreme temperature, drought), especially in the crucial stages of plant growth, e.g. during flowering, which consumes a considerable amount of energy, therefore, the important processes taking place in plants can be easily disturbed. Aminoplast applied to plant roots in the conditions of soil salinity completely prevented inhibition of plant growth resulting from a high salt concentration. There are other reports confirming normalization of such plant physiological parameters as contents of the following elements: K, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe, as well as stomatal conductance, CO2 absorption or transpiration which in untreated plants usually undergo negative alterations. Application of particular amino acids does not ensure balanced improvement of gene expression and only synergetic amino acids activity brings about a satisfactory result. Investigation involving Aminoplast, which is amino acids solution, proved that activity of this preparation is due to stimulation of plant defensive reactions [Cambri 2008]. Growth regulators are organic substances which, applied in low amounts, can stimulate, inhibit or modify in other ways physiological processes taking place in plants. Investigation by Starczewski et al. [2008] suggest that an appropriate selection of grass cultivars, as well as introduction of growth regulators can markedly decrease the costs of plant cultivation and labor input without lowering the quality of lawn grass. In the experiment at Swojec the most important reactions resulting from biopreparations application appeared 6 weeks after sowing, while in the experiment with two caryopses per one area unit (cm2) biopreparation activity was recorded after 4 weeks. Generally speaking, it takes biopreparations about 4 weeks to reveal their activity. The first assessment of seedling emergence in experiment 1 did not reveal any activity of biopromotors since for all grass cultivars the number of units per 1 m2 was higher for the control. Yet in experiment 2 several grass cultivars showed higher values on the biopromotor treated plots as compared to the control one: Festuca arundinacea `Asterix`, Festuca rubra `Adio`, Festuca ovina `Noni` and `Witra`. The most evident results could be observed in both experiments 6 weeks after sowing, because grass seedlings emergence was definitely higher on the objects with biopromotors in comparison to the control treatment. For the following grass cultivars the higher emergence values (unit/m2) were recorded: Festuca arundinacea `Asterix`, Lolium perenne `Pinia`, Festuca rubra `Adio`, `ASTERIX` Festuca arundi nacea `INKA` Lol i um perenne `PINIA` Lol i um perenne `AD IO` Festuca rubra `NIMBA` Festuca rubra `ALIC JA` Poa pratensi s `NAND U` Poa pratensi s `NONI` Festuca ovi na `WITRA` Festuca ovi na AVERAGE redni a LSD a = 0.05 AFTER 4 WEEKS NIRa = 0.05 po 4 tygodni ach LLSD a = 0.05 AFTER 6 WEEKS NIRa = 0.05 po 6 tygodni ach SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. 978 882 6 3067 2600 13 3 3 900 67 67 0 333 43 3 4 2667 16 3 3 2833 46 7 267 67 0 0 0 4 6 2 41 2530 143 3 9000 5800 17 6 7 18 3 3 0 0 13 6 7 15 6 7 271 13 15 143 3 3233 5267 13 3 233 16 7 10 0 33 12 3 3 253 1104 48 3 3 900 2 40 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 16 7 633 6 320 5 41 18 0 0 43 3 2200 67 33 0 0 0 0 4 12 41 2 43 3 2767 2 13 3 367 16 7 0 10 0 10 3 3 2 16 7 WEEK Tydzi eñ 4 3022 40 3 3 9000 8833 2000 10 6 7 0 0 1100 1167 6 10 9 9 2050 2 43 3 40 5 0 300 250 117 50 16,5 6 17 4 17 5 4 2250 5800 3567 13 3 4 950 33,5 0 850 10 0 0 6 891 2117 16 0 0 2 16 7 2 17 10 0 0 50 516.5 10 8 4 4 2063 443 3 49 5 0 5 6 17 15 0 0 533,5 0 0 633.5 900 6 TAB LE 3. SEED LIN G EMER GEN C E OF SELEC TED GR ASS SPEC IES 4 AN D 6 WEEK S AFTER SOWIN G FOR TWO SOWIN G R ATEST (1 OR 2 C AR YOPSES/cm2) Tabela 3. Wschody traw po 4 i 6 tygodni ach od za³o¿eni a dowi adczeni a dla ró¿nych norm wysi ewu (1 lub 2 zi arni aki /cm2) SPEC IFIC ATION SOWIN G R ATE AVER AGE Wyszczególni eni e Norma wysi ewu redni a 2 C AR YOPSES/cm2 1 C AR YOPSIS/cm2 1 zi arni ak/cm2 2 zi arni aki /cm2 SPEC IES C U LTIVAR C ON TR OL APPLIED C ON TR OL APPLIED C ON TR OL APPLIED Gatunek odmi ana (U N TR EATED ) B IOPR EPAR ATION (U N TR EATED ) B IOPR EPAR ATION (U N TR EATED ) B IOPR EPAR ATION Obi ekt kontrolny Bi opromotor Obi ekt kontrolny Bi opromotor Obi ekt kontrolny Bi opromotor 12 13 Festuca ovina `Witra`, while in experiment 2 higher values characterized : Festuca arundinacea `Asterix`, Lolium perenne `Inka`, `Pinia`, Festuca rubra `Adio`. Inhibition of grass growth under the influence of biopreparation in experiment 1 was recorded for the following cultivars: Lolium perenne `Inka`, Festuca rubra `Nimba`, Poa pratensis `Alicja`, `Nandu`, Festuca ovina `Noni`, and in experiment 2 for Festuca rubra `Nimba`, Poa pratensis `Alicja`, `Nandu`, Festuca ovina `Noni`, `Witra`. Increased sowing rate accompanied by introduction of a biopreparation resulted in growth inhibition in some grass species and their cultivars (Tab. 3). The analysis of the weather conditions in 2007 allows to notice that high temperature in July affected grass seedlings emergence as 6 weeks after sowing a smaller number of units/m was determined than after 4 weeks on the object treated with biopromotor (Festuca arundinacea `Asterix`), which can be explained by the effect of air temperature on the biopreparation activity. Not only high but also low temperature affects the activity of microorganisms, components of biopromotors, either stimulating or inhibiting their activity. In July, i.e. 6 weeks after grass sowing, the highest amount of rainfall was recorded at the experimental site. However, April, when sowing took place, featured the lowest amount of rainfall (2,7 mm), considerably less than the average value (30,5 mm) recorded for the years 1970-2007. The latter parameter could affect the early stage of grass growth and result in reduced growth of some grass species, among others Poa pratensis. Biopreparation activity depends both on grass species and cultivar, as well as on a sowing rate and weather conditions. The factors mentioned above can affect biopreparation activity in either positive or negative way. CONCLUSIONS 1. The effect of biopreparations becomes apparent about 4-6 weeks after their application, when their activation in soil is established. 2. Biopreparation activity depends on grass species and cultivar, as well as on a sowing rate and weather conditions. 3. In spite of unfavorable ambient conditions biopreparations applied in this investigation positively affected growth and development of the following grass species and cultivars: Festuca arundinacea `Asterix`, Lolium perenne `Pinia`, Festuca rubra `Adio`. 4. In grass species and cultivars such as: Lolium perenne `Inka`, Festuca rubra `Nimba`, Poa pratensis `Nandu`, Festuca ovina `Noni`, biopreparations inhibited plant growth, especially at increased sowing rate. REFERENCES Account with monitoring research among of the municipal waste dumps Swojec in Wroclaw in 2004-2005 year. 2005: Arcadis Ekokonrem, Wroclaw. Account with monitoring research number 5 among of the municipal waste dumps Swojec in Wroclaw. 2002: Arcadis Ekokonrem. Wroclaw, Department of Environment protection and Landscape Development in Wroclaw. 14 Cambri D. 2008: Amino Acids: the scientific basis of the biostimulation. [In:] Materia³y konferencyjne abstrakty. SGGW, Warszawa. Clapp C.E., Chen Y., Hayes M., Cline V., Palazzo A., Molina J., White D., Baker J.M. 2002: Humic substances for enhancing plant growth. International Humic Substances Society Conference. p. 328329. University of Minnesota, USA. Duo Li An., Gao YuBao, Zhao ShuLan 2005: Heavy metal accumulation and ecological responses of turfgrass to rubbish compost with EDTA addition. J. Integ. Plant Biol., 47(9): 1047-1054. Kerek M., Rhae A., Drijber R., Gaussoin E. 2003: Labile soil organic matter as a potential nitrogen source in golf greens. Soil Biol. Biochem., col. 35, No. 12, s. 1643-1649. Mueller S.R., Kussow W.R. 2005: Biostymulant influences on turfgrass microbial communities and creeping bentgrass putting green quality. Hort. Sci., 40(6): 1904-1910. Report with monitoring research among of the municipal waste dumps Swojec in Wroclaw in 2004-2005 year. 2005: Arcadis Ekokonrem, Wroclaw. Report with monitoring research number 5 among of the municipal waste dumps Swojec in Wroclaw. 2002: Arcadis Ekokonrem, Wroclaw. Sidorenko M., Buzoleva L.S., Kostenkov N.M. 2006: The effect of soil properties on the preservation and reproduction of Listeria and Yersinia. Biology Soil Science Institute DVO RAN. Vladivostok, Russia. Pochvovedenie, (2): 237-243. Starczewski K., Affek-Starczewska A., Jankowski K. 2008: Ryegrass turf grasses regrowth rate, depending on the applied phytohormones. [In:] Materia³y konferencyjne abstrakty. SGGW, Warszawa. Zhang X.Z., Ervin E. H., LaBranche A.J. 2006: Metabolic defense responses of seeded bermudagrass during acclimation to freezing stress. Crop Sci., 46(6): 2598-2605. 15 EFFECT OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON ORNAMENTAL AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS SPP.) PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM Mariola Wrochna1, Barbara £ata1, Bo¿enna Borkowska2, Helena Gawroñska1 1 2 Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Pomology and Floricutlure, Skierniewice, Poland INTRODUCTION Plants cultivation in urban areas meets several difficulties, which mostly result from anthropopressure leading to acid rain, accumulation of heavy metals, soil degradation and accumulation of particulate matter in air [Zimny 2004, Gawroñski, Gawroñska 2007, Gawroñski et al. 2007]. In northern hemisphere there is also a problem of salinity due to application of sodium chloride for deicing roads [Wrochna et al. 2005, Wrochna 2007]. Soil salinity causes reduction of biomass accumulation and adverse changes in physiological and biochemical processes of plants. It was stated that salinity lead to the decrease of water potential in leaves (yw), loss of turgor, drop of relative water content (RWC) [Morant-Manceau et al. 2004, Kacperska 2005] and decrease of photosynthesis rate, which results both from stomata closure and from toxic effects of Na+ and Cl- ions on mesophyll cells and chloroplasts [Ueda et al. 2002]. In salinity environment, both the chlorophyll a fluorescence [Maxwell, Johnson 2000, Wrochna et al. 2007] and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase [Bartosz 1995, Foyer, Noctor 2000], the enzyme activity of antioxidizing system changes [Munns 2002, Parida, Das 2005, Wrochna 2007] and accumulation of osmoprotectants increases [Chen, Murata 2002, Gwód 2004, Wrochna 2007]. These adverse changes eliminate from cultivation a wide range of plant species sensitive to salinity and drought. Plants, which are able to impel a various protective mechanisms minimizing salt stress effects, have the possibility to grow in sites with increased salt concentration. Therefore, in addition to selection and breeding toward increased salinity tolerance also the attempts to use biostimulators are made, which by definition should improve plant protective mechanisms. It is believed that biostimulators, including Asahi SL, have a protective impact on plants thus, it seems important to study mechanisms underlying their mode of action. Results showed an increase of biomass accumulation by plants treated with biostimulators, which can be the effect of better development of both the above ground part and roots [Djanaguiraman et al. 2004, Krajewska, Latkowska 2008, Wróbel, Woniak 2008], and more effective water and ions uptake [Zhao, Oostherhuis, 1997, Maciejewski et al. 2008]. Biostimulators increase activity of antioxidizing system enzymes [Djanaguiraman et al. 2004], accelerate transport of electrons in photosynthesis process and flow of assimilates in a plant [Chitu et al.1998]. All the men 16 tioned above changes due to biostymulators application might have a protective impact on processes disturbed by salinity. The study objective was the assessment of whether and to what extent Asahi SL stimulator has a protective effects on plants growing under increased salt concentration in growing medium. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study object were plants of 3 varieties of ornamental amaranth: Amaranthus paniculatus L. `Copper Mountain` and `Monarch` and Amaranthus caudatus L. `Pony Tail`. Experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Basic Research of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WUSL), except for: (1) measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence a conducted in Physiology Department of the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice, (2) determination of ions concentration in plant material carried out in Center of Analysis of WULS. Two experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in Faculty greenhouses. In both experiments a uniform four-week-old seedlings of amaranth were transplanted either to substrate or hydroponics culture and agricultural practices were applied as needed. EFFECTS OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF SELECTED IONS In this experiment, seedlings of `Copper Mountain` and `Pony Tail` were planted in pots (O16 cm), filled with 1 dm-3 of peat and sand mixture (3:1 v/v). The substrate was prepared to have pH 6.5 (using 12 kg of agricultural chalk per 1 m3), and the content of mineral elements respectively to the level of: N-310 mg . dm-3, P-100 mg . dm-3, K-400 mg . dm-3, Mg 110 mg . dm-3 (MIS 3 p. A). Microelements were added in the form of MIS 3. Salinity of this substrate reached 2 g NaCl . dm-3 (unit used in agriculture). Tenweek-old plants were treated with deicing salt (98% NaCl) in concentrations of 100 and 240 mM, and half of plants were sprayed with 0.1% solution of Asahi SL. After 14 days plants were harvested and fresh weight of above ground part was recorded. Immediately after harvesting, the plants were oven dried for 24 h at 105oC and then for 72 h at 75oC. After drying and weighing the plant material was grinded in a grinder (W¯ 1). Sub-samples (1 g) of powdered material were dry mineralized in muffle stove (Nobertherm) in temperature of 450oC, dissolved in 0.5 mole HCI. The concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry FAAS and P3+ by the method of ICP-AES. Level of Cl ions was determined by Moohr`s titration method after extraction with water from 1 g of dry, powdered plant material and total nitrogen with Kieydahl method. 17 EFFECT OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES In this experiment, seedlings of `Copper Mountain`, `Monarch` and `Pony Tail` were placed in hydroponics, where the plants grew for subsequent 6 weeks in Hoagland`s nutrients solution, in which salt concentration was 3 g NaCl dm-3. After that time, half of plants was sprayed with 0.1% of Asahi SL preparation and 17 or 50 mM of NaCl was added to the medium. After 16 days of treatment, the plants were harvested, dried and weighed as in experiment 1st. Data for the following processes and parameters were collected during the experiment: efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus based on: chlorophyll content (Chlorophyll Content Meter CCM-200, Opti-Science, USA) and chlorophyll a fluorescence i.e.: Yield, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, Fo/Fm, qP, qN, and NPQ (MINI-PAM, Walz, Germany), Relative Water Content, membrane integrity (conductometrically, MultiLevel 1, WTW, Germany), level of superoxide anion-radical (O2°-) by spectrometry (UV/VIS Spectrometer Lambda Bio 10, Perkin Elmer), activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) [Nakano, Asada 1987], catalase (CAT) [Beers 1952], glutation reductase (GR) [Foyer, Halliwel 1976] by spectrometry (UV/ VIS Spectrometer Lambda Bio 10, Perkin Elmer). Level of O2°-, and activity of APX, CAT and GR were measured at wave lengths of 580, 240, 290 and 340 nm respectively. In both experiments the controls were plants without NaCl and not treated with Asahi SL. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using the two- and three-factorial analyses of variance ANOVA of Statgraphics 4.1 Plus. Significance of differences between the treatments was assessed with t-Student test at a £ 0.05. The data present means from five (experiment 1) or four (experiment 2) biological replications (single plant) and each measurement was repeated twice on separate sub-sample. RESULTS Plant exposure to salinity in growing medium resulted in adverse changes manifested by strong wilting followed by drying of edges of leaf blades particularly in older leaves. Besides, the visual symptoms of salt impact, also a significant adverse effects of increased salinity on all studied physiological and biochemical processes were recorded. Application of Asahi SL biostimulators, in general, decreased negative effects of salt stress (Photo 1). 18 A Asahi SL B +ASAHI SL Asahi SL +ASAHI SL PHOTO 1. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON A. PANICULATUS `OPPER MOUNTAIN` PLANTS GROWING FOR 7 DAYS IN PRESENCE OF 100 (A) And 240 (B) mM of NaCl Fotografia 1. Wp³yw Asahi SL na roliny A. paniculatus `Copper Mountain` rosn¹cych przez 7 dni w obecnoci 100 (A) i 240 (B) mM NaCl EFFECT OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND SELECTED IONS ACCUMULATION Increase of salinity reduced accumulation of both fresh weight and dry matter while application of Asahi SL biostimulator, in most cases, increased it. Fresh weight increased mostly in Asahi SL treated plants of `Pony Tail` growing without salt (33% of untreated). However, in plants of `Copper Mountain` it was lower than in control (by ~5%) (Fig. 1). Accumulation of dry matter also increased after Asahi SL application, but in some treatments with Asahi SL it was also slightly lower (Fig. 2). Salinity of growing medium caused multiple increase in the amount of accumulated toxic Na+ (even over 100 fold) and Cl- ions and changes in concentration of macroelements. Reaction of tested genotypes of amaranths on spraying with Asahi SL depended on the cultivar. Thus, in plants of `Pony Tail` decrease of Na+ and Cl- accumulation was noted along with increase of accumulation of other tested ions, particularly in the highest applied salt concentration (Tab. 1). That resulted in smaller changes in proportion of K+/Na+ than it was in case of the plants growing in salinity environment but not treated with Asahi SL (from 14.78 to 0.74 in control and from 11. 27 to 0.97 after treatment with Asahi SL). Similar changes were recorded in proportion of sum of K++Ca2++Mg2+/Na+ (Tab. 1). However, in plants of `Copper Mountain` application of Asahi SL led to increased accumulation of Na+ and Cl- and greater reduction of proportions of K+/Na+ from 52.33 to 0.90 and of K++Ca2++Mg2+/Na+ from 18.56 to 0.76 (Tab. 1). Application of Asahi SL caused significant increase in calcium accumulation in plants of both varieties (Tab. 1). 2.40 2.68 2.11 2.68 3.00 + + + 2 40 Kontrola 10 0 C ONTROL NIRa = 0,05 dla odmi any SOURC E:OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. LSD a = 0,05 FOR SALINITY NIRa = 0,05 dla stê¿eni a soli LSD a = 0,05 FOR C ULTIVAR 5.05 4.12 0.20 4.12 33.94 13.15 83.03 65.63 3.03 28.78 31.38 65.65 71.05 2.60 1.68 0.70 0.25 0.20 2.68 2.70 2.63 2.63 2.43 + + - Kontrola 10 0 2 40 1.84 LSD a = 0,05 FOR ASAHI SL NIRa = 0,05 dla Asahi SL PONY TAIl MOUNTAIN C OPPER 2.27 + C ONTROL 5.42 6.64 5.42 79.20 65.70 137.70 128.00 28.80 79.90 78.60 112.30 117.00 26.60 23.60 18.80 1.20 1.47 1.20 25.82 27.11 27.94 32.16 22.40 33.88 30.33 29.54 32.16 22.27 23.35 22.25 5.77 7.07 5.77 69.00 45.66 61.11 63.74 34.24 47.67 42.48 58.83 53.73 38.39 31.18 36.63 0.39 0.39 0.39 5.68 5.33 4.84 4.85 5.78 6.09 5.53 4.58 5.12 5.55 4.63 4.87 0.29 0.36 0.29 4.76 3.62 3.39 3.71 3.11 3.87 2.93 3.53 3.48 3.15 3.15 3.07 7.32 7.32 8.96 2.03 3.47 0.74 0.97 11.28 1.66 1.33 0.90 0.76 14.78 18.56 52.33 10.24 10.24 12.54 2.96 5.94 1.13 1.48 20.57 3.05 2.46 1.42 1.28 25.42 35.21 91.07 TAB LE 1. EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL ON ION AC C U MU LATION IN AB OVE GR OU N D PLAN T PAR TS OF OR N AMEN TAL AMAR AN TH PLAN TS. D ATA AR E MEAN OF 6 R EPLIC ATION S (3 PLAN TS WITH TWO MEASU R EMEN TS IN EAC H ) Tabela 1.Wp³yw Asahi SL na akumulacjê jonów w czêci ach nadzi emnych roli n szar³atu ozdobnego. D ane przedstawi aj¹ redni e z 6 powtórzeñ (3 roli ny po dwa pomi ary z ka¿dej) ASAH I SL N -TOTAL % D .M. Na Cl Ca K Mg P K : N a (K +C a+Mg): N a C U LTIVAR SALIN ITY N-ca³kowi ty % s.m. Odmi ana Stê¿eni e soli mg g-1 D .M. [mM . N aC l] mg g-1 s.m. 19 20 /6' @ D LQ O R U J > P @ 7 1 $ / 3 J > * 1,5 : ) P01D&O $ & $ & $ $ $ $ $ & $ & C&RSSHU0RXQWDLQC $ $ $ $ C3RQ\7DLOC FIGURE 1. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON FRESH WEIGHT OF AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. PRESENTED DATA ARE MEAN ±SE, n = 5; -A, + A: CONCERNS TO PLANTS NON TREATED AND TREATED WITH ASAHI SL RESPECTIVELY, * HORIZONTAL LINES PRESENT LEVEL OF PARAMETER IN PLANTS NON TREATED ASAHI SL. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek. 1. Wp³yw Asahi SL na akumulacjê wie¿ej masy przez roliny szar³atu eksponowane do zasolenia w pod³o¿u. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie ±SE, n = 5; -A, +A: odpowiednio w rolinach opryskiwanych i nieopryskiwanych Asahi SL * Linia pozioma prezentuje poziom czynnika dla rolin kontrolnych ród³o: badania w³asne. @ D Q LO R U J > P V @ 7 1 $ / 3 J > 0 /6' 1,5 * ' $ & $ & $ $ $ C&RSSHU0RXQWDLQC $ $ & $ & $ $ $ $ P01D&O C3RQ\7DLOC FIGURE 2. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON ACCUMULATION OF DRY MATTER BY AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. PRESENTED DATA ARE MEAN ±SE, n = 5 EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 2. Wp³yw Asahi SL na akumulacjê suchej masy przez roliny szar³atu eksponowane do zasolenia w pod³o¿u. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie ±SE, n = 5 Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. 21 EFFECT OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Increased salinity in medium, shortly after treatment, increased efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus of stressed plants. Extension of exposure to salt caused decrease of photosynthetic apparatus efficiency in plants of `Copper Mountain`, whilst in plants of `Monarch` the higher efficiency was maintained. Shortly after salt treatment of plants chlorophyll content increased and extension of exposure time resulted in significant decrease in its content. Spraying plants with Asahi SL caused increase of chlorophyll content comparing to untreated plants (Fig. 3). Moreover, higher chlorophyll content was maintained for some time after the salt treatment of plant. To the largest extent, up to 270%, the chlorophyll content increased in plants of `Monarch` growing in treatment of 50 mM NaCl + Asahi SL (Fig. 3). '$<G]LH OL R U W Q R N / 2 5 7 1 2 & ) 2 '$<6GQL '$<6GQL * & $SDQLFXODWXVC&RSSHU 0RXQWDLQC & $SDQLFXODWXVC0RQDUFKC & P01D&O $FDXGDWXVC3RQ\ 7DLOC FIGURE 3. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN LEAVES OF AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. DATA ARE MEAN OF 8 REPLICATIONS (4 PLANTS WITH TWO MEASUREMENTS IN EACH) EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 3. Wp³yw Asahi SL na zawartoæ chlorofilu w liciach rolin szar³atu eksponowanych do zasolenia w po¿ywce. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie z 8 powtórzeñ (4 roliny po dwa pomiary w ka¿dej) Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. Plant exposure to salinity in growing medium, shortly after treatment also caused positive changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence, but again its extension resulted in adverse changes, particularly in `Copper Mountain`. That is seen as reduction of actual photochemical quantum yield (Yield), reduction of photochemical quenching (qP) with simultaneous increase of energy loss as heat (NPQ) and fluorescence (qN). Application of Asahi SL, to some extent, mitigate the effects of salt stress effects. In plants sprayed with biostimulator, both decrease and increase of Yield took place (Fig. 4 50 17 LSD a = 0.05 FOR SALINITY NIRa = 0.05 dla stê¿eni a soli LSD a = 0.05 FOR C ULTIVAR NIRa = 0.05 dla odmi any LSD a = 0.05 FOR TIME TREATMENT NIRa = 0.05 dla zabi egu SOURC E:OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. LSD a = 0.05 FOR ASAHI SL NIRa = 0.05 dla Asahi SL PONY TAIL + + 0.417 0.511 0.296 0.495 0.430 0.521 0.309 0.499 0.488 0.440 0.442 0.543 qN = 0.0258; qN = 0.0258; qN = 0.0258; qP = 0.0240; qP = 0.0240; 0.486 0.372 0.378 0.402 NPQ = 0.0510 NPQ = 0.0510 NPQ = 0.0510 NPQ = 0.0416 0.595 0.640 0.739 0.762 qN = 0.0210; 0.478 0.490 0.552 0.562 qP = 0.0240; qP = 0.0196; 0.497 0.675 0.345 0.607 0.559 0.486 0.707 0.644 0.804 0.655 1.186 1.061 TAB LE 2. EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL ON AB SOR B ED EN ER GY D ISTR IB U TION B Y LEAVES OF OR N AMEN TAL AMAR AN TH PLAN TS. D ATA AR E MEAN OF 8 R EPLIC ATION S (4 PLAN TS WITH TWO MEASU R EMEN TS IN EAC H ) Tabela 2. Wp³yw Asahi SL na rozdzi a³ zaabsorbowanej energi i przez li ci e roli n szar³atu ozdobnego. D ane przedstawi aj¹ redni e z 8 powtórzeñ (4 roli ny po dwa pomi ary w ka¿dej) C U LTIVAR SALIN ITY ASAH I SL TIME AFTER ASAH I SL APPLIC ATION /C zas dzi a³ani a Asahi SL Odmi ana Stê¿eni e soli 1 D A Y / 1 dzi eñ 8 D AYS/8 dni 15 D AYS/15 dni [mM . N aC l] qP qN N PQ qP qN N PQ qP qN N PQ 0.411 0.447 0.549 0.513 0.431 0.538 0.416 0.512 0.709 C ONTROL Kontrola + 0.340 0.323 0.359 0.467 0.442 0.552 0.399 0.500 0.654 0.414 0.397 0.456 0.430 0.494 0.608 0.401 0.539 0.806 C OPPER MOUNTAIN 17 + 0.381 0.409 0.475 0.433 0.511 0.662 0.399 0.521 0.732 0.375 0.332 0.357 0.406 0.644 0.918 0.402 0.705 1.226 50 + 0.446 0.453 0.560 0.428 0.530 0.661 0.374 0.608 0.890 C ONTROL 0.362 0.413 0.468 0.512 0.525 0.705 0.357 0.397 0.469 Kontrola + 0.372 0.414 0.477 0.412 0.415 0.483 0.428 0.410 0.506 0.410 0.431 0.490 0.508 0.525 0.706 0.420 0.407 0.495 MONARC H 17 + 0.412 0.441 0.528 0.454 0.499 0.642 0.394 0.315 0.334 0.414 0.511 0.614 0.474 0.522 0.695 0.434 0.460 0.598 50 + 0.433 0.422 0.486 0.526 0.581 0.834 0.351 0.448 0.554 0.334 0.382 0.396 0.584 0.422 0.496 0.483 0.476 0.621 C ONTROL Kontrola + 0.405 0.462 0.549 0.470 0.445 0.544 0.356 0.482 0.605 22 23 A RELATIVE CONTENENT/wartoci wzglêdne /'6 1,5 * & & '$<G]LH & '$<6GQL C&RSSHU0RXQWDLQC±$VDKL6/ P01D&O '$<6GQL C&RSSHU0RXQWDLQC$VDKL6/ B RELATIVE CONTENENT/wartoci wzglêdne /6' 1,5 * & & '$<G]LH C0RQDUFKC±$VDKL6/ '$<6GQL & '$<6GQL C0RQDUFKC$VDKL6/ P01D&O 24 RELATIVE CONTENENT/wartoci wzglêdne C /6' 1,5 * & & '$<G]LH C3RQ\7DLOC±$VDKL6/ & '$<6GQL P01D&O '$<6GQL C3RQ\7DLOC$VDKL6/ FIGURE 4. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON ACTUAL PHOTOCHEMICAL QUANTUM EFFICENCY (YIELD) IN LEAVES OF THREE CULTIVARS OF AMARANTH PLANT: `COPPER MOUNTAIN` (A), `MONARCH` (B), `PONY TAIL` (C) EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN MEDIUM. DATA ARE MEAN OF 8 REPLICATIONS (4 PLANTS WITH TWO MEASUREMENTS IN EACH) EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 4. Wp³yw Asahi SL na rzeczywist¹ wydajnoæ fotochemiczn¹ (Yield) w liciach rolin trzech odmian szar³atu: `Copper Mountain` (A), `Monarch` (B), `Pony Tail` (C) eksponowanych do zasolenia w po¿ywce. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie z 8 powtórzeñ (4 roliny po dwa pomiary w ka¿dej) Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. A, B, C). The greatest changes in this parameter were noted in plants of `Pony Tail`, in which 15 days after Asahi SL application Yield increased by 23% (50 mM NaCl + Asahi SL) but in combination control + Asahi SL it was lower by 26%. Salinity also contributed to significant decrease of water splitiny coeficient (Fv/Fo), and coeficient of plant adaptation to stress conditions (Fo/Fm). These coeficients decreased to the largest extent in plants of `Copper Mountain` treated with salt. Application of biostimulator usually resulted in reduction of negative changes in water splitiny system and increase of the level of plants adaptation to stress conditions with the plants of `Monarch` having the best reaction to Asahi SL treatment (Tab. 2). Asahi SL also led to increase of energy used in photosynthesis dark phase (Tab. 3). It increased especially shortly after spraying the plants with biostimulator (1 and 8 days). Photochemical quenching changed the most in plants of the `Pony Tail` where, one day after the treatment with 50 mM of NaCl qP increased from 0.296 (without Asahi) to 0.495 after Asahi SL application and on day 8th from 0.442 to 0.543. Amount of emitted energy in the form of fluorescence and heat in plants sprayed with Asahi SL usually decreased, in particular at long exposure (Tab. 3). Out of all measured Chl a fluorescence coeficients, the potential photochemical yield (Fv/Fm) changed the least under the salt influence. However, slight positive and maintained through the entire period of experiment, effect of Asahi SL on this parameter in plants exposed to salt was also noted, particularly in `Monarch`. LSD a = 0.05 FOR SALINITY NIRa = 0.05 dla stê¿eni a soli LSD a = 0.05 FOR C ULTIVAR NIRa = 0.05 dla odmi any LSD a = 0.05 FOR TIME TREATMENT NIRa = 0.05 dla zabi egu SOURC E:OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. Fv/Fo = 0.1153; Fv/Fo = 0.1153; Fv/Fo = 0.1153; Fv/Fm = 0.00732; Fv/Fm = 0.00732; Fv/Fm = 0.00732; Fm/Fo = 0.1153 Fm/Fo = 0.1153 Fm/Fo = 0.1153 TAB LE 3. EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL ON C H LOR OPH YLL A FLU OR ESC EN C E IN LEAVES OF OR N AMEN TAL AMAR AN TH PLAN TS. D ATA AR E MEAN OF 8 R EPLIC ATION S (4 PLAN TS WITH TWO MEASU R EMEN TS IN EAC H ) Tabela 3. Wp³yw Asahi SL na wskani ki fluorescencji chlorofi lu a li ci szar³atu ozdobnego. D ane przedstawi aj¹ redni e z 8 powtórzeñ (4 roli ny po dwa pomi ary w ka¿dej) C U LTIVAR SALIN ITY ASAH I SL TIME AFTER ASAH I SL APLIC ATION /C zas dzi a³ani a Asahi SL Odmi ana Stê¿eni e soli 1 D A Y / 1 dzi eñ 8 D AYS/8 dni 15 D AYS/15 dni [mM . N aC l] Fv/Fm Fm/Fo Fv/Fo Fv/Fm Fm/Fo Fv/Fo Fv/Fm Fm/Fo Fv/Fo 0.764 4.279 3.279 0.798 4.979 3.979 0.804 5.122 4.122 C ONTROL Kontrola + 0.788 4.516 3.516 0.794 4.810 3.810 0.800 5.006 4.006 0.780 4.578 3.578 0.785 4.670 3.670 0.802 5.056 4.056 C OPPER MOUNTAIN 17 + 0.775 4.492 3.492 0.771 4.497 3.497 0.806 5.160 4.160 0.771 4.377 3.377 0.733 3.868 2.868 0.777 4.538 3.538 50 + 0.780 4.487 4.487 0.717 3.775 2.775 0.743 3.917 2.917 C ONTROL 0.755 4.100 3.100 0.782 4.609 3.609 0.791 4.796 3.796 Kontrola + 0.777 4.504 3.504 0.778 4.508 3.508 0.788 4.731 3.731 0.758 4.165 3.165 0.778 4.519 3.519 0.786 4.687 3.687 MONARC H 17 + 0.775 4.462 3.462 0.776 4.463 3.463 0.798 4.580 3.580 0.739 3.973 2.973 0.782 4.597 3.597 0.779 4.542 3.542 50 + 0.772 4.405 3.405 0.781 4.580 3.580 0.798 4.631 3.631 0.798 4.979 3.979 0.778 4.507 3.507 0.800 4.999 3.999 C ONTROL Kontrola + 0.794 4.810 3.810 0.783 4.634 3.634 0.778 4.568 3.568 0.760 4.213 3.213 0.790 4.787 3.787 0.785 4.715 3.715 PONY TAIL 17 + 0.771 4.394 3.394 0.788 4.740 3.740 0.800 5.008 4.008 0.776 4.480 3.480 0.766 4.333 3.333 0.767 4.399 3.399 50 + 0.753 4.094 3.094 0.755 4.246 3.246 0.788 4.753 3.753 LSD a = 0.05 FOR ASAHI SL Fv/Fm= 0.0060; Fv/Fo = 0.0941; Fm/Fo = 0.0941 NIRa = 0.05 dla Asahi SL 25 26 Plant water status was negatively affected by salinity of growing medium as RWC was evidently lower. Application of Asahi SL caused both slight increase (`Copper Mountain` and `Pony Tail`, 17 mM NaCl + Asahi SL) and decrease of RWC (`Copper Mountain`, 50 mM NaCl + Asahi SL, `Monarch`, control + Asahi SL) (Fig. 5). LO R U W Q R N / 2 5 7 1 2 & ) 2 '$<6GQL '$<6GQL * & & & $SDQLFXODWXV &RSSHU $SDQLFXODWXV $FDXGDWXV 0RXQWDLQ 0RQDUFK 3RQ\7DLO P0 1D&O FIGURE 5. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON RWC IN LEAVES OF AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. DATA ARE MEAN OF 8 REPLICATIONS (4 PLANTS WITH TWO MEASUREMENTS IN EACH) EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 5. Wp³yw Asahi SL na RWC w liciach rolin szar³atu eksponowanych do zasolenia w po¿ywce. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie z 8 powtórzeñ (4 roliny po dwa pomiary w ka¿dej) Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. OL R U W Q R N / 2 5 7 1 2 & ) 2 '$<6GQL '$<6GQL * P0 & & & $SDQLFXODWXV $SDQLFXODWXV $FDXGDWXV 3RQ\ &RSSHU0RXQWDLQ 0RQDUFK 7DLO 1D&O FIGURE 6. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON LEVEL OF CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANES DAMAGE IN LEAVES OF AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. DATA ARE MEAN OF 8 REPLICATIONS (4 PLANTS WITH TWO MEASUREMENTS IN EACH) EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 6. Wp³yw Asahi SL na stopieñ uszkodzeñ b³on cytoplazmatycznych w liciach rolin szar³atu eksponowanych do zasolenia w po¿ywce. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie z 8 powtórzeñ (4 roliny po dwa pomiary w ka¿dej) Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. 27 As a result of salinity, also the membrane integrity was disrupted and spraying plants with Asahi SL, in general, resulted in reduction of level of membrane injury with `Monarch` having the best reaction. On the other hand, in plants of `Copper Mountain`, usually an increase of membrane injury was noted in Asahi SL treated plants (Fig. 6). Salinity contributed to increase of superoxide anion-radical level which was fewtimes higher in the treated plants than in control. Spraying plants with Asahi SL, usually, caused further increase of O2°- level. To smaller extent, from 1 to 30%, the level of O2°increased in plants of `Monarch` and the most significantly, above 200%, in plants of `Copper Mountain` (Fig. 7). '$<6GQL LO R WU Q R N / 2 5 7 1 2 & '$<6GQL * & & & $SDQLFXODWXVC&RSSHU $SDQLFXODWXV $FDXGDWXV 0RXQWDLQC C0RQDUFKC C3RQW7DLOC P 01D&O FIGURE 7. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON LEVEL OF SUPEROXIDE ANION-RADICAL IN LEAVES OF AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. DATA ARE MEAN OF 6 REPLICATIONS (3 PLANTS WITH TWO MEASUREMENTS IN EACH) EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 7. Wp³yw Asahi SL na poziom anionorodnika ponadtlenkowego w liciach rolin szar³atu eksponowanych do zasolenia w po¿ywce. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie z 6 powtórzeñ (3 roliny po dwa pomiary w ka¿dej) Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. Higher level of superoxide anion-radical caused increase of activity enzymes of antioxidizing system i.e.: APX, CAT and GR. Activity level of these enzymes was significantly higher in plants treated than in untreated with Asahi SL and exceeded increase of O2°level (Fig.s 8A, B, C). From the tested enzymes, the activity of catalase increased to the smallest extent (from 1 to 23% in `Copper Mountain` on day 12th, 50 mM NaCl + Asahi SL and on day 6th, 17 mM NaCl) (Fig. 8B), and activity of glutation reductase increased the most, by 307% (`Monarch`, 6 days 17 mM NaCl + Asahi SL) (Fig. 8C). 28 OL R U W Q R N A / 2 5 7 1 2 & ) 2 '$<6GQL '$<6GQL * & & $SDQLFXODWXV &RSSHU & $SDQLFXODWXV 0RQDUFK ) 2 P01D&O 7DLO O R U W Q R N B $FDXGDWXV 3RQ\ 0RXQWDLQ / 2 5 7 1 2 & '$<6GQL '$<6GQL * & & & P01D&O $SDQLFXODWXV &RSSHU $SDQLFXODWXV 0RQDUFK $FDXGDWXV 3RQ\ 0RXQWDLQ OL R U W Q R N C / 2 5 7 1 2 & ) 2 7DLO '$<6GQL '$<6GQL * & $SDQLFXODWXV &RSSHU 0RXQWDLQ & $SDQLFXODWXV 0RQDUFK & P01D&O $FDXGDWXV 3RQ\ 7DLO FIGURE 8. EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON ACTIVITY OF ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE (A), CATALASE (B), GLUTATION REDUCTASE (C) IN LEAVES OF AMARANTH PLANTS EXPOSED TO SALINITY IN GROWING MEDIUM. DATA ARE MEAN OF 6 REPLICATIONS (3 PLANTS WITH TWO MEASUREMENTS IN EACH) EXPLANATIONS AND SOURCE: SEE FIG. 1. Rysunek 8. Wp³yw Asahi SL na aktywnoæ peroksydazy askorbinianowej (A), katalazy (B), reduktazy glutationowej (C) w liciach rolin szar³atu eksponowanych do zasolenia w po¿ywce. Dane przedstawiaj¹ rednie z 6 powtórzeñ (3 roliny po dwa pomiary z ka¿dej) Objanienia i ród³o: jak na rys. 1. 29 DISCUSSION Salinity in growing medium had negative impact on plants that was manifested by decrease of biomass accumulation and impairment of most of studied physiological and biochemical processes, which is in agreement with results of many authors studying salt influence on plants [Munns 2002, Chaparzadeh et al. 2004, Wrochna 2007]. Decrease of accumulation of biomass in plants growing in the environment of increased soil salinity results both from lower content of water in plants and from toxic impact of Na+ and Cl- ions as well as from limited substrates and photosynthetic products. Results of this work show that the negative impact of salt stress was usually reduced after application of Asahi SL, which among others led to increase of biomass production. It was recorded for `Copper Mountain` and `Pony Tail`, particularly in plants treated with NaCl, proving participation of the preparation in mitigation of salinity stress effects and which was also noted by Cambri [2008] in A. thaliana plants treated with Aminoplant. Similar reaction was noted also by Zhao and Oostherhuis [1997] in cotton plants growing under drought stress and treated with another biostimulator PGR IV. Asahi SL caused changes in ions accumulation, in particular of Na+ and Cl-. Previous findings [Taiz, Zeiger 2002, Niu, Rodriguez 2006, Navarro et al. 2007, Wrochna 2007] showed that accumulation of these ions increases with the increase of salinity in soil. Application of biostimulator changed accumulation of ions but the response depended on cultivar. In this work in plants of `Pony Tail` Na+ and Cl- accumulation decreased while in `Copper Mountain` the opposite was true, accumulation of these ions increased as compared to plants untreated with Asahi SL. Our results are in agreement with those of Chitu et al. [1998] and Cambri [2008] for Asahi SL and Aminoplant biostimulators respectively, what indicates stabilization of plant ion status by biostimulators. Smaller accumulation of sodium and chloride ions in `Pony Tail` resulted in smaller proportion of K+/Na+ and sum of K++Ca2++Mg2+/Na+, which according to Ashraf et al. [2001] and Alian et al. [2000] contributes to a better tolerance of salinity by plants. The study also proved that salinity led to significant increase of Ca+2 accumulation. Calcium is a macroelement that is necessary for proper plant growth and development, playing many important physiological functions. It is a secondary messenger of signal transduction pathway, takes part in maintenance of proper cell walls flexibility [Tretyn 1994] and in plants coping with stress by initiating stress protective mechanisms of a plant [Bressan, Hasegawa 1998, Verslues P.E. et al. 2006]. Since spraying salt treated plants with Asahi SL leads to further increase of Ca2+ we may assume that Asahi SL also strengthens plants protective responses against salt stress mediated by calcium. Similarly to us Zhao and Oostherhuis [1997] also reported increase of Ca+2 accumulation in cotton plants growing under drought stress after PGR IV application what supports our hypothesis on role of biostimulators in plant response to stresses via Ca+2 involvement. Application of Asahi SL had also a positive impact on most of studied photosynthetic apparatus efficiency parameters. Recorded in this study the increase of chlorophyll content shortly after plant exposure to salinity and decrease later on is a phenomenon known in literature [Sivritepe et al. 2005, Santos 2004], but fact that Asahi SL application resulted in longer maintenance of higher chlorophyll content is a new finding. 30 Actual photochemical quantum yield (Yield) usually decreased in plants treated with salt and Asahi SL corresponds with the results obtained by Gawlik and Go³êbiowska [2008] who also showed slight decrease of Yield in pea after application of biostimulator. However, it is worth adding, that in our study plant of `Pony Tails` grown under higher salinity level and treated with Asahi SL had higher Yield comparing to plants untreated and it lasted for the entire period of experiment. Biostimulator also modifies distribution of energy absorbed by a leaf. In plants growing in salinity more absorbed energy is lost as heat and fluorescence. After Asahi SL treatment increase of energy used in the photosynthesis dark phase with simultaneous decrease of loss for fluorescence and heat was noted which, similarly to Yield case, was especially evident in `Pony Tail` in treatment of 50 mM NaCl + Asahi SL. Asahi SL also improves the ability of plants acclimation to salt stress via improved water splitting reaction. Although the changes of potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), which is an inert and rather stable coefficient, were evidently lower, also in this case, a slight positive effect of Asahi SL was noted, which was also maintained during a longer exposure. This may indicate increased activity of protective processes in plant response to salt stress. Protective function of Asahi SL was also expressed by improvement of RWC, which in some cases increased, though insignificantly. In the studies with A. thaliana Gawroñska et al. [2008] also noted increase of RWC in plants treated with Asahi SL despite of simultaneous increase of transpiration, which according to the authors indicates improvement of plant water status probably through stimulation of water uptake by roots. In plants exposed to salinity membrane integrity often is disrupted [Wrochna 2007 and references therein]. After application of the biostimulator, the changes in level of membrane injuries caused by salinity were noted, and in plants of `Monarch` treated with Asahi SL they were smaller than in untreated. However, in plants of `Copper Mountain` treated with salt and sprayed with Asahi SL membrane injuries were greater what was probably due to higher, in this variety, accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions, both known of having toxic effects on cell structures. Probably, the larger membranes injuries in plants grown under salinity were also due to increased level of O2°- noted in this study. Application of Asahi SL caused further increase of O2°- level. On the other hand, in response to increased level of O2°-, plants treated with Asahi SL had the activity of tested enzymes of anti-oxidizing system, significantly higher than in untreated plants, and what should be underlined - it markedly exceed increase of O2°-. Increase of activity of enzymes of anti-oxidizing system after plants treatment with Atonik biostimulator was also noted by Djanaguiraman et al. [2004]. Interesting is the fact that `Pony Tail` maintained the high activity of tested enzymes also during long exposure to salt and this corresponds to lower accumulation of toxic ions of Na+ and Cl- and was reflected by positive changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence. To sum up, results obtained in this study confirm a role of Asahi SL biostimulator in mitigation of salinity stress effects through increase of protective processes therefore it might be suggested that the preparation could be applied for increasing plants ability to cope with salinity stress, which might occur in urban areas. 31 CONCLUSIONS 1. Application of Asahi SL decreased negative effects of salinity stress, via increased efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and higher biomass production. 2. Depending on a cultivar, Asahi SL caused both decrease and increase of toxic Na+ and Cl- ions accumulation leading to changes in proportion of K+/Na+ and sum of cations/Na+. These changes corresponded to changes in level of salinity tolerance due to biostimulator application. 3. Asahi SL biostimulator contributed to decrease of the salinity generated oxidation stress effects by increasing the activity of anti-oxidizing system enzymes: APX, CAT, GR to greater extent than increase of O2°- level. 4. Cultivars varied in response to treatment with Asahi SL, with `Monarch` showing the best reaction and `Copper Mountain` the weakest. REFERENCES Ashraf M., Nazir N., McNeilly T. 2001: Comparative salt tolerance of amphidiploids and diploid Brassica species. Plant Sci., 160, 683-689. Alian A., Altman A., Heuer B. 2000: Genotypic difference in salinity and water stress tolerance of fresh market tomato cultivars. Plant Sci., 152, 59-65. Bartosz G. 1995: Druga twarz tlenu. PWN, Warszawa, 48-270. Beers R.F., Seizer I.A. 1952: Spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Biol. Chem., 195, 133-140. Bressan R.A., Hasegawa P.M. 1998: Plants use calcium to resolve salt stress. Trends in Plant Sci., vol. 3, no 11, 411-412. 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Vilno, Ukraine. Gawroñska H., Przybysz A., Szalacha E., S³owiñski A. 2008: Physiological and molecular mode of action of Asahi SL biostimulator under optimal and stress conditions. Biostimulators in modern agriculture General aspects (in press). Wyd. Wie Jutra. Gawroñski S.W., Gawroñska H. 2007: Plant taxonomy for phytoremediation advanced science and technology for biological decontamination of sites affected by chemical and radiological nuclear agent (ed. N. Marmiroli, B. Samotokin, M. Marmiroli.P.), 79-88. 32 Gwód E.A. 2004: Odpornoæ na czynniki abiotyczne. Biotechnologia rolin (red. Malepszy S.). PWN, Warszawa, 375-391. Kacperska A. 2005: Reakcje rolin na abiotyczne czynniki stresowe. Fizjologia rolin (red. Kopcewicz J., Lewak S. ). PWN, Warszawa, Polska, 612-657. Krajewska J., Latkowska M.J. 2008: Effect of biostimulators (Asahi SL and Siapton) on growth of Bergenia cordifolia ((Haw.) Sternb) `Rothblum` and Hosta sp. (Tratt.) `Sum and Substance` and `Minuteum`. 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PWN, Warszawa, Polska, 56-106 Ueda A., Kanechi M., Uno Y., Inagaki N. 2002: Photosynthetic limitations of a halophyte sea aster (Aster tripolium L) under water stress and NaCl stress. The Botanical Society of Japan, 4, 1-6. Verslues P.E., Agarwal M., Katiyar-Agarwal S., Zhu J., Zhu J.K. 2006: Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status. The Plant Journal, 45, 523-539. Wróbel J., Woniak A. 2008: The effect of Atonik plant growth stimulator, applied by different methods, on the physiological activity and yield of common osier (Salix viminalis L). Book of abstracts: Biostimulators in modern agriculture, 7-8 February, Warsaw, Poland, 86. Wrochna M., Gawronska H., Gawronski S.W. 2005: Phytoremediation of Na+ and Cl- ions from salt polluted urban areas 1st Scientific. Workshop, Phytotechnologies to promote sustainable land use and improve food safety. CNR Research Campus, Pisa, Italy, p. 171. Wrochna M., Gawroñska H., Borkowska B., Gawroñski S.W. 2007: Wp³yw zasolenia na akumulacjê biomasy i fluorescencjê chlorofilu u rolin trzech odmian szar³atu ozdobnego. Rocz. AR Poznañ, Ogrodnictwo, 41, 235-239. Wrochna M. 2007: Fizjologiczno-biochemiczne podstawy reakcji na zasolenie wybranych gatunków/odmian rolin ozdobnych oraz ich przydatnoæ w fitoremediacji. Rozprawa doktorska, Warszawa 2007 Zhao D., Oosterhuis D. 1997: Physiological response of growth chaber-growth cotton plants to the plant growth regulator PGR IV under water-deficit stress. Environ. Exp. Botany, 38, 7-14. Zimny H. 2004: Ekologia miasta. SGGW, Warsaw. 33 THE EFFECTS OF BIOSTIMULATORS ASAHI SL AND SIAPTON 10L ON THE GROWTH OF BERGENIA CORDIFOLIA ((HAW.) STERNB.) `ROTBLUM` AND HOSTA (TRATT.) `SUM AND SUBSTANCE` AND `MINUTEMAN` Justyna Krajewska, Monika J. Latkowska Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland INTRODUCTION Biostimulants containing natural substances promote plant growth and increase yields. They are safe for the environment and consumers, and are used in horticulture for fruit and vegetable production. Little information about the influence of biostimulants on the growth and development of ornamental plants is still available. Natural growth stimulants may promote production of endogenous growth regulators, improve uptake of mineral nutrients from soil, induce lignification of cell walls, influence energy production and nitrogen metabolism in plant. Biostimulants may enhance plant resistance to disadvantegous environmental factors, i.e.: drought, temperature shock, frost, environment pollution, herbicide stress [Cholewiñski 1998, Mikos-Bielak, Kukie³ka 2000, Saniewska 2000]. Biostimulants may improve quality of young plants produced in the nurseries, enhance their stress hardiness and adaptation to the urban environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of biostimulators Asahi SL and Siapton 10L on the growth of young plants of two perennials: Hosta sp. and Bergenia cordifolia, widely used in the urban greens and private gardens for their decorative foliage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of Siapton 10L and Asahi SL on growth of Bergenia cordifolia `Rotblum` and two Hosta sp. cultivars (`Sum and Substance` and `Minuteman`) were studied. Hosta sp. plants derived from microcuttings 10 months after rooting and 3-month old seedlings of Bergenia cordifolia were used in the experiments. Young plants were grown in plastic pots in mixture of leach soil, bark and peat (2:1:1). Plants were sprayed 4 or 8 times with water solutions of Siapton (0,2%) and Asahi SL (0,1%), applied separately or together in 1 or 2 week interval and 25 plants of each cultivar were used per treatment. In the first year of growing and after overwintering (in the greenhouse or outside), growth of shoots, leaves and roots was evaluated. Chlorophyll a+ b and protein content was determined in the plant material collected one month after spraying. Chlorophyll content was determined according to Moran and Porath [1980] in Inskeep`s and Bloom`s modification [1985]. Content of chlorophyll a+b was measured by means of the spectrophotometer UV-1601PC 34 at the wavelength of 647 and 664 nm. Soluble protein content was determined according to Bradford [1976] and measured at the wavelength of 595 nm. Results of the experiments were analyzed by means of 1-factor variance analysis with Statgraphics Plus 5.0. Differences between the means were compared with Duncan`s test, at the level of significance a = 0,05. RESULTS Effects of the biostimulants on plant growth and quality depended on the number of applications, plant species and cultivar. In the first year of plant growth Siapton sprays resulted in the increase of leaf area and root fresh weight in Hosta `Sum and Substance` (Tab. 1). Siapton applied 4 times stimulated also root growth in this cultivar. In Hosta `Minuteman` an increased leaf number was noted in plants treated 4 times with Asahi or Siapton (Tab. 2). Leaves of plants sprayed 4 times with Asahi were also bigger. Plants of Bergenia cordifolia sprayed 8 times with Siapton had larger leaves and produced more roots (Tab. 3). Interchangeable application of Asahi and Siapton stimulated production of longer roots in this species. Biostimulants affected the growth of plants after overwintering. They resulted in an increase of leaf fresh weight and size of leaves as well as of root fresh weight in plants grown in the greenhouse or outdoors (Tab. 4-9). In Hosta `Sum and Substance` Asahi and Siapton improved root growth and stimulate leaf growth resulting in increased leaf fresh weight (Tab. 4 and 5). Siapton applied alone or together with Asahi resulted in an increase of fresh weight of leaves in Hosta `Minuteman` plants overwintered in the cold greenhouse TAB LE 1. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF H OSTA `SU M AN D SU B STAN C E` IN TH E FIR ST YEAR OF GR OWIN G Tabela 1. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost H osta `Sum and Substance` w pi erwszym roku uprawy TR EATPLAN T LEAF LEN GTH LEAF WID TH R OOT R OOT R OOT MEN T H EIGH T N U MB ER OF LEAF FR ESH OF LEAF N U MB ER LEN GTH FR ESH Kombi nacja Wysokoæ Li czba B LAD E WEIGH T B LAD E Li czba D ³ugoæ WEIGH T roli n li ci D ³ugoæ wi e¿a Szerokoæ korzeni korzeni wi e¿a [cm] blaszki masa li ci blaszki [cm] masa li ci owej [g] li ci owej korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 42.2 bc** 11.20 a 19.28 b 38.10 a 8.19 b 20.2 b 30.9 a 37.81 ab A/1 38.48 b 11.06 a 19.63 b 40.56 a 8.49 b 17.0 a 29.02 a 35.83 ab A/2 43.56 c 12.2 a 22.81 c 58.07 b 9.45 c 21.2 b 33.16 ab 53.26 b A/S 32.1 a 10.6 a 17.43 a 28.58 a 7.07 a 16.,0 a 31.76 ab 29.63 a S/1 44.56 c 12.8 a 22.43 c 64.8 b 9.96 c 22.2 b 32.46 ab 88.87 c S/2 42.5 bc 12.0 a 22.57 c 58.97 b 9.34 c 20.6 b 37.9 b 73.27 c * C C ONTROL: WATER SPRAY, A/1 ASAHI SL APPLIED EVERY WEEK, A/2 ASAHI SL APPLIED EVERY 2ND WEEK, A/S ASAHI SL AND SIAPTON APPLIED INTERC HANGEABLY, A/1 SIAPTON APPLIED EVERY WEEK, A/2 SIAPTON APPLIED EVERY 2ND WEEK ** MEANS FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER D O NOT D IFFER SIGNIFIC ANTLY AT THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFIC ANC E a = 0,05 SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. * C kontrola, A/1 Asahi SL apli kowane co tydzi eñ, A/2 apli kowany co 2-gi tydzi eñ, A/S Asahi SL i Si apton apli kowany przemi enni e, S/1 Si apton apli kowany co tydzi eñ, S/2 Si apton co 2-gi tydzi eñ **redni e oznaczone t¹ sam¹ li ter¹ ni e ró¿ni ¹ si ê i stotni e przy pozi omi e i stotnoci a = 0,05 ród³o: badani a w³asne. 35 TAB LE 2. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF H OSTA `MIN U TEMAN ` IN TH E FIR ST YEAR OF GR OWIN G Tabela 2. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost H osta `Mi nuteman` w pi erwszym roku uprawy TR EATPLAN T LEAF LEN GTH WID TH R OOT R OOT LEAF R OOT MEN T H EIGH T N U MB ER OF LEAF OF LEAF N U MB ER LEN GTH FR ESH FR ESH Kombi nacja Wysokoæ Li czba B LAD E B LAD E Li czba D ³ugoæ WEIGH T WEIGH T roli n li ci D ³ugoæ Szerokoæ korzeni korzeni wi e¿a wi e¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki [cm] masa li ci masa li ci owej li ci owej [g] korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 27.72 a** 10.2 a 12.73 a A/1 29.34 a 13.4 ab 13.61 a A/2 25.32 a 13.8 c 13.02 a A/S 25.32 a 12.0 ab 13.46 a S/1 27.08 a 12.0 ab 13.54 a S/2 25.84 a 14.6 c 13.29 a EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE TAB. 1. Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 6.79 ab 6.99 b 9.45 c 6.27 a 7.10 b 6.97 b 16.8 18.0 16.2 13.8 17.6 16.6 a a a a a a 27.54 a 31.14 a 31.32 a 31.62 a 31.8 a 32.08 a 25.99 24.97 25.49 23.60 25.37 32.62 a a a a a a 32.21 bc 16.65 a 23.06 ab 23.20 ab 37.88 c 35.67 bc TAB LE 3. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF BER GEN I A C OR D I FOLI A `R OTB LU M ` IN TH E FIR ST YEAR OF GR OWIN G Tabela 3. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost Bergeni a cordi fol i a `Rotblum` w pi erwszym roku uprawy TR EATPLAN T LEAF LEN GTH LEAF WID TH OF ROOT R OOT R OOT MEN T H EIGH T N U MB ER OF LEAF FR ESH LEAF NUMBER LEN GTH FR ESH Kombi nacja Wysokoæ Li czba B LAD E WEIGH T B LAD E Li czba D ³ugoæ WEIGH T roli n li ci D ³ugoæ wi e¿a Szerokoæ korzeni korzeni wi e¿a [cm] blaszki masa li ci blaszki [cm] masa li ci owej [g] li ci owej korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 19.36 ab** 4.6 a A/1 19.3 ab 5.0 a A/2 20.7 b 5.6 a A/S 19.56 ab 4.4 a S/1 22.92 b 5.2 a S/2 15.48 a 4.4 a EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 11.79 b 9.89 ab 11.63 b 11.67 b 13.69 c 9.21 a TAB. 1. 21.46 ab 14.58 ab 17.72 ab 16.49 ab 24.40 b 8.60 a 8.53 b 7.40 ab 8.50 b 8.78 bc 10.17 c 6.09 a 6.0 a 9.0 ab 9.,0 ab 12.8 c 11.6 c 9.2 ab 18.36 ab 12.86 a 18.1 ab 25.76 c 22.28 bc 22.9 bc 21.43 b 6.13 a 8.13 a 10.76 a 12.08 ab 5.43 a TAB LE 4. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF H OSTA ` SU M AN D SU B STAN C E` PLAN TS OVER WIN TER IN G IN TH E C OLD GR EEN H OU SE Tabela 4. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost roli n H osta `Sum and Substance` zi muj¹cych w ni eogrzewanej szklarni TREATPLANT LEAF LENGTH WIDTH OF LEAF ROOT ROOT ROOT MENT HEIGHT NUMBER OF LEAF LEAF FRESH NUMBER LENGTH FRESH Kombinacja Wysokoæ Liczba BLADE BLADE WEIGHT Liczba D³ugoæ WEIGHT rolin lici D³ugoæ Szerokoæ wie¿a korzeni korzeni wie¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki masa lici [cm] masa liciowej liciowej [g] korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 57.6 c** 2.8 a 24.63 bc A/1 55.3 bc 5.2 a 26.03 c A/2 54.7 bc 5.0 a 24,47 b A/S 44.6 a 8.2 b 21,33 a S/1 55.2 bc 5.6 ab 24.43 b S/2 51,4 b 4a 22.11 a EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE: TA.B. 1. Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 19.47 cd 20.13 d 18.75 cd 13.42 a 18.23 c 15.97 b 73.35 ab 81.17 cd 93.07 e 76.92 bc 69.34 a 84.44 c 38.6 a 38.8 a 32.4 a 37.6 a 35.2 a 37.6 a 35.4 33.9 41.6 40.8 45.2 36.6 a a a a a a 90,92 b 82.59 a 119.99 d 115.12 c 93.21 b 112.82 c 36 TAB LE 5. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF H OSTA `SU M AN D SU B STAN C E` PLAN TS OVER WIN TER IN G OU TSID E Tabela 5. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost roli n H osta `Sum and Substance` zi muj¹cych na zewn¹trz TREATPLANT LEAF LENGTH WIDTH OF LEAF ROOT ROOT ROOT MENT HEIGHT NUMBER OF LEAF LEAF FRESH NUMBER LENGTH FRESH Kombinacja Wysokoæ Liczba BLADE BLADE WEIGHT Liczba D³ugoæ WEIGHT rolin lici D³ugoæ Szerokoæ wie¿a korzeni korzeni wie¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki masa lici [cm] masa liciowej liciowej [g] korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 41.78 a 5.2 a 22.2 a A/1 48.4 ab 5.6 a 23.63ab A/2 48.8 ab 5.4 a 23.35ab A/S 47 a b 6.4 a 23.61ab S/1 52 b 6.6 a 25.55c S/2 49.66 ab 6.4 a 24.59bc EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE: TA.B. 1. Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 17.13 bc 18.61c 17.43bc 15 a 18.57 c 16.61 b 79.21 b 80.48 b 65.52 a 88.8 c 125.78 e 120.64 d 38 a 48 b c 47.2 bc 47.6 bc 49.2 c 42.8 ab 33.9 a 25.2 a 33.4 a 32.6 a 35.1 a 29.78 a 131.59 e 79.55 b 63.83 a 114.21 c 134.42 f 125.94 d TAB LE 6. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF H OSTA `MIN U TEMAN ` PLAN TS OVER WIN TER IN G IN TH E C OLD GR EEN H OU SE Tabela 6. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost roli n H osta `Mi nuteman` zi muj¹cych w ni eogrzewanej szklarni TR EATPLAN T LEAF LEN GTH WID TH LEAF R OOT R OOT R OOT MEN T H EIGH T N U MB ER OF LEAF OF LEAF FR ESH N U MB ER LEN GTH FR ESH Kombi nacja Wysokoæ Li czba B LAD E B LAD E WEIGH T Li czba D ³ugoæ WEIGH T roli n li ci D ³ugoæ Szerokoæ wi e¿a korzeni korzeni wi e¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki masa [cm] masa li ci owej li ci owej li ci korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] [g] C* 30.4 a** 8.2 b A/1 34.2 a 7 ab A/2 33.2 a 6a A/S 32 a 7.6 ab S/1 30.7 a 6.6 ab S/2 29.14 a 7.6 ab EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 12.23 a 14.13 b 13.75 b 12.41 a 12.23 a 12.27 a TAB. 1. 8.82 a 10.93 b 9.83 a 8.93 a 9.77 a 8.93 a 61,02 a 74,50 b 58,95 a 74,14 b 90,90 d 83,17 c 23 a 26,4 a 24,4 a 26,2 a 24,4 a 28 a 35,6 ab 32,6 ab 41,4 ab 28,6 a 35,6 ab 44,9 b 52,98 a 66,83 b 81,69 c 79,86 c 90,99 d 71,33 b TAB LE 7. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF H OSTA `MIN U TEMAN ` PLAN TS OVER WIN TER IN G OU TSID E Tabela 7. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów wzrost roli n H osta `Mi nuteman` zi muj¹cych na zewn¹trz TREATPLANT LEAF LENGTH WIDTH OF LEAF ROOT ROOT ROOT MENT HEIGHT NUMBER OF LEAF LEAF FRESH NUMBER LENGTH FRESH Kombinacja Wysokoæ Liczba BLADE BLADE WEIGHT Liczba D³ugoæ WEIGHT rolin lici D³ugoæ Szerokoæ wie¿a korzeni korzeni wie¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki masa lici [cm] masa liciowej liciowej [g] korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 28.88 bc 10.2 b 15.16 c A/1 30 c 8a 14.25 b A/2 26 ab 8.6 ab 14.08 b A/S 28.7 bc 9 ab 14.18 b S/1 26.5 b 8a 13.19 a S/2 23.6 a 8.4 a 12 . 5 2 a EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE: TA.B. 1. Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 10.79 c 10.08 bc 10.15 bc 9.06 a 9.84 b 8.48 a 63.35 e 45.56 c 54.35 d 73.13 f 35.23 a 36.20 b 40.4 b 31.4 a 26.8 a 30.2 a 31 a 32 a 33.5 ab 32.2 ab 32.8 ab 27.5 a 35.7 b 37.9 b 52.77 d 45.41 b 57.52 e 71.71 f 47.89 c 41.54 a 37 TAB LE 8. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF BER GEN I A C OR D I FOLI A `R OTB LU M` PLAN TS OVER WIN TER IN G IN TH E C OLD GR EEN H OU SE Tabela 8. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost roli n Bergeni a cordi fol i a `Rotblum` zi muj¹cych w ni eogrzewanej szklarni TREATPLANT LEAF LENGTH WIDTH OF LEAF ROOT ROOT ROOT MENT HEIGHT NUMBER OF LEAF LEAF FRESH NUMBER LENGTH FRESH Kombinacja Wysokoæ Liczba BLADE BLADE WEIGHT Liczba D³ugoæ WEIGHT rolin lici D³ugoæ Szerokoæ wie¿a korzeni korzeni wie¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki masa lici [cm] masa liciowej liciowej [g] korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 15.8 a** 5.2 a 8.33 a A/1 17.8 a 5.2 a 9.61 a A/2 15.24 a 5.4 a 8.49 a A/S 17.9 a 6.0 a 9.0 a S/1 16.7 a 5.0 a 9.15 a S/2 1 7.6 a 6.2 a 9.23 a EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE: TA.B. 1. Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 6.87 a 7.2 a 6.75 a 6.8 a 7.05 a 6.77 a 11.02 b 12.59 c 12.60 c 10.16 b 11.05 b 7.74 a 10.6 ab 8 ab 8.4 ab 13.0 b 7.2 a 9.4 ab 18 a 19.3 a 22.2 a 20.2 a 27.4 a 20.7 a 6.65 a 7.84 ab 8.51 b 7.78 ab 11.52 c 14.99 d TAB LE 9. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E GR OWTH OF BER GEN I A C OR D I FOLI A `R OTB LU M` PLAN TS OVER WIN TER IN G OU TSID E Tabela 9. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na wzrost roli n Bergeni a cordi fol i a `Rotblum` zi muj¹cych na zewn¹trz TREATPLANT LEAF LENGTH WIDTH OF LEAF ROOT ROOT ROOT MENT HEIGHT NUMBER OF LEAF LEAF FRESH NUMBER LENGTH FRESH Kombinacja Wysokoæ Liczba BLADE BLADE WEIGHT Liczba D³ugoæ WEIGHT rolin lici D³ugoæ Szerokoæ wie¿a korzeni korzeni wie¿a [cm] blaszki blaszki masa lici [cm] masa liciowej liciowej [g] korzeni [cm] [cm] [g] C* 16.96 a 4.4 ab 8.26 a A/1 15.84 a 5 abc 8.547 ab A/2 18.3 a 7.2 c 10.413 c A/S 18 a 5 abc 9.887 bc S/1 16.04 a 6 bc 8.467 ab S/2 16.54 a 3.6 a 8.807 ab EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE: TA.B. 1. Objani eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 1. 6.73 ab 7.51 abc 8.75 c 7.98 bc 6.25 a 6.29 a 11.62 b 14.17 c 24.61 e 17.14 d 11.61 b 8.65 a 6.6 a 8.2 a 12 a 9a 5.4 a 10 a 22.44 a 16.3 a 15.6 a 16.7 a 19.4 a 15 a 7.53 a 15.09 c 27.53 d 7.61 a 11.61 b 15.33 c (Tab. 6). Biostimulants influenced leaf growth in Bergenia cordifolia overwintering outside (Tab. 9). The highest number of leaves with the biggest length and width was produced by plants sprayed 4 times with Asahi SL. These leaves had also the highest fresh weight. Both Asahi and Siapton applied separately resulted in an increased root fresh weight although they did not influenced root number nor length. Application of Asahi SL increased content of chlorophyll a+b in Hosta `Sum and Substance` (Tab. 10). Siapton significantly increased protein content in the leaves of both Hosta cultivars (sprayed 4 or 8 times) and in the leaves of Bergenia cordifolia (treated 8 times). Only in Bergenia cordifolia 4-time application of Siapton resulted in decreased protein content (Tab. 11). 38 TAB LE 10. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E C H LOR OPH YLL A AN D B C ON TEN T IN TH E LEAVES OF H OSTA `SU M AN D SU B STAN C E` AN D `MIN U TEMAN ` AN D BER GEN I A C OR D I FOLI A `R OTB LU M` [mg.g-1 D W] Tabela 7. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na zawartoæ chlorofi lu a + b w li ci ach H osta 'Sum and Substance' i 'Mi nuteman' oraz Bergeni a cordi fol i a 'Rotblum' [mg.g-1 s.m.] TR EATMEN T H OSTA H OSTA BER GEN I A Kombi nacja `SU M AN D `MIN U TEMAN ` C OR D I FOLI A SU B STAN C E` `R OTB LU M` DISCUSSION Growing demand for the ornamental perennials creates the need for efficient production of high quality plants. As application of chemical substances is stronC 8,156 b 27,323 d 12,555 c gly restricted in the nursery proA/1 11,104 c 26,597 cd 16,459 d duction due to the requirements A/2 10,803 c 25,068 c 13,541 c A/S 6,526 a 25,382 c 10,413 b of ecological production, plant S/1 8,752 b 22,372 b 13,251 c S/2 7,082 a 19,347 a 8,494 a growth may be improved by meEX PLANATIONS: SEE: TAB.1 ans of safe for the environment SOURC E: SEE TAB1. *, ** jak w tab.1. natural stimulants. ród³o: jak w tab. 1. Asahi SL (Atonik) is one of the biostimulants most widely TAB LE 11. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TH E SOLU B LE PR OTEIN C ON TEN T IN TH E LEAVES OF used in horticulture. It contains H OSTA `SU M A N D SU BSTA N C E` AN D `MIN U TEMAN `, AN D BER GEN I A C OR D I FOLI A `R OTBLU M '` [mg.g D W] phenolic compounds, naturally Tabela 8. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na zawartoæ bi a³ek produced by plants and active in rozpuszczalnych w li ci ach Hosta 'Sum and Substance' i 'M i nutem an' oraz Bergeni a cordi foli a 'R otbl um ' (mg . g-1 s.m.) many biochemical and physioloTR EATMEN T H OSTA H OSTA BER GEN I A gical processes. Active compoKombi nacja `SU M AN D `MIN U TEMAN ` C OR D I FOLI A SU B STAN C E` `R OTB LU M` nents of Asahi water solution inC 95,128 ab 111,76 a 227,26 b clude: sodium ortho-nitrophenolaA/1 118,298 b 88,271 a 162,863 a A/2 61,838 a 95,145 a 173,28 a te (0,2%), sodium para-nitropheA/S 119,81 b 151,915 b 247,158 b nolate (0,3%), sodium 5-nitroguS/1 213,215 c 205,695 c 337,242 c S/2 229,432 c 148,68 b 176,878 a aiacolate (0,1%) substrates of EX PLANATIONS: See: Tab.1 enzymatic red-ox systems [StutSOURC E: SEE TAB1. *, ** jak w tab.1. te, Clark 1990]. Atonik stimularód³o: jak w tab. 1. ted plant growth in Chrysanthemum parthenium [Gruszczyk, Berbeæ 2004] and thyme [Berbeæ et. al. 2003]. In Rosa Flamingo Asahi stimulated shoot production and resulted in high quality of plants [Adamiak, Hetman 2006]. In Rosa multiflora it stimulated growth of shoots and roots [Hetman, Adamiak 2003]. Similar results were obtained in the described experiment for Hosta sp. where sprays with Asahi resulted in the increased leaf number and size, as well as in increased root number. Siapton is a biostimulant containing aminoacids and short peptide chains (organic nitrogen >9%). It improves plant growth, protects them against environmental stresses, improves activity of enzymatic systems, controls activity of growth regulators, improves absorption and transport of microelements [www.isagro.com]. Siapton increased size and number of leaves young Hosta sp. plants. Stimulatory effect of Siapton on leaf and root growth was observed in Bergenia cordifolia. It stimulated also vegetative growth of strawberries, tomato, and pepper [www.isagro.com], shoot production in cuttings of Eleagnus angustifolia L. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L. [Maini 1990], as well as proliferation of new roots in seedlings of tomato and pepper [www.isagro.com] and cuttings of Eleagnus angustifolia and Hippophaë rhamnoides [Maini 1990]. -1 39 Asahi resulted in increased content of chlorophyll a + b in Hosta `Sum and Substance` and Bergenia cordifolia `Rotblum` (Table 10). Similarly, increased chlorophyll and protein content after Asahi treatment was noted in tomato and cotton plants [Devi 2003]. No stimulatory effect of Asahi on protein production was observed in this study, opposite to its effects observed in tomato and cotton. Siapton increased soluble protein content in the leaves of all species studied (Table 11). Stimulation of chlorophyll production is one of the properties of Siapton [www.isagro.com], confirmed by the experiments with grape [RASP 1986]. This effect was not observed in Hosta nor Bergenia plants studied in the experiment. CONCLUSIONS Biostimulants Asahi and Siapton can enhance growth and improve quality of Hosta sp. and Bergenia cordifolia plants. After some further tests, they may be recommended for use in nursery plant production. REFERENCES Adamiak J., Hetman J. 2006: Wp³yw Asahi na jakoæ jednorocznych krzewów ró¿ odm. Flamingo. Zesz. Prob.Post. Nauk Rol. z.510: 19-24. Berbeæ S., Andryszczak A., £usiak J., Sapko A. 2003: Wp³yw dolistnego stosowania Atoniku i Ekolistu na plony i jakoæ surowca tymianku. Acta Agrophysica 85: 305-311. Inskeep W.P., Bloom P.R. 1985: Extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a and b in n,n-dimethylformamide and 80% acetone. Plant Physiol., 77(2): 483-485. Bradford M.M. 1976: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye-binding. Annal. Biochem., 72: 248-54. Cholewiñski A. 1998: Wstêpna ocena wybranych stymulatorów wzrostu na plony dwóch odmian truskawek w uprawie polowej. Materia³y z 37 Ogólnopolskiej Naukowej Konferencji Sadowniczej. Skierniewice, 57-80. Devi D. D. 2003: Bioefficacy test of Atonik on cotton and tomato, project report-unpublished data. Gruszczyk M., Berbeæ S. 2004: Porównanie wp³ywu wybranych preparatów stosowanych dolistnie na plony i jakoæ surowca z³ocienia maruny (Chrysanthemum parthenium L.). Annales UMCS, Sectio E, vol.59, nr.2: 755-759. Hetman J., Adamiak J. 2003: Wp³yw Asahi SL na jakoæ podk³adki ró¿y wielokwiatowej (Rosa multiflora thunb.). Zesz. Prob.Post. Nauk Rol., z. 491: 61-67. Maini P. 1990: Rooting improvement for cuttings in tree nurseries with the biostimulant Siapton. Abstracts XXIII Int. Horticultural Congress, Firenze, Sept. Mikos-bielak M., Kukie³ka W. 2000: Atonik jeden z czynników modyfikuj¹cych zawartoæ naturalnych antyoksydantów w owocach jagodowych. Rocz. AR Poznañ 323, Ogrodnictwo, 31 (2): 401-402. Moran R., Porath D. 1980: Chlorophyll determination in intact tissues using n,n-dimethylformamide. Plant Physiol., 65:478-479. Rasp H. 1986: Control of grape chlorosis through nutrient application on leaves. [In:] Foliar fertilization (ed. Alexander A.): 242-254. Saniewska A. 2000: Wp³yw preparatu Atonik na hamowanie wzrostu i rozwoju niektórych gatunków grzybów chorobotwórczych dla rolin ozdobnych. Zesz. Naukowe ISIK, 7: 145-153. Stutte C.A., Clark T.M. 1990: Radiolabelled studies of atonic in cotton HPLC. University Arkansas. Department of Argonomy, 171-174. www.isagro.com 40 EFFECT OF ASAHI SL ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF WILLOW CUTTINGS AT VARIED SOIL MOISTURE Gra¿yna Harasimowicz-Hermann, Krzysztof Czy¿ University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz, Poland INTRODUCTION The reproductive material of shrubby willow are cuttings formed from parts of lignified shoots. Willow planted in spring is characterized by remarkably long rooting. At the early stage after planting, the initiation and development of shoots and leaves proceed faster than those of roots. A plant at this stage might have disturbed water relations, as transpiration from leaves progresses and water uptake from soil with few and weekly formed roots is insignificant. Making a success in setting up a willow plantation depends on a number of cuttings established and their initial development, which is supported by a faster development of roots in comparison with aboveground parts. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected stimulants for root initiation and development of willow cuttings at different soil moisture. The research hypothesis assumed that both a willow clone and moisture of the substrate might differentiate the effectiveness of the preparations used to stimulate rooting of cuttings. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out on the basis of a three-factorial pot experiment with three replications. The significance of differences between the treatment means was estimated using the Tukey test. The experimental factors were as follows: 1. Stimulants of rooting and growth of plants: (a) Asahi SL (bios), (b) Korzonek D DS. (aux), (c) 0 without any stimulants (0), 2. Willow clones: (I) Salix alba (clone 1100) and II) Salix viminalis (clone 1057), 3. Soil moisture: (1) insufficient 75-25% FC (nw) and (2) optimal 75-60% FC (ww). First group of cuttings (a) was treated with 0.2% solution of Asahi SL for two hours prior to planting. Biostimulant Asahi SL does not contain phytohormones and its working mechanism involves stimulating the synthesis of natural hormones. The active substances of Asahi SL are sodium ortho-nitrophenolan, sodium para-nitrophenolan, and sodium 5nitroguaiacolan. The second group of cuttings (b) was covered at the whole length with the rooting powder Korzonek D DS. Korzonek D DS is used for rooting woody plants and it stimulates root development at the first stages in their growth. The active substance of this root stimulant is an auxin 0.4% indolilobutyric acid. Additionally, the preparation contains 1% the fungicide Kaptan. The third group of plants (c) was planted without any stimulants. 41 Shrubby willow (I) Salix alba (clone 1100) and (II) Salix viminalis (clone 1057) have similar soil requirements. The soil with which pots were filled (a volume of 25 dm3) was taken from the topsoil of a field under cultivation situated on a lessive soil in quality class IV b. Directly after harvest willow shoots were cut into cuttings of 25 cm in length and 17-18 mm in diameter at the base. The process of cutting rooting started on April 20 and continued for 12 weeks. At sites 1 and 2, soil moisture was maintained at the equal level of 75% field water capacity (FWC) for 3 weeks after planting, and it varied for the next 9 weeks. At site 1, conditions of deficient moisture was created by not watering the pots. The loss of water from soil increased systematically and at the end of research period the soil moisture was 25% FWC. At site 2, an optimum moisture at a level of 60% FWC was maintained. Soil moisture was determined with the gravimetric method according to PN-ISO 11465:1999. After 12 weeks of plant vegetation cutting dry mass was estimated (without roots and aboveground parts) and assumed as 100%. The mass of developed roots and aboveground parts was determined separately and their share (%) in cutting mass was calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Stimulants used for willow rooting affected the root mass generated by cuttings, but the differences were not statistically significant. However, discussing the effect of biostimulants was considered justified for the reason that under dry conditions cuttings without stimulants did not generate any roots, which would result in crop losses. Numerous studies of the effect of biostimulant Asahi SL on cultivated plants were carried out at home and abroad [Guo, Oosterhuis 1995, Koupril 1996, Basak 1998, Cholewiñski 1998, Mikos-Bielak , Kukie³ka 2000]. The results indicated that Asahi SL improves yielding and has a positive effect on cultivated plant health. Plants treated with the bio-stimulant were characterized by an increased resistance to stress factors, including water stress. However, there are no data in the literature concerning the effect of this stimulant on the initiation of willow cutting roots. During vegetative propagation, particularly at the early stage of growth, willow is exposed to stress owing to moisture excess or deficiency. Key problems at this stage of cultivation are root growth stimulation and balancing of this process with the aboveground plant part formation. Obtaining balance in the development of cutting aboveground and underground parts might be helpful for its adaptation to stress conditions. Willow planted in spring is characterized by a relatively long rooting. At the early stage after planting the initiation and development of shoots and leaves proceeds faster than roots. The plant at this stage might have disturbed water economy, as transpiration from leaves grows, and uptake from soil with few and weekly developed roots is small. Success in setting up a willow plantation depends on a number of established cuttings and their initial growth, and this is supported by a faster root development. In the present studies, during twelve weeks (April-July 2006) of plant vegetation it was found that under conditions of moisture deficiency cuttings of a clone Salix alba 42 >@ 6DOL[DOED ELRVQZ LEGEND: bios-nw aux-nw 0-nw bios-ww aux-ww 0-ww r. nw r. ww DX[QZ QZ ELRVZZ DX[ZZ ZZ UQZ UZZ 1,5 CUTTING WITH AUXINE AND LOW SOIL MOISTURE CUTTING WITHOUT STIMULATING AND LOW SOIL MOISTURE CUTTING WITH GROWTH STIMULATOR ASAHI AND LOW SOIL MOISTURE CUTTING WITH AUXINE AND OPTIMAL SOIL MOISTURE CUTTING WITHOUT STIMULATING AND OPTIMAL SOIL MOISTURE CUTTING WITH GROWTH STIMULATOR ASAHI AND OPTIMAL SOIL MOISTURE MEAN FOR TREATMENT WITH LOW SOIL MOISTURE MEAN FOR TREATMENT OPTIMAL SOIL MOISTURE Legenda: bios-nw aux-nw 0-nw bios-ww aux-ww 0-ww r. nw r. ww sadzonki z dodatkiem biostymulatora Asahi SL i wilgotnoæ gleby niedostateczna sadzonki z dodatkiem stymulatora Korzonek D DS i wilgotnoæ gleby niedostateczna sadzonki bez stymulatorów i wilgotnoæ gleby niedostateczna sadzonki z dodatkiem biostymulatora Asahi SL i wilgotnoæ gleby optymalna sadzonki z dodatkiem stymulatora Korzonek D DS i wilgotnoæ gleby optymalna sadzonki bez stymulatorów i wilgotnoæ gleby optymalna rednia dla obiektów z niedostateczn¹ wilgotnoci¹ gleby rednia dla obiektów z optymaln¹ wilgotnoci¹ gleby FIGURE 1. FIGURE 1. PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF NEW ROOT RELATIVE TO CUTTING WEIGHT IN SALIX ALBA CLONE (LSD0.05 FOR SOIL MOISTURE = 1.236) SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 1. Udzia³ masy korzeni [%] w stosunku do masy sadzonki wierzby klonu Salix alba (NIR0,05 dla wilgotnoci gleby = 1,236) ród³o: badania w³asne. 6DOL[YLPLQDOLV >@ ELRVQZ DX[QZ QZ ELRVZZ DX[ZZ ZZ UQZ UZZ 1,5 FIGURE 2. PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF NEW ROOT RELATIVE TO CUTTING WEIGHT IN SALIX VIMINALIS CLONE (LSD0.05 FOR SOIL MOISTURE = 1.236) LEGEND: SEE FIG. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 2. Udzia³ masy korzeni (%) w stosunku do masy sadzonki klonu Salix viminalis (NIR0,05 dla wilgotnoci gleby = 1,236) Legenda: jak na rys. 1 ród³o: badania w³asne. 43 >@ 6DOL[DOED ELRVQZ DX[QZ QZ ELRVZZ DX[ZZ ZZ UQZ UZZ 1,5 FIGURE 3. PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF NEW SHOOT RELATIVE TO CUTTING WEIGHT IN SALIX ALBA CLONE (LSD0.05 FOR SOIL MOISTURE = 14.560) LEGEND: SEE FIG. 1 SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 3. Udzia³ [%] masy wykszta³conych pêdów nadziemnych w stosunku do masy sadzonki klonu Salix alba (NIR0,05 dla wilgotnoci gleby = 14,560) Legenda: jak na rys. 1. ród³o: badania w³asne. 6DOL[YLPLQDOLV >@ ELRVQZ DX[QZ QZ ELRVZZ DX[ZZ ZZ UQZ UZZ 1,5 FIGURE 4. PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF NEW ROOT RELATIVE TO CUTTING WEIGHT IN SALIX VIMINALIS CLONE (LSD0.05 FOR SOIL MOISTURE = 14.560) LEGEND: SEE FIG. 1. SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 4. Udzia³ [%] masy wykszta³conych pêdów nadziemnych w stosunku do masy sadzonki klonu Salix viminalis (NIR0,05 dla wilgotnoci gleby = 14,560) Legenda: jak na rys. 1. ród³o: badania w³asne. after applying Asahi SL developed root mass which accounted for 1.5% in relation to the mass of the whole cutting (cutting without roots and aboveground parts 100%) (Fig. 1) and the mass of aboveground parts 9.6% (Fig. 3), Owing to the action of the stimulant Korzonek D DS root mass accounted for 0.9% and aboveground parts 5.4%. The cuttings of this clone, rooted in the soil with the optimal moisture after applying Asahi SL, also were characterized by the biggest mass of roots 7.1% (Fig. 1) and aboveground parts 66.7% (Fig. 3) in relation to cutting mass. As a result of applying the preparation Korzonek D DS for willow rooting under conditions of the optimal soil moisture, the plants had a higher mass of developed roots (Fig. 1) in relation to cutting mass than at the site where stimulants were not applied, and the masses of aboveground parts were at a similar level (Fig. 3). However, a difference between the root stimulants applied was not confirmed statistically. Cuttings of clone Salix alba under conditions of a 44 higher moisture developed a significantly higher mass of roots and aboveground parts than under conditions of lower soil moisture. Cuttings of the clone of Salix viminalis rooted under conditions of water deficit (Fig. 2 and 4) showed a similar reaction to applying Asahi SL to Salix alba. Willow which rooting was stimulated with Asahi SL had a high root mass: it amounted to 1.6% cutting mass, while the mass of aboveground parts was 6.1% cutting mass. At the site where the stimulants were not used plants were the weakest, they had no roots (0 %), and aboveground parts amounted to 2.4% cutting mass. Rooting of willow Salix viminalis, at the optimal soil moisture, did not require using stimulants, as plants not subjected to their action had a bigger mass of both roots and aboveground parts (8.7% of root mass and 107.4% of shoot mass in relation to cutting mass) than cuttings subjected to the action of stimulants. The weakest growth and thus the mass of roots and aboveground parts were observed in plants treated with Korzonek D DS (42% root mass and 39.5% mass of aboveground parts in relation to cutting mass). The root stimulants applied did not result in significant differences in root mass increment of Salix viminalis. Under conditions of soil moisture deficiency the proportion of the mass of roots to that of aboveground parts was less than at the optimal soil moisture (Fig.1-4). Under dry conditions, root weight increment in relation to aboveground parts was higher. Considerable reduction of shoot mass development in relation to root mass was visible in Salix viminalis development (Fig. 2 and 4). Wróbel and Mazurkiewicz-Zapa³owicz [2004] studied the effect of Atonik on selected biometric and physiological features of Salix viminalis plants. They reported that a mixture of sodium ortho-nitrophenolan, sodium para-nitrophenolan and sodium 5-nitroguaiacolan (Atonik, Asahi SL) had an effect on the synthesis of indolilo-3-acetic acid (IAA) belonging to auxins, although it is a non-auxin preparation. This can explain a positive effect of Asahi SL on the initiation and formation of adventitious roots in the present studies. The results of applying the auxin Korzonek D DS coincide with those observed by Hoag and Short [1992], Edson [1995] and Darris [2002], who reported that a direct action of concentrated auxin doses resulted in limitations of root formation and cutting damage. Using auxins in a lower concentration (0.4% IBA) had a positive effect on plant rooting. Differences in reacting of particular clones to substances contained in stimulants and different soil moisture were noted in previous studies. According to Gill [1975], Krasny et al. [1988], Kunze [1994], Ewing [1996], Pezeshki et al. [1998], Reed [2003], each clone possesses its own specific adaptation properties under conditions of an increased or low moisture of the soil environment. Chmelar [1974] claims in his studies that the growth of roots and aboveground parts at the early stage of plant development is not proportional and depends on the clone. In the present study, differences in soil moisture during 12 weeks of rooting of willow cuttings significantly changed both the mass of developed roots and that of aboveground parts. Irrespective of stimulants applied, the clones of Salix alba and Salix viminalis generated a significantly bigger mass of roots and aboveground parts under conditions of the optimal soil moisture (75-60%) than at low moisture (75-25%). The research conducted confirmed the known feature of willow vegetative propagation, that is a lush growth of aboveground parts and a very slow increase in root mass. The initial growth of cuttings 45 is not balanced: at a good soil moisture the biomass of vegetative shoots was almost tenfold higher than that of underground organs, and at soil water deficiency this predominance of the aboveground mass was slightly less (3.5 to 8-fold). Hansen and Pipps [1983], Rein [1991], Standard and Guenther [1999] and Darris [2002] prove in their studies that soil moisture significantly affects the development of plant roots. The results obtained in the present study support the opinion of Kasperska [1995] and Lewak [1995] that water deficiency in the soil environment leads to tissue dehydration and plant hormonal balance disturbance, which consists in a decrease in share of growth stimulants and a simultaneous increase in hormones inhibiting cell growth. Thus the results of using Asahi SL observed in the present study make us think that the biostimulant restores or improves hormonal balance in plants and thus stimulates rooting of cuttings, particularly in dry conditions. CONCLUSIONS 1. Usefulness of Asahi SL and Korzonek D DS for rooting of hardwood willow cuttings was not identical; it depended on clone and soil moisture at the beginning of forming roots and aboveground parts. Under conditions of good moisture applying root stimulants in cultivation of Salix viminalis was unnecessary. 2. Willow cuttings of the clones tested treated with Asahi SL prior to planting developed regularly a higher mass of roots and aboveground parts than the cuttings on which the standard root stimulant Korzonek D DS was applied. 3. Asahi SL can be applied for Salix viminalis rooting, as it favours generating growth root mass but does not affect significantly the abundance of aboveground parts. Its effect is clearly visible, particularly under conditions of soil moisture deficiency. 4. Korzonek D DS limited the growth of roots and aboveground parts of Salix viminalis under conditions of the optimal soil moisture. 5. Under conditions of soil water deficiency, willow Salix alba and Salix viminalis, irrespective of the root stimulant applied, generated a significantly less mass of roots and aboveground parts than at the optimal moisture level. 6. Under condition of water deficiency, cuttings of Salix alba clone 1100 developed a more abundant root system than clone 1057 of Salix viminalis and while at the optimal moisture the differences in root mass between these clones were small. REFERENCE Basak A. 1998: Bioregulators current state and prospects. Mat. 37 Ogól. Konf. Nauk. Sadownictwa, Skierniewice: 40-46. Chmelar J. 1974. Propagation of willows by cuttings. New Zeal J Forest Sci., v. 4 (2): 185-190. Cholewiñski A. 1998: Preliminary assessment of the effect of selected growth stimulants on the yield of two strawberry cultivars in ground cultivation. Mat. 37 Ogól. Konf. Nauk. Sadownictwa, Skierniewice: 5780. Darris D. 2002. Ability of Pacific Northwest Native Shrubs to Root from Hardwood Cuttings (with Summary of Propagation Methods for 22 Species). Plant Materials Program Technical Note, No. 30. USDA NRCS, Portland, OR.: 20. Edson J.L., Leege-Brusven A.D., Wenny D.L. 1995. Improved vegetative propagation of scouler willow. Tree Planters Notes, v. 46 (2): 58-63. 46 Ewing K. 1996. Tolerance of four wetland plant species to flooding and sediment deposition. Environ Exp., Bot.. v. 36 (2): 131-145. Gill C.J. 1975. The ecological significance of adventitious rooting as a response to flooding in woody species with special reference to Alnus glutinosa. Flora, v. 164: 85-98. Guo C., Oosterhuis D.M. 1995. Atonik: a new plant growth regulator to enhance yield in cotton. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conference, San Antonio, TX. 4-7 Jan. 1995. Natl. Cotton Coun. Am., Memphis, TN: 1086-1088. Hansen E.A., Phipps H.M. 1983. Effect of soil moisture tension and replant treatment on early growth of hybrid Populus hardwood cuttings. Canadian J. Forest Res., v. 13: 458-464. Hoag J.C., Short H. 1992. Use of Willow and Cottonwood Cuttings for Vegetating Shorelines and Riparian Areas. Riparian/Wetland Project Information Series No. 3. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID: 15 Kasperska A. 1995: Share of phytohormones in plant response to stress factors of the environment. Kosmos, 44 (3-4): 623-637. Koupril S. 1996. Effect of growth regulator Atonik on some apple cultivars effect on the shoots growth. Zahradnictwo. Hort. Sci., 23, 4: 121-127. Krasny M.E., Zasada J.C., Vogt K.A. 1988. Adventitious rooting of four Salicaceae species in response to a flooding event. Canadian J. Bot., v. 66: 2597-2598. Kunze L.M. 1994. Preliminary Classification of Native Freshwater Wetland Vegetation in Western Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Resource Protection. Natural Heritage Program, Olympia, Washington: 120. Lewak S. 1995: Phytohormones: trends in research over the last decade. Kosmos, 44 (3-4): 601-622. Mikos-Bielak M., Kukie³ka W. 2000: Atonik, one of the factors modifying the content of natural antioxidants in small fruits. Rocz. AR w Poznaniu, Ogrodnictwo, 31: 401-403. Pezeshki S.R., Anderson P.H., Shields Jr.F.D. 1998. Effects of soil moisture regimes on growth and survival of black willow (Salix nigra) posts (cuttings). Wetlands., v. 18 (3): 460-470. Reed P.B. 2003. National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary. For U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Soil Conservation Service. http://wetlands.fws.gov/ plants.htm Rein W.H., Wright R.D., Seiler J.R. 1991. Propagation medium moisture level influences adventitious rooting of woody stem cuttings. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., v. 116: 632-636. Stannard M., Guenther H. 1999. Rooting Characteristics of Black Cottonwood and Pacific Willow. Technical Notes Plant Materials No. 39. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Pullman Plant Materials Center, Pullman, WA. www.wsu.edu pmcnrcs/technotes/plant_materials/tntpm 39.htm. Wróbel J., Mazurkiewicz-Zapa³owicz K. 2004: Effect of the growth regulator Atonik on the selected biometric and physiological features of Salix viminalis L. Cultivated on sandy dredged spoils enriched with sewage sludge. Folia Univ. Agric. Steti., Agricultura, 234 (93): 403-408. 47 THE EFFECT OF ATONIC PLANT GROWTH STIMULATOR ON PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE BASKET WILLOW (SALIX VIMINALIS L.) CULTIVATED IN ANTHROPOGENIC SOIL Jacek Wróbel, Anna Woniak Agricultural University, Szczecin, Poland INTRODUCTION Growth regulators, depending on their origin, are responsible for modification of plant growth and development processes within a specific range. These chemical compounds, moving polarly or non-polarly across various plant tissues, have a direct effect on them, activating in them different metabolic processes [Jankiewicz 1997]. At present, different biologically active substances are used to obtain a desired result. Among them are exogenous plant hormones and biostimulators [Corpes, Mandel 2000, Bertell, Eliasson 1992]. Plant response to these compounds is very changeable as it depends not only on the properties of growth regulator itself but also on the stage of plant developmental and its condition as well as on biotope conditions [Klasa et al. 1996ab]. Under the effect of abiotic stress agents on plants, application of exogenous growth regulators is of vital importance in mitigating stress response, as well as after stress termination [Wróbel 2002, Starck 1999, Kacperska 1995]. At present, more and more attention is paid to the use of bioregulators of different origin in order to increase the crop-productive potential of plants that have been introduced into anthropogenically modified environment. Such plants are first of all responsible for restoration of sustainable ecosystem, with plant growth regulators being helpful in it. The plant with a broad ecological tolerance is basket willow, called also the energy willow (Salix viminalis L.) [Szczukowski, Tworkowski 1999, Philip 1995]. Due to its unique performance traits, such as quick growth and large biomass gain, basket willow is more and more frequently used in environmental protection. It is being introduced into degraded lands with the aim of their reclamation. In order to increase plant acclimatisation abilities to unfavourable environmental conditions, exogenous growth regulators or biostimulators are also used. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of non-auxin plant growth regulator Atonic on the physiological activity of Salix viminalis, BJOR clone, growing on an anthropogenic soil bed additionally enriched with sewage sludge. 48 METHODS Field research and laboratory tests on the basket willow Salix viminalis BJOR clone were were carried out in the 3rd and the 4th years of vegetation (2005-2006) on a sandy silt dumping ground situated on the Ostrów Grabowski Peninsula in Szczecin. The study area was 135 m2. Experimental soil bed was the spoil of water lane dredging of the Odra River [Marska et al. 1998]. It was characterised by scanty quantities of organic matter and mineral compounds as well as bad water and air conditions. The silt was classified into a granulometric group of loose sand [Niedzwiecki 1994] (Tab. 1). The experiment was set in twofactor randomised complete block design, with two types of soil bed, i.e. pure silt and sewage sludge-supplemented silt, being the first factor, and three Atonic solutions, at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1 and 0.2%, being the second one. TAB LE 1. TEXTU R E AN D C H EMIC AL PR OPER TIES OF SAN D Y SILT ( PTG 2005) Tabela 1. Sk³ad granulometryczny oraz w³aci woci i sk³ad chemi czny refulatu pi aszczystego (PTG 2005) TEXTU R E pH TOTAL MAC R OELEMEN TS TOTAL TOTAL TR AC E GR OU P KCL Makroelementy ogó³em MIC R OELEMEN TS ELEMEN TS Grupa [g·kg-1s.m.] Mi kroelementy ogó³em Pi erwi astki ladowe granulometryczna [mg·kg-1s.m.] ogó³em [mg·kg-1s.m.] N K Mg C a P Fe Zn Cu Mn Cd Ni Pb SAND Y SILT 7,3 Pi asek luny [pl] SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. 0,34 0,22 0,66 5,12 0,37 207,4 16,97 0,88 93,80 0,35 1,23 0,89 In the first year of experiment the plots selected according to experiment variants were enriched once with a 15 cm thick layer of sewage sludge from the Ostrów Grabowski Biological Sewage Treatment Plant. The sewage sludge was characterised by large moisture and large organic matter content, while its reaction approximated the neutral one. Moreover, it was quite abundant in nutrients and also contained a small amount of heavy metals (Tab. 2). In the study, a non-auxin plant growth stimulator known under the trade name Atonic was used, containing sodium 5-nitroguajakolan and ortho- and paranitrophenolans as main components. In each examination year, the plant growth regulator was applied twice, after 15-20 days of atmospheric draught, in the form of spraying in doses of 0.5 and 1.0 dm3 Atonic in 500 dm3 H2O·ha-1. The following parameters were measured three times during the growth period, with 6 replications the content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids as well as the relative water content (RWC) in leaves, whereas those of macro- and microelements and trace elements in leaves, bark [phloem] and roots were determined at the end of vegetation period by means of ASA atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The content of assimilation pigments in leaves was determined with a Perkin-Elmer Model 221 spectrophotometer at the following wavelengths: 440, 645 and 663 nm. The chlorophyll content was calculated according to the method of Arnon et al. [1956] with modification by Lichtenthaler and Wellburm [1983], whereas that of carotenoids with the method of Hager and Mayer-Berthenruth [1966]. Elementary composition in the basket willow organs (leaves, bark [phloem] and roots) was assayed only for the experimental treatment with sewage sludge. TABLE 2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM THE OSTRÓW GRABOWSKI MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN SZCZECIN (2005) Tabela 2. W³aciwoci i sk³ad chemiczny osadu ciekowego z oczyszczalni biologicznej Ostrów Grabowski w Szczecinie (2005) TH E C ON TEN T OF MOISTU R E pH TOTAL MAC R OELEMEN TS TOTAL TR AC E ELEMEN TS TOTAL Zawartoæi [% ] Wlgotnoæ KCL Makroelementy ogó³em Pi erwi astki ladowe ogó³em MIC R OELEMEN TS -1 [% ] [g·kg s.m.] [mg·kg-1 s.m.] Mi kroelementy ogó³em [mg·kg-1 s.m.] OR GAN IC MIN ER AL N K Mg Ca P Fe Zn Cu Mn Cd Ni Pb Cr As Hg MATTER MATTER Substancji Substancji organi cznej mi neralnej 65,56 34.44 84.0 7.29 68.85 0.35 5.18 23.35 30.1 3987 890.0 104.0 423.8 2.0 14.2 97.0 21.0 5.5 0.96 SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. 49 The obtained results were statistically elaborated, applying the two-factor analysis of variance and using StatSoft Statistics 7.1 computer software package. The significance of differences for main effects and interaction was verified by means of the Tukeys test, at the significance level a = 0.05. Due to homogeneity of variance of errors for respective years, the results were averaged. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sewage sludge introduced into agricultural land raises the content of nutrients and organic matter in soil, which increases plant productivity [Bonerjee et al. 1997, Albadejo et al. 1994], as well as improves proportions between soil physical, biological and chemical properties [Aggelides, Londra 2000]. In the own experiment, both the type of soil bed and that of plant growth regulator had a significant effect on the mean content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids in leaves (Tab. 3). Also a significant effect of the interaction between factors on the content of assimilation pigments was shown. The plants growing on the soil bed fertilised with sewage sludge and treated with 0.1% Atonic solution had a significantly higher content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids than those of other experimental variants. When compared to the control (without Atonic), their content increased by approximately 50%. In the studies carried out by other authors, referring to the effect of different exogenous plant growth regulators on assimilation pigments in leaves of crop plants, their varying response was shown. The application of synthetic plant growth regulators, such as 6-benzyloaminopurine, did not have any significant effect on total chlorophyll content in lucerne leaves [Skalska 1992]. However, synthetic auxins applied for soybean crops decreased the content of chlorophyll a + b [Nahar, Ikeda 2002]. On the other hand, Ahmad et al. [2000] showed an increase in total chlorophyll content in cabbage leaves after application of synthetic auxins. However, there are no reports on the effect of exo 50 TAB LE 3. TH E MEAN C ON TEN T OF ASSIMILATION PIGMEN TS IN B ASK ET WILLOW LEAVES AC C OR D IN G TO SOIL B ED AN D GR OWTH R EGU LATOR C ON C EN TR ATION [mg . g-1 F.W.] Tabela 3. redni a zawartoæ barwni ków asymi lacyjnych w li ci ach wi erzby wi ci owej w zale¿noci od pod³o¿a oraz stê¿eni a regulatora wzrostu [mg·g-1 . m.] SU B STR ATU M (FAC TOR I) GR OWTH R EGU LATOR MEAN OF Pod³o¿e (czynni k I) C ON C EN TR ATION (FAC TOR II) FAC TOR I Stê¿eni e regulatora wzrostu (czynni k II) redni a czynni ka I ATON IC 0% ATON IC 0.1% ATON IC Bez Atoni cu 0.2% C H LOR OPH YLL A+B /C hlorofi l a + b SAND Y SILT 1.89 2.45 Refulat SAND Y SILT + SEWAGE SLUD GE 2.85 3.65 Refulat + osad MEAN OF FAC TOR II 2.37 3.05 redni a czynni ka II LSD /NIR0,05 I cz 0,250, LSD /NIR0,05 II cz 0,543, LSD /NIR0,05 I x II cz. 0,923 C AR OTEN OID S/Karotenoi dy SAND Y SILT 0.67 0.97 Refulat SAND Y SILT + SEWAGE SLUD GE 0.95 1.43 Refulat + osad MEAN OF FAC TOR II 0.81 1.10 redni a czynni ka II LSD /NIR0,05 I cz. 0,074, LSD /NIR0,05 II cz. 0,233, LSD /NIR0,05 I x II cz. 0,294 2.03 2.02 3.42 3.30 2.72 - 0.77 0.80 1.06 1.13 0.91 - SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. ród³o: badani a w³asne. E >@ D D D D D 0 0.1 0.2 $721,&&21&(175$7,21>@ 6W HQLH$WRQLNX>@ 6$1'<6,/76(:$*(6/8'*(5HIXODW RVDG FLHNRZ\ 6$1'<6,/75HIXODW FIGURE 1. CHANGES IN RELATIVE WATER CONTENT [RWC] IN BEASKET WILLOW ILEAVES ACCORDING TO ATONIC CONCENTRATION ON DIFFERENT SUBSTRATA [%] SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 1. Zmiany wzglêdnej zawartoci wody [RWC] w liciach wierzby wiciowej w zale¿noci od stê¿enia Atoniku stosowanego na ró¿nych pod³o¿ach [%] ród³o: badania w³asne. genous plant growth regulators on assimilation pigment concentration in leaves of trees and shrubs, including the Salix sp. genus. Relative water content (RWC) is a measure of water saturation of leaf tissues. Their hydration degree is evidence of the biochemical and physiological activity of leaves. The studies on RWC were carried out, among others, on plants growing under the water stress that induced a decrease in the value of that indicator [Pascul et al. 2004]. In the present experiment, a significant effect of the interaction between soil bed and Atonic concentration on the relative water content in the basket willow Bjor clone leaves was showed. In the 51 ATONIC CONCENTRATION/Stê¿enie Atoniku [%] 3 /6'IRU,[ ,, /6' IRU,[,, QV 1,5GOD,[,, 1,5 GOD,[,, UQ 0J &D g .kg-1 D.M./s.m. g .kg-1 D.M./s.m. . g .kg-1 D.M./s.m. g .kg-1 D.M./s.m. /6' IRU,[,, 1,5GOD,[,, LEGEND/Legenda LEAVES/Licie ROOT/Korzeñ BARK/Kora 1,5GOD,[,, 1D g .kg-1 D.M./s.m. FIGURE 2. CONTENT OF MACROELEMENTS (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) IN BASKET WILLOW CLONE BJOR ORGANS ACCORDING TO ATONIC CONCENTRATION [g.kg-1 D.M.] SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 2. Zawartoæ makroelementów (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) w ró¿nych organach wierzby wiciowej klonu Bjor w zale¿noci od zastosowania trzech stê¿eñ stymulatora wzrostu Atonik [g . kg-1 s.m.] ród³o: badania w³asne. /6'IRU,[,, /6' IRU,[,, QV 1,5 GOD,[,, UQ plants growing on soil bed with sewage sludge and treated with 0.1% Atonic solution, a significantly higher water saturation of leaf tissues was found (RWC approx. 96%) than in those of other experimental treatments (RWC from 72 to 87%) (Fig. 1). This may point to a favourable effect of that interaction on the physiological activity of basket willow and its higher productivity. On the other hand, Czapla [2003] showed a significant effect of synthetic plant growth regulators on increased intake of nutrients and their higher concentration in particular plant organs. Exogenous auxins or gibberellins induced an increase in the percentage of macroelements (N, P, K Na, Ca and Mg) in the over-ground plant organs when compared with roots. 0 0.1 0.2 LEAVES/Li ci e BARK/Kora ROOTS/ Korzeni e D OSES/D awki ORGANS/OrganY dxo P 7.25 15.06 12.90 14.05 7.48 7.57 5.702 0.152 s.d./r.i K Mg 6.10 1.40 5.84 2.06 5.47 1.21 8.71 3.41 4.67 2.13 3.94 1.76 r.n. 0.701. 0.191 0.379 n.s./r.n. s.d./r.i Ca 4.71 6.71 5.48 7.86 3.76 4.45 1.230 3.023 s.d./r.i Na 0.50 0.53 0.46 0.96 0.33 0.61 r.n. 0.070 n.s./r.n. Fe 109.84 137.16 104.40 186.58 118.62 46.17 r.n. 72.280 s.d./r.i Mn 30.97 37.37 55.61 63.75 22.44 48.95 22.646 55.590 s.d./r.i Zn Cu Cd Ni 60.29 4.09 0.37 2.48 52.04 6.17 0.57 4.39 68.04 4.90 0.49 3.61 36.82 7.17 0.64 2.03 89.35 5.35 0.26 2.49 54.20 7.92 0.19 5.59 15.033 r.n. r.n. r.n. 49.991 2.280 0.262 3.620 s.d./r.i n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. LSD 0,05 LEAST SIGNIFIC ANT D IFFERENC E, n.s. NON- SIGNIFIC ANT D IFFERENC E, s.d. SIGNIFIC ANT D IFFERENC ES SOURC E: OWN C ALC ULATIONS NIR0,05 najmni ejsza i stotna ró¿ni ca, r.n. ró¿ni ce ni ei stotne, r.i . ró¿ni ce i stotne. ród³o: obli czeni a w³asne. LSD /NIR0,05 ORGAN (o) Organ (o) C ONC ENTRATION (d) Stê¿eni e (d) [%] 1.32 2.46 5.83 2.43 2.18 1.11 2.343 1.003 s.d./r.i Pb 0.73 1.05 0.80 0.74 0.59 1.25 r.n. 0.520 n.s./r.n. Co TAB LE 4. C ON TEN T OF MAC R OELEMEN TS, MIC R OELEMEN TS AN D TR AC E ELEMEN TS IN SA LI X VI M I N A LI S FOR R ESPEC TIVE ATON IC C ON C EN TR ATION S OF AN D PLAN T OR GAN S Tabela. 4. Zawartoæ makroelementów, mi krosk³adni ków i pi erwi astków ladowych w Sal i x vi m i nal i s dla poszczególnych stê¿eñ atoni ku i organów roli ny OB JEC T STU D IES MAC R OELEMEN TS MIC R OELEMEN TS TR AC E ELEMEN T Obi ekt badañ Makroelementy [g·kg-1s.m.] Mi kroelementy [mg·kg-1s.m.] Pi erwi astki ladowe [mg·kg-1s.m.] 52 Our results showed that bioaccumulation of all analysed chemical elements, i.e. macro- (P, Mg, Ca, K, and Na) and microelements (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and trace elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co), was significantly affected by the type of basket willow Bjor clon organ. This corroborates the findings of Fircks at al. [2001] who report that the accumulation ability of the Salix sp. genus depends mainly on the type of plant organ. The results in Table 4 show the willow leaves to accumulate most abundantly macroelements, iron and manganese (microelements) and lead (trace elements). As far as the roots are concerned, copper, nickel and cobalt were found to be most abundant in them, whereas zinc prevailed in the bark [phloem]. Also a significant effect of Atonic plant growth regulator on the concentration of 6 chemical elements (P, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn and Pb), out of 13 ones analysed, was shown (Tab. 4). A significant effect of the interaction between Atonic concentrations and Bjor clone organs on the bioaccumulation of some chemical elements was also found (Fig. 2 and 3). The Atonic solution in a concentration of 0.1% significantly affected an increase of phosphorus, calcium and lead contents in willow leaves as well as of magnesium content in its bark [phloem]. On the other hand, a two-fold higher concentration of that plant growth regulator had a positive and significant effect on manganese bioaccumulation in willow leaves and a negative and significant one on that of iron and zinc in the same organs. In case 53 /6' IRU,[,, QV 1,5GOD,[,, UQ mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. /6'IRU,[,, 1,5 GOD,[,, mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. =Q 0Q )H /6'IRU,[,, /6' IRU,[,, 1,5GOD,[,, 1,5GOD,[,, &G mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. &X /6' IRU,[,, QV 1,5 GOD,[,, UQ 3E &R mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. mg .kg-1 D.M./s.m. ATONIC CONCENTRATION/Stê¿enie Atoniku [%] /6'IRU,[,, QV 1,5GOD,[,, UQ 1L /6'IRU,[,, /6'IRU,[,, QV 1,5GOD,[,, 1,5GOD,[,, UQ LEGEND/Legenda LEAVES/Licie ROOT/Korzeñ BARK/Kora FIGURE 3. CONTENT OF MICROELEMENTS (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) AND TRACE ELEMENTS (Cd, Co, Pb, Ni) IN BASKET WILLOW CLONE BJOR ORGANS ACCORDING TO ATONIC CONCENTRATION [mg . kg-1 F.W.] SOURCE: OWN STUDY. Rysunek 3. Zawartoæ mikroelementów (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) i pierwiastków ladowych (Cd, Co, Pb, Ni) w ró¿nych organach wierzby wiciowej klonu Bjor w zale¿noci od zastosowania trzech stê¿eñ stymulatora wzrostu Atonik [mg . kg-1 s.m.] ród³o: badania w³asne. 54 of other chemical elements, an increase in their contents was generally observed in particular plant organs after spraying the plants with 0.1% Atonic solution, this being however statistically non-significant (Tab. 4). Klang-Westin and Ericson [2003] and Micha³owski and Go³a [2001] showed a great ability of Salix viminalis to bioaccumulate both organogenous elements and heavy metals and the same its usefulness in sewage sludge utilisation. It is also a plant that is resistant to too large content of heavy metals in soil bed. CONCLUSIONS 1. The highest physiological activity of the basket willow Bjor clone, defined by significant increase of assimilation pigment content, relative water content and chemical element contents, was found after application of 0.1% Atonic solution in the treatment with sewage sludge. 2. Atonic plant growth regulator at the concentration of 0.1% can be used for improving phytoremediation abilities of the basket willow Bjor clone cultivated on a soil bed with excessive concentration of biogenic chemical elements and heavy metals. 3. The application of higher Atonic plant growth regulator concentrations than 0.1% for the Bjor clone did not have any significant effect on its physiological indicators. REFERENCES Aggelides S. M., Londra P. A. 2000: Effect of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresour Technol., 71, 253-259. 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Post. Nauk Roln., 481, 615-620. 56 INFLUENCE OF ETEPHON ON FLOWERING OF EASY POT FREESIA CULTIVATED IN SPRING-SUMMER SEASON Piotr ¯urawik Agricultural University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland INTRODUCTION Plant hormones affect intensely the growth and flowering of plants [Jankiewicz 1997]. Ethylene is one of them colourless gas of characteristic sweetish smell, occurring commonly in atmosphere in concentration 0.0003 µl . dm-3 [Yang 1980]. It is produced by all the plant tissues, fungi and bacteria [Jankiewicz 1997]. It is also a component of smoke emerging during burning of wood and fresh straw [Uyemura, Imanishi 1983]. One can affect plants with a gas form of this compound in hermetic chambers or use etephon (C2H6ClO3P); in crystalline form of grey-white substance dissolved in water, which after infiltrating into the tissue breaks up, releasing ethylene [Reid 1992]. The influence of ethylene depends on many factors: species, cultivar, phase of plant development [Moe 1980], concentration and length of treating, temperature during plant treating and facilities during growth of plants after treating [Kawa-Miszczak et al. 1997, Startek, ¯urawik 2004]. In experiments conducted by Japanese, Chinese and Korean authors it was found that in freesia cultivation ethylene used in the gas form as a compound of smoke affects interruptions or shortening of a period of corms dermancy [Uyemura, Imanishi 1983, Shi et al. 1997, Lee et al. 1998]. However, used in a form of etephon to corms soaking before planting considerably delays growth and development of freesia cultivated for cut flower [Mynett et al. 2001] or as a pot plant [Startek, ¯urawik 2004]. Etephon also intensely decreases height of plants and stimulates growth of lateral buds, what increases number of shoots growing from corm. Leaves are more covered with wax coating and are characterized by wider and fatter leaf blades [Startek, ¯urawik 2005]. This compound affects also yield of offspring corms. It increases coefficient of corms number increase and it decreases coefficient of corms weight increase [¯urawik, Startek 2007]. Ethylene affects decrease of quality of obtained flowers of freesia cultivated for cut flower [Imanishi, Berghoef 1986]. There is no information about influence of etephon on decorative value of pot plants. That is why it was found proper to examine the effect of etephon on flowering of Easy Pot Freesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiments were conducted in unheated foil tunnel in the years 2001-2002. The offspring corms of circumference +3 (above 3 cm) were the plant material. Three cultivars of Easy Pot Freesia: `Gompey`, `Popey` and `Suzy`, suitable for pot cultivation without using of growth retardants, were examined. Before storing and planting corms of 57 freesia were treated for 30 minutes with wet mixture of plant protection preparations: suspension Kaptan 50 WP in concentration 1.5%, Benlate 50 WP in concentration 0.4% and Actellic 500 EC in concentration 0.1%. The corms were exposed to preparation for 15 weeks in a room of temperature 28-30oC and relative moisture 80-85%. In a moment when the corms had properly formed and swelled apical buds and perceptible root boots they were treated with growth regulator. In conducted experiments corms were treated with etephon (source of ethylene); using two preparations: Flordimex 420 SL (in the year 2000) and Ethrel 480 SL (in the year 2001). There were five concentrations of etephon used: 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg . dm-3. The control corms were soaked in water. Prepared solutions were poured into containers and the corms were entirely sunk in them. Then the containers were hermetically closed and put into a room without light, of temperature 28-30oC. The corms were soaked for 24 hours. Damp corms were planted to 14-cm pots, 2-3 cm below medium level and below a top pot edge. As a medium sphagnum peat of pH 3.8, adjusted to pH 6.2 with 5 g . dm-3 chalk and 5 g . dm-3 dolomite, was used. Fertilizer of slow activity Osmocote Plus in dose 5 g . dm-3 was used to supplement deficiency of nutritive components. Pots with planted corms were put on the tables in the foil tunnel. There was no cooling of medium during cultivation and temperature depended on the weather and ranged from 10 to 280C in spring and from 18 to 350C in summer. The experiments were conducted in total randomization. There were 18 experimental objects made of: cultivars (3) x concentration of etephon (6). Each object consisted of 20 corms, which were divided into 4 replications 5 corms in the pot. During flowering of freesia length of first inflorescence shoot, length of inflorescence, number of flowers in inflorescence and diameter of first flower in inflorescence were examined. Measurements were conducted in a moment when the first flower in inflorescence was developed. Results were statistically verified by analysis of variance and evaluated by multiple Tukey`s test at the significance level a = 0.05. RESULTS The length of first inflorescence shoot in the year 2001 depended significantly on cultivar and concentrations of etephon used to corms soaking (Tab. 1). Freesias `Gompey` formed the longest shoots, `Suzy` shorter shoots and `Popey` the shortest shoots. Freesias cultivated from corms soaked in water and in etephon in concentration 125 mg . dm-3 gave the longest first inflorescence shoots. Increase of concentration of growth regulator decreased the length of first inflorescence shoots. Influence of concentrations 500 and 1000 mg . dm-3 on that trait was the strongest and shoots in those objects were the shortest. Each cultivar reacted differently to used concentrations of etephon. Freesias `Popey` formed the longest shoots in the control object, however the shortest when its corms were treated with regulator in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3. Freesias `Suzy` and `Popey` gave the longest shoots when their corms were soaked in water before planting, and the shortest, when etephon in concentrations 500 and 1000 mg . dm3 was used. Freesias `Gompey` gave the longest shoots when regulator in concentration 125 mg . dm-3 was used and the shortest in concentrations 500 and 1000 mg . dm-3. In 58 the experiments conducted in the year 2002, similarly to the year 2001, both examined in the experiments factors: cultivar and concentration of etephon affected significantly the length of first inflorescence shoot (Tab. 1). In the year 2002, similarly to the previous year, freesias `Gompey` were characterized by the longest inflorescence shoots and freesias `Popey` by the shortest inflorescence shoots. The control plants formed significantly longer first inflorescence shoots than plants from corms soaked in etephon in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3. It was proved that cultivars reacted differently to used etephon. Freesias `Suzy` formed significantly longer inflorescence shoots in the control object, only in comparison with the object where corms were treated before planting with regulator in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3. The control freesias `Gompey` formed significantly longer shoots than freesias cultivated from corms soaked in etephon in concentrations 125 and 1000 mg . dm-3. There was no significant influence of growth regulator on the length of first inflorescence shoots of freesias `Popey`. TAB LE 1. LEN GTH OF FIR ST IN FLOR ESC EN C E SH OOT [C M] OF EASY POT FR EESIA D EPEN D IN G ON C U LTIVAR AN D C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON Tabela 1. D ³ugoæ pêdu kwi atostanowego I rzêdu [cm] u frezji z grupy Easy Pot w zale¿noci od odmi any i stê¿eni a etefonu MEAN YEAR C U LTIVAR C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON (R ) redni a (O) Rok Odmi ana (O) Stê¿eni e etefonu [mg·dm-3] 0 1 25 250 500 1 000 2000 2001 n.i .s. n.i .s. n.i .s. 6.5 8.8 10.9 11.3 9.0 6.7 5.1 n.i .s. O 1.08; R 1.63; R(O) 2.83; O(R) 2.42 8.7 P opey 6.5 7.6 8.0 7.7 7.2 n.i .s. Suzy 11.0 9.4 10.4 7.6 6.7 n.i .s. Gompey 15.2 9.8 11.4 11.9 8.8 n.i .s. MEAN redni a (R) 10.9 8.9 9.9 9.0 7.6 n.i .s. LSD /NIR a = 0.05 O 1.58; R 2.39; R(O 4.14; O(R) 3.54 n.i .s. NO INFLORESC ENC E SHOOTS SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. n.i .s brak pêdów kwi atostanowych ród³o: badani a w³asne. 7.4 9.0 11.4 2002 P opey Suzy Gompey MEAN redni a (R) LSD /NIR a = 0.05 9.4 12.1 13.2 11.6 7.0 11.2 15.7 6.6 8.7 11.7 5.7 6.3 8.3 3.9 6.0 5.5 9.3 It was found that both cultivar and concentration of etephon influenced the length of first inflorescence shoot of Easy Pot Freesia in the year 2001 (Tab. 2). Freesias `Popey` formed 30.2% longer inflorescences than `Suzy` and 35.5% longer inflorescences than `Gompey`. In the first year of experiments the control plants and plants obtained from corms soaked in etephon in the lowest concentration 125 mg . dm-3 gave the longest inflorescences however, those plants whose corms were treated before planting with etephon in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3 gave the shortest inflorescences. Significant interaction between cultivars and concentration of etephon was proved. Freesias `Popey` formed the longest inflorescences, when the corms before planting were soaked in the preparation in concentration 125 mg . dm-3 however, the shortest inflorescences were obtained, when the corms were treated with concentration 1000 mg . dm-3. Increasing concentration of etephon shortened inflorescences of freesias `Suzy`. Treating corms 59 TAB LE 2. LEN GTH OF FIR ST IN FLOR ESC EN C E [C M] OF EASY POT FR EESIA D EPEN D IN G ON C U LTIVAR AN D C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON Tabela 2. D ³ugoæ kwi atostanu I rzêdu [cm] u frezji z grupy Easy Pot w zale¿noci od odmi any i stê¿eni a etefonu YEAR C U LTIVAR C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON (R) MEAN Rok Odmi ana (O) Stê¿eni e etefonu [mg·dm-3] redni a (O) 0 1 25 250 500 1 000 2000 2001 2002 P opey Suzy Gompey MEAN redni a (R) LSD /NIR a = 0.05 7.35 5.90 4.55 5.93 P opey 5.83 Suzy 4.98 Gompey 5.10 MEAN redni a (R) 5.30 LSD /NIR a = 0.05 n.s. NO SIGNIFIC ANC E n.i .s. NO INFLORESC ENC E SHOOTS SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. r.n. ró¿ni ce ni ei stotne n.i s. brak pêdów kwi atostanowych ród³o: badani a w³asne. 8.18 4.68 4.60 6.40 4.30 3.85 6.13 4.30 3.85 4.93 3.88 4.03 n.i .s. n.i .s. n.i .s. 5.82 4.85 4.90 4.28 n.i .s. O 0.3708; R 0.560; R(O) 0.970; O(R) 0.828 6.53 4.20 4.10 6.15 4.40 4.05 6.25 4.4.0 3.73 4.45 4.58 3.58 6.60 4.61 4.26 5.16 n.i .s. n.i .s. n.i .s. 5.84 4.51 4.11 4.94 4.87 4.79 4.20 n.i .s. O 0.598; R 0.903; R x O (n.s./r.n.) 4.82 with that regulator did not significantly influence the length of inflorescences formed by freesias `Gompey` . In the following year of experiments both examined factors determined significantly the length of first inflorescences of examined cultivars of freesia (Tab. 2). Freesias `Popey` formed longer inflorescences, but differences in the length of inflorescences between that cultivar and cultivars `Suzy` and `Gompey` in current year were smaller than in the year 2001 and amounted to 22.8% and 29.6%, respectively. In the year 2002 only inflorescences of the control plants and obtained from corms treated before planting with etephon in concentration 1000 mg dm-3 differed significantly. There was no significant interaction between cultivars and concentration of etephon. In the year 2001 number of flowers in first inflorescence formed by evaluated cultivars of freesia depended significantly on cultivar traits and on used concentration of growth regulator (Tab. 3). Freesias `Popey` formed the most flowers in inflorescence: 17.3% more than `Gompey` and 21.8% more than `Suzy`. In all the objects, where corms were treated with etephon before planting, plants were characterized by smaller number of flowers in inflorescences than the control plants. The higher concentration of etephon was, the fewer flowers in inflorescences of evaluated cultivars were formed. Freesias cultivated from corms soaked in regulator in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3 gave the smallest number of flowers (on an average 24.0% less) in relation to control. There was no significant interaction between cultivars and concentration of etephon. Both factors used in the experiments: cultivars and concentration of etephon significantly affected the number of flowers in the first inflorescence of examined freesia cultivars in the next year of experiments, similarly to the year 2001 (Tab. 3). Freesias `Popey` gave more flowers in inflorescences, `Suzy` and `Gompey` gave fewer. Similarly to the year 60 TAB LE 3. N U MB ER OF FLOWER S IN FIR ST IN FLOR ESC EN C E OF EASY POT FR EESIA D EPEN D IN G ON C U LTIVAR AN D C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON Tabela 3. Li czba kwi atów w kwi atostani e I rzêdu u frezji z grupy Easy Pot w zale¿noci od odmi any i stê¿eni a etefonu YEAR Rok C U LTIVAR Odmi ana (O) 0 2001 2002 P opey Suzy Gompey MEAN redni a (R) LSD /NIRa = 0.05 P opey Suzy Gompey MEAN redni a (R) LSD /NIR a = 0.05 n.s. NO SIGNIFIC ANC E n.f. NO FLOWERS SOURC E: OWN STUD Y. r.n. ró¿ni ce ni ei stotne n.f. brak kwi atów. ród³o: bafdani a w³asne. 10.43 8.58 8.30 9.10 8.88 8.45 8.30 8.54 C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON (R) Stê¿eni e etefonu [mg·dm-3] 1 25 250 500 1 000 9.18 6.70 7.55 8.38 6.68 7.23 8.25 6.63 6.75 8.00 6.00 6.75 7.81 7.43 7.21 6.92 O 0.399; R 0.602; R x O (n.s./r.n.) 9.08 7.68 7.63 9.13 7.33 7.58 9.00 7.33 6.88 6.60 7.93 5.88 MEAN redni a (O) 2000 n.f. n.f. n.f. 8.85 6.92 7.32 n.f. 7.69 n.f. n.f. n.f. 8.54 7.74 7.25 n.f. 8.13 8.01 7.73 6.81 O 0.497; R 0.7500; R(O) 1.300; O(R) 1.110 7.84 2001, the control freesias formed the most flowers in inflorescences (8.54) however, those freesias which were obtained from corms treated with etephon in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3 formed the fewest flowers in inflorescences. In the experiment conducted in the year 2002 cultivars reacted differently to used concentrations of etephon. Freesias `Popey` formed significantly more flowers in first inflorescence in the control object and when its corms were soaked in regulator in concentrations 125, 250 and 500 mg . dm-3 in comparison with freesias obtained from corms soaked in solution in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3. `Gompey` reacted differently. Significant differences were found only between the control plants (8.30 flowers per spike) and those treated with regulator in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3 (5.88 flowers per spike). It was not proven that etephon using significantly affected number of flowers in inflorescence of freesias `Suzy`. In the experiment conducted in the year 2001 cultivar traits and used concentration of etephon significantly influenced diameter of flower in first inflorescence of Easy Pot Freesia (Tab. 4). Freesias `Gompey` were characterized by slightly larger flowers than freesias of other evaluated cultivars. Soaking corms before planting in etephon decreased diameter of obtained flowers. The control plants and plants cultivated from corms soaked in etephon in concentration 125 mg . dm-3 formed the greatest flowers however, freesias from corms treated with regulator in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3 formed the smallest flowers. In the following year of experiments, similarly to the year 2001, both factors of experiment influenced significantly diameter of flowers in the first inflorescence of evaluated cultivars (Tab. 4). Freesias `Gompey` and `Suzy` formed greater flowers than freesias `Popey` in the year 2002. In the year 2002 the plants cultivated in object where concentration of etephon was 500 mg . dm-3 gave greater flowers only in compa- 61 TAB LE 4. D IAMETER OF FIR ST FLOWER IN FIR ST IN FLOR ESC EN C E [C M] OF EASY POT FR EESIA D EPEN D IN G ON C U LTIVAR AN D C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON Tabela 4. redni ca pi erwszego kwi atu w kwi atostani e I rzêdu [cm] u frezji z grupy Easy Pot w zale¿noci od odmi any i stê¿eni a etefonu YEAR Rok C U LTIVAR Odmi ana (O) 0 2001 P opey Suzy Gompey MEAN redni a (R) LSD /NIR a = 0.05 2002 C ON C EN TR ATION OF ETEPH ON (R) Stê¿eni e etefonu [mg·dm-3] 1 25 250 500 1 000 4.78 4.89 5.15 4.93 P opey 4.18 Suzy 4.83 Gompey 5.20 MEAN redni a (R) 4.73 LSD /NIR a = 0.05 EXPLANATIONS AND SOURC E: SEE TAB. 3 Objasni eni a i ród³o: jak w tab. 3. 4.60 4.63 5.25 4.33 4.40 4.83 4.33 4.38 4.43 3.98 4.33 4.08 4.83 4.52 4.38 4.13 O 0.200; R 0.302; R x O (n.s./r.n.) 4.30 4.28 4.68 3.95 4.53 4.80 4.60 4.90 5.33 4.23 4.88 4.60 4.42 4.43 4.94 4.57 O 0.291; R 0.440; R x O (n.s./r.n.) MEAN redni a (O) 2000 n.f n.f. n.f. 4.40 4.52 4.75 n.f. 4.56 n.f n.f. n.f. 4.25 4.68 4.92 n.f. 4.62 rison with freesias whose corms were treated with etephon in concentrations 125 and 250 mg . dm-3. In both years of experiments there was no significant interaction between cultivars and concentrations of etephon. DISCUSSION Results obtained in own experiments are conformable with results of Berghoef et al. [1986] that ethylene, besides its influence on term of flowering, affects also decorative value of freesia. In experiments conducted by Startek and ¯urawik [2005] with Easy Pot Freesia cultivated in summer-autumn season ethylene used in higher temperatures during growth and in concentrations 1000 and 2000 mg . dm-3 strongly delayed and reduced flowering of plants. During freesia cultivation in spring-summer season, at lower temperatures, plants did not burst into blossom as a result of ethylene used in concentration 2000 mg . dm-3. According to Imanishi and Fortainier [1983] and Startek and ¯urawik [2005] treating corms with ethylene gives more shoots growing from corm, but decreases quality of flowers obtained from those corms. In own experiments the growth regulator decreased the decorative value of plants. The strongest negative influence was found when before planting corms were soaked in etephon in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3. The plants obtained from corms treated with that concentration, in comparison with the control plants, were characterized by 21-28% shorter inflorescences, formed 21-24% less flowers in inflorescence and were characterized by 4-17% smaller diameter of flowers. In own experiments etephon intensely decreased the length of obtained inflorescence shoots. Jankiewicz [1997] is of the opinion that inhibition of shoot top growth can be a result of DNA synthesis and cell divisions inhibition, in consequence of etephon using. Treating corms with etephon in lowest concentration 125 and 500 mg . dm-3 affects slightly 62 deteriorating of decorative value of freesia. Although obtained inflorescences are stocky, compact and do not need to be supported during flowering. The influence of ethylene on plants is a very complicated process, dependent on many cultivation factors and requiring further experiments. CONCLUSIONS 1. Soaking of prepared corms in etephon decreases the decorative value of freesias. The plants obtained in this way are characterized by shorter spikes, smaller number of flowers and smaller diameter of flowers. 2. Under the influence of etephon inflorescences are stocky, compact, they do not need to be supported during flowering and do not break during transport. 3. Among all the used concentrations of etephon 1000 and 2000 mg . dm-3 had the strongest influence on Easy Pot Freesia. Plants obtained from corms treated with etephon in concentration 1000 mg . dm-3 are characterized by the shortest inflorescences and the smallest number and diameter of flowers. However, freesias from corms treated with etephon in concentration 2000 mg . dm-3 do not burst into bloom during six months of cultivation. REFERENCES Berghoef J., Zevenbergen A.P., Imanishi H. 1986: The effect of temperature and ethylene on dormancy of Freesia corms. Acta Hort., 177(2), 631-635. Imanishi H., Berghoef J. 1986: Some factors affecting dormancy-breaking by ethylene in freesia corms. Acta Hort., 177(2), 637-640. Imanishi H., Fortainier E.J. 1983: Effects of exposing freesia corms to ethylene or to smoke on dormancybreaking and flowering. Sci. Hort., 18, 381-389. Jankiewicz L.S. 1997: Regulatory wzrostu i rozwoju rolin. W³aciwoci i dzia³anie. PWN, Warszawa, 124-143. Kawa-Miszczak L., Wêgrzynowicz-Lesiak E., Saniewski M. 1997: Pozytywny wp³yw etylenu na wzrost i rozwój ozdobnych rolin cebulowych i bulwiastych. Post. Nauk Roln., 1, 49-61. Moe R. 1980: The use of etephon for control of plant height in daffodils and tulips. Acta Hort., 109: 197-204. Lee J.J., Jeong J.S., Kim J.C. 1998: Effects of high-temperature storage and ethylene on breaking dormancy of freesia corms. J. Korean Soc. Hortic. Sci., 39 (6): 789-93. Mynett K., Startek L., ¯urawik P., P³oszaj B. 2001: Wp³yw Gibrescolu i Flordimexu na wschody i wzrost frezji ogrodowej. Rocz. AR Pozn. CCCXXXII. Ogrodn. 33, 103-110. Reid M.S. 1992: Postharvest handling systems: ornamental crops. University of California, 201-203. Shi Y.M., Tao Y.W., Qin W.Y., Fei X.N. 1997: Effects of chiling and plant growth regulators of freesia flowering. Acta Hort. Sinica, 24 (2): 185-188. Startek L., ¯urawik P. 2004: Wp³yw niektórych regulatorów wzrostu na przebieg i d³ugoæ faz rozwojowych frezji z grupy Easy Pot. Czêæ II. Etefon. Fol. Univ. Agric. Stetin. Agricultura, 236, 201-206. Startek L., ¯urawik P. 2005: Effect of etephon on easy pot freesia. Acta Hortic., 673, 617-623. Uemura S., Imanishi H. 1983: Effects of gaseous compounds in smoke on dormancy release in freesia corms. Sci. Hort., 20, 91-99. Yang S. F. 1980: Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Hort. Sci., 15, 238243. ¯urawik P., Startek L. 2007: Wielkoæ i jakoæ plonu bulw potomnych frezji z grupy Easy Pot w zale¿noci od stê¿enia etefonu. Rocz. AR Pozn. CCCLXXXIII, Ogrodn. 41, 253-257. 63 WP£YW BIOPREPARATÓW NA ROZWÓJ POCZ¥TKOWY WYBRANYCH GATUNKÓW TRAW STOSOWANYCH PRZY REKULTYWACJI SK£ADOWISK ODPADÓW KOMUNALNYCH Daria G¹bka, Karol Wolski STRESZCZENIE Biopreparaty dzia³aj¹ na system korzeniowy, zwiêkszaj¹c zdolnoæ przyswajania substancji od¿ywczych z pod³o¿a. Zawieraj¹ ró¿ne substancje i mikroorganizmy, dziêki którym uodparniaj¹ rolinê na szkodliwe czynniki rodowiskowe. W przeprowadzonych badaniach okrelono wp³yw biopreparatów na poszczególne gatunki traw, zastosowane w rekultywacji skarp sk³adowiska odpadów komunalnych Swojczyce we Wroc³awiu. Ca³oæ obiektu badawczego podzielono na dwa dowiadczenia, które ró¿ni¹ siê norm¹ wysiewu (1 lub 2 ziarniaki/cm2). Dowiadczenia za³o¿ono wg metody pasów prostopad³ych, z dwoma czynnikami: (1) poszczególne gatunki i odmiany traw, (2) zastosowanie biopreparatów vs obiekt kontrolny nietraktowany. Oceniaj¹c skutecznoæ biopreparatów, poddano analizie wschody traw (szt./m2) po 4, 6 oraz 8 tygodniach na badanych obiektach (z biopreparatem vs. obiekt kontrolny) dla 2 norm wysiewu. Najwyraniejsze efekty dzia³ania biopreparatu wyst¹pi³y po 6 tygodniach od wysiewu. Biopreparaty uaktywniaj¹ siê w glebie po ok. 4 tygodniach. W dowiadczeniu z 2 ziarniakami na jednostce powierzchni (cm2) stwierdzono dzia³anie biopreparatu po 4 tygodniach. Wród zastosowanych odmian traw na pod³o¿u z biopreparatem najlepiej rozwija³y siê: Lolium perenne `Inka`, Festuca arundinacea `Asterix`, Lolium perenne `Pinia`, Poa pratensis `Alicja`, Festuca rubra `Adio`, Festuca ovina `Noni`. Zwiêkszenie normy wysiewu przy jednoczesnym zastosowaniu biopreparatu, spowodowa³o zahamowanie wzrostu niektórych gatunków traw i ich odmian. Zastosowane biopreparaty przyczyniaj¹ siê do lepszego wzrostu i rozwoju traw. Kszta³tuj¹ lepsze warunki rozwoju, umo¿liwiaj¹ wzrost nawet w trudnych warunkach rodowiskowych. Dzia³anie biopreparatu zale¿y zarówno od gatunku i odmiany traw, jak i od normy wysiewu i od przebiegu pogody. ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI: mgr in¿. Daria G¹bka, dr hab. Karol Wolski, prof. nadzw. Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wroc³awiu Katedra £¹karstwa i Kszta³towania Terenów Zieleni Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a 50-363 Wroc³aw tel. (0 71) 320 16 47 e-mail: [email protected] 64 WP£YW BIOSTYMULATORA ASAHI SL NA ROLINY SZAR£ATU (AMARANTHUS SPP.) OZDOBNEGO EKSPONOWANE NA ZASOLENIE W POD£O¯U Mariola Wrochna, Barbara £ata, Bo¿enna Borkowska, Helena Gawroñska STRESZCZENIE W pracy badano wp³yw ochronnego dzia³ania biostymulatora Asahi SL na wzrost i wybrane procesy fizjologiczno-biochemiczne rolin 3-ch odmian szar³atu ozdobnego: A. paniculatus L. `Copper Moutain` i `Monarch` oraz A. caudatus L. `Pony Tail` rosn¹cych w obecnoci soli do odladzania ulic. Stwierdzono, ¿e obecnoæ soli w pod³o¿u z regu³y obni¿a³a zarówno wie¿¹, jak i such¹ masê rolin, sprawnoæ aparatu fotosyntetycznego, RWC oraz integralnoæ b³on. Zwiêksza³ siê natomiast poziom anionorodnika ponadtlenkowego i zmienia³a siê aktywnoæ badanych enzymów. Zastosowanie biostymulatora Asahi SL powodowa³o bardzo czêsto zmniejszenie negatywnych skutków zasolenia, przez zwiêkszenie akumulacji biomasy oraz zmiany w akumulacji badanych jonów. Traktowanie biostymulatorem powodowa³o tak¿e podwy¿szenie sprawnoci aparatu fotosyntetycznego przez zwiêkszenie zawartoci chlorofilu oraz wy¿sze (Fv/Fo), (Fo/Fm) i qP, a aktywnoæ enzymów systemu antyoksydacyjnego zwiêksza³a siê w wiêkszym stopniu ni¿ poziom anionorodnika ponadtlenkowego. Reakcja rolin na Asahi SL by³a jednak zró¿nicowana i zale¿a³a od stê¿enia soli, czasu trwania stresu, badanego parametru, ale przede wszystkim od odmiany. Najlepiej na oprysk Asahi SL zareagowa³y roliny odm. `Monarch`, a najs³abiej odm. `Copper Moutain`. ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI: Dr Mariola Wrochna, dr Barbara £ata, dr hab., prof. SGGW Helena Gawroñska Szko³a G³ówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie Wydzia³ Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Zak³ad Przyrodniczych Podstaw Ogrodnictwa ul. Nowoursynowska 159 tel. 0 22 593 20 88, 593 20 89, 593 20 94, e-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr hab. Bo¿enna Borkowska Instytut Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach Zak³ad Uprawy Rolin Szklarniowych ul. Pomologiczna 18 96-100 Skierniewice tel. (046) 834 52 82 e-mail: [email protected] 65 WP£YW BIOSTYMULATORÓW (ASAHI SL I SIAPTON) NA WZROST BERGENIA CORDIFOLIA ((HAW.) STERNB.) `ROTBLUM` ORAZ HOSTA SP. (TRATT.) `SUM AND SUBSTANCE` I `MINUTEMAN` Justyna Krajewska, Monika J. Latkowska STRESZCZENIE Badano wp³yw biostymulatorów na wzrost rolin Bergenia cordifolia `Rotblum` oraz dwóch odmian Hosta sp. (`Sum and Substance` i `Minuteman`). Roliny opryskiwano 4. lub 8. krotnie roztworami wodnymi Siapton (0,2%) i Asahi SL (0,1%), stosowanymi oddzielnie lub naprzemiennie, co 1 lub 2 tygodnie. Zastosowanie Asahi SL (4- i 8-krotnie) zwiêkszy³o zawartoæ chlorofilu a + b w liciach Hosta `Sum and Substance`, a tak¿e u Bergenia cordifolia (8-krotne zastosowanie). Siapton zwiêkszy³ zawartoc bia³ka w liciach obu odmian funkii (opryskiwanych 4 i 8 razy) oraz bergenii (przy 8. krotnym zastosowaniu). Wp³yw biostymulatorów na wzrost rolin zale¿a³ od liczby zabiegów, gatunku i odmiany roliny. W pierwszym roku uprawy zastosowanie Siaptonu zwiêkszy³o d³ugoæ i szerokoæ blaszek liciowych oraz wie¿¹ masê korzeni Hosta `Sum and Substance`. Roliny Bergenia cordifolia opryskiwane 8 razy Siaptonem mia³y wiêksze licie i wiêcej korzeni ni¿ roliny z kombinacji kontrolnej. U Hosta `Minuteman` zwiêkszon¹ liczbê lici odnotowano u rolin opryskiwanych 4 razy preparatem Asahi lub Siapton. Biostymulatory zwiêkszy³y wie¿¹ masê i wielkoæ lici oraz wie¿¹ masê korzeni, zarówno u rolin zimuj¹cych w szklarni, jak i na zewn¹trz. ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI: dr Monika Latkowska Szko³a G³ówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie Wydzia³ Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu Katedra Rolin Ozdobnych ul. Nowoursynowska 159 02-776 Warszawa tel (0 22) 593 22 68 e-mail: [email protected] 66 WP£YW ASAHI SL NA POCZ¥TKOWY ROZWÓJ SADZONEK WIERZBY (SALIX) PRZY ZRÓ¯NICOWANEJ WILGOTNOCI GLEBY Gra¿yna Harasimowicz-Hermann, Krzysztof Czy¿ STRESZCZENIE Celem badañ by³o okrelenie przydatnoci wybranych stymulatorów do inicjacji korzeni oraz rozwoju sadzonek wierzby przy ró¿nej wilgotnoci gleby. Hipoteza badawcza zak³ada³a, ¿e zarówno klon wierzby, jak i wilgotnoæ pod³o¿a mo¿e wp³ywaæ na efektywnoæ ukorzeniaczy. Dla weryfikacji hipotezy wykonano badania w oparciu o dowiadczenie wazonowe, trójczynnikowe w trzech powtórzeniach. Istotnoæ ró¿nic dla badanych parametrów by³a ocenia przy u¿yciu testu Tukeya. Czynnikami dowiadczenia by³y: stymulatory ukorzeniania i wzrostu rolin a) Asahi SL, b) Korzonek D DS, c) 0 bez stymulatora, klony wierzby (I) Salix alba i II) Salix viminalis, wilgotnoæ gleby 1) 75-25% p. p. w. (nw) i 2) 75-60% p. p. w. (ww). Substancj¹ czynn¹ ukorzeniacza Korzonek D DS jest auksyna. Preparat dodatkowo zawiera fungicyd Kaptan. Biostymulator Asahi SL nie zawiera hormonów rolinnych, a mechanizm jego dzia³ania polega miêdzy innymi na tym, ¿e stymuluje syntezê naturalnych hormonów. Proces ukorzeniania sadzonek prowadzono przez 12 tygodni. Na obiektach 1 i 2 przez okres 3 tygodni od posadzenia utrzymywano wilgotnoæ gleby na jednakowym poziomie 75% p. p. w, a przez kolejne 9 tygodni by³a ona zró¿nicowana. Na obiekcie 1 stworzono warunki niedostatecznego uwilgotnienia w ten sposób, ¿e nie podlewano wazonów, a ubytek wody z gleby systematycznie postêpowa³ i na zakoñczenie cyklu badawczego jej wilgotnoæ wynosi³a 25% p. p. w.; na obiekcie 2 utrzymywano uwilgotnienie optymalne na poziomie 60% p. p. w. Stymulatory zastosowane w badaniach w³asnych do ukorzenianiu wierzby ró¿nicowa³y masê korzeni wytwarzan¹ przez sadzonki, ale ró¿nice nie by³y udowodnione statystycznie. Sadzonki wierzby, obu badanych klonów, poddane przed sadzeniem dzia³aniu Asahi SL, wytwarza³y regularnie wiêksz¹ masê korzeni i pêdów nadziemnych ni¿ te, na które stosowano standardowy ukorzeniacz Korzonek D DS. W warunkach posusznych sadzonki Salix viminalis uprawiane bez stymulatorów nie wytworzy³y ¿adnych korzeni, co spowodowa³o ubytki rolin. Badane klony niezale¿nie od u¿ytego stymulatora ukorzeniania w warunkach posusznych wytwarza³y mniejsz¹ masê korzeni i pêdów nadziemnych ni¿ w warunkach jej optymalnego uwilgotnienia. Sadzonki Salix alba klon 1100 w warunkach niedoboru wody wytwarza³y dwukrotnie bujniejszy system korzeniowy ni¿ roliny klonu 1057, nale¿¹cego do Salix viminalis, podczas gdy przy optymalnej wilgotnoci ró¿nice w masie korzeniowej tych klonów by³y nieznaczne. ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI: dr hab. in¿. Gra¿yna Harasimowicz-Hermann Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszczy Katedra Szczegó³owej Uprawy Rolin ul. Kordeckiego 20, 85-225 Bydgoszcz tel. (0 52) 374 94 07 e-mail: [email protected] 67 WP£YW STYMULATORA WZROSTU ATONIK NA WSKANIKI FIZJOLOGICZNE WIERZBY WICIOWEJ (SALIX VIMINALIS L. ) UPRAWIANEJ NA POD£O¯U ANTROPOGENICZNYM Jacek Wróbel, Anna Woniak STRESZCZENIE Oceniano wp³yw dwóch stê¿eñ regulatora wzrostu Atonik (0,1 i 0,2%) na wybrane parametry fizjologiczne, tj. zawartoæ barwników asymilacyjnych, wzglêdn¹ zawartoæ wody [RWC] oraz sk³ad pierwiastkowy wierzby wiciowej klonu Bjor, uprawianej na pod³o¿u pochodzenia antropogenicznego refulacie piaszczystym, i dodatkowo wzbogaconym osadem ciekowym. Zastosowanie Atoniku w stê¿eniu 0,1% w warunkach nawo¿enia refulatu osadem ciekowym, wp³ynê³o korzystniej na zwiêkszenie aktywnoci fizjologicznej klonu Bjor ni¿ pozosta³e kombinacje dowiadczenia. Oceniono to na podstawie znacz¹cego wzrostu zawartoci barwników asymilacyjnych, wzglêdnej zawartoci wody [RWC] w liciach, a tak¿e zwiêkszonej zdolnoci do bioakumulacji pierwiastków w organach Salix viminalis klonu Bjor. Wykazano przydatnoæ tego preparatu, w odpowiednio niskim stê¿eniu, w uprawie wierzby wiciowej klonu Bjor w niekorzystnych warunkach siedliskowych. ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI: dr hab. Jacek Wróbel, mgr in¿. Anna Woniak Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie Katedra Fizjologii Rolin 71-434 Szczecin ul. S³owackiego 17 tel. (0 91) 425 03 17 e-mail: [email protected] 68 WP£YW ETEFONU NA KWITNIENIE FREZJI Z GRUPY POT UPRAWIANEJ W SEZONIE WIOSENNO-LETNIM Piotr ¯urawik STRESZCZENIE Badania nad wp³ywem etefonu na kwitnienie trzech odmian frezji z grupy Easy Pot (`Gompey`, `Popey` i `Suzy`), przeprowadzono w latach 2001-2002. Roliny uprawiano w tunelu foliowym w terminie wiosenno-letnim, bez ch³odzenia pod³o¿a. Jako ród³o etefonu stosowano preparaty o nazwach handlowych Flordimex 420 SL i Ethrel 480 SL. Przed posadzeniem, przez 24 godziny, wypreparowane bulwy moczono w roztworach regulatora, utrzymuj¹c w pomieszczeniu temperaturê powietrza na poziomie 2830°C i ca³kowicie ograniczaj¹c dostêp wiat³a. Stosowano piêæ stê¿eñ etefonu: 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg·dm-3. Bulwy kontrolne moczono w wodzie wodoci¹gowej. W trakcie kwitnienia ocenie poddano niektóre cechy generatywne, tj.: d³ugoæ pêdu kwiatostanowego I rzêdu, d³ugoæ kwiatostanu, liczbê kwiatów w kwiatostanie oraz rednicê pierwszego kwiatu w kwiatostanie. Pomiary wykonywano w momencie rozwiniêcia siê pierwszego kwiatu w kwiatostanie. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, ¿e w obu latach badañ o wartoci dekoracyjnej frezji z grupy Easy Pot decydowa³y zarówno cechy odmianowe, jak i traktowanie bulw etefonem, w stê¿eniach od 125 do 2000 mg·dm-3. Sporód zastosowanych stê¿eñ, najsilniej na roliny oddzia³ywa³y dwa najwiêksze, tj. 1000 i 2000 mg·dm-3. Frezje wszystkich ocenianych odmian, uprawiane z bulw, które moczono w roztworze regulatora o stê¿eniu 2000 mg·dm-3, nie zakwit³y w trakcie trwania dowiadczeñ. Natomiast roliny uzyskane w obiektach, gdzie stosowano stê¿enie 1000 mg·dm-3, charakteryzowa³y siê w porównaniu do rolin kontrolnych o 31-56% krótszymi pêdami kwiatostanowymi I rzêdu, o 21-28% krótszymi kwiatostanami, wykszta³ci³y o 21-24% mniej kwiatów w kwiatostanie oraz odznacza³y siê o 4-17% mniejsz¹ rednic¹ kwiatów. W przeprowadzonych badaniach oddzia³ywanie etefonu by³o silniejsze wówczas, gdy temperatura panuj¹ca podczas uprawy by³a ni¿sza, a masa bulw wiêksza. Sporód ocenianych stê¿eñ, najbardziej korzystne okaza³y siê 125 i 250 mg·dm-3, bowiem uzyskane kwiatostany by³y krêpe, zwarte i nie wymaga³y podpierania w trakcie kwitnienia. Natomiast stosowanie stê¿eñ 1000 i 2000 mg·dm-3 wywar³o niekorzystny wp³yw na rozwój generatywny ocenianych odmian frezji, które k³osi³y siê póno lub wcale, a wykszta³cone kwiatostany mia³y ma³¹ wartoæ dekoracyjn¹. ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI: dr in¿. Piotr ¯urawik Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie Katedra Rolin Ozdobnych ul. Janosika 8 71-424 Szczecin tel. (0 91) 422 08 51 wew. 354, 357 e-mail: [email protected]
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