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JADWIGA ŚRODULSKA – WIELGUS
DR INŻ. ARCH.
INSTYTUT ARCHITEKTURY KRAJOBRAZU
WYDZIAŁ ARCHITEKTURY
POLITECHNIKA KRAKÓWSKA im. T.KOŚCIUSZKI
1.
Name and surname:
Jadwiga Środulska – Wielgus
2.
Diplomas, scientific/artistic degrees – with names, places and years in which they were
received and a title of the PhD dissertation.
2.1. November 1995 - master thesis defence Tourist development of Fortified Area VIII of
Kraków Fortress (Zagospodarowanie turystyczne VIII Obszaru Warownego Twierdzy Kraków),
supervisor:
prof. dr. hab. inż. arch. J. Bogdanowski, 1995 J. Zachwatowicz Award for diploma thesis
2.2. 2002 - graduated from Pedagogical School for Academic Assistants at the Centre of
Pedagogics and Psychology of Kraków University of Technology;
2.3. June 2002 - degree of PhD in technical sciences, doctoral dissertation entitled: “Role
and importance of fortification masking in shaping of park landscape on the example of Kraków”
(“Rola i znaczenie maskowań fortyfikacyjnych w tworzeniu krajobrazu parkowego na
przykładzie Krakowa”);
supervisor: prof. Assoc. Arch. Maria Łuczyńska-Bruzdowa,
Reviewers:
prof. zw. dr. hab. arch Janusz Bogdanowski, University of Technology,
prof. zw. dr hab. arch. Andrew Gruszecki, Warszawa University of Technology
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2.4. 2002 – distinction Award of the Minister of Infrastructure in the competition for the best
diploma, doctoral, habilitation work in the field of architecture, construction, urban planning,
spatial planning, housing and municipal economy and geodesy and cartography for a doctoral
dissertation “Role and importance of fortification masking in shaping of park landscape on the
example of Kraków” (“Rola i znaczenie maskowań fortyfikacyjnych w tworzeniu krajobrazu
parkowego na przykładzie Krakówa”), supervisor: prof. dr hab. inż. arch. Maria ŁuczyńskaBruzda
2.5. 2003 - distinction Awards of the General Conservator and the Association of
Monument Conservators in the competition for the best study, research and popularization
work for doctoral thesis “Role and importance of fortification masking in shaping of park
landscape on the example of Kraków”, supervisor: prof dr hab. inż. arch. Maria ŁuczyńskaBruzda
2.6. 2003 - Individual Award of II degree of Rector of Kraków University of Technology for
doctoral thesis “Role and importance of fortification masking in shaping of park landscape on
the example of Kraków”, supervisor: prof dr hab. inż. arch. Maria Łuczyńska- Bruzda
2.7. 2003 - prize of the General Conservator and the Association of Conservators of
Monuments for the technical design of the exterior restoration of the bastion III 'Kleparz "the
former Krakow Fortress, 2001/2002. hearts. sciences. Łuczyńska - Bruzda M., K. Wielgus
(management works), Środulska-Wielgus J., J. Piekło, and Pauli Z., Lisek.,.The project was
implemented.
3.
Information concerning employment
3.1. Research units:
3.1.1. Kraków University of Technology
-1986 - Present member of the Faculty of Architecture of the Kraków University of
Technology, until 2002 as an assistant,
- Since 2002 as a lecturer;
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3.1.2. Kraków Agricultural University
- 2005-2006 at the Faculty of Horticulture as an assistant, since 2006 for contract work
3.1.3. Bielska Szkoła Wyższa in Bielsko Biała
2010-2014 a full-time lecturer
4. Scientific and research achievements:
4.1. before obtaining a PhD degree in technical sciences:
I was born in 1961 in Kraków, in an educated family. In 1980, I graduated from King John III-rd
Sobieski 2nd High School in Kraków, and then started a 5-year Master’s degree in Architecture and
Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Kraków University of Technology. I received my Master's
degree at the Faculty of Architecture Kraków University of Technology, finalized during a period of
voluntary service, which was held at the Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Urban and
Spatial Planning WA PK under supervision of prof. dr hab. inż. arch. Janusz Bogdanowski. Volunteering
was the beginning of my interest in the landscape, in particular fortified and open landscape. This
interest has resulted in a thesis, "Tourist Development of Fortified Area VIII of Kraków Fortress",
supervised by prof. dr hab. inż. arch. J. Bogdanowski. Thesis brought up the issue of giving access to
fortified area VIII to tourists, particularly because of the variety of fortification objects, varied terrain and
high landscape value. The project area was also rich in historical values, preserved rural complex
system, and the history associated with the Kraków University of Technology, as the territory of one of
the forts was chosen by the students from Kraków, including our University’s students, as a place to
organize an academic glider flying club. Thesis was awarded in 1995 in J. Zachwatowicz competition
promoting the ideas of protection of monuments, cultural heritage, and landscape among students of
universities of architecture, art, and conservation.
During the volunteer work time I worked on the creation of a library in the MR.1.6 project,
including working with the collection of prof. G. Ciołek books.
In March 1996 I started working at the Department of Landscape Architecture of the Faculty of
Architecture of the University of Technology in Kraków. It was then that my research activity began to
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develop in two directions: research and design. Interest in the relationship between landscape and
fortification buildings has continued and I participated in a Grant "Stocktaking of resources of defensive
structures since the mid-eighteenth century till the mid-twentieth century" („Inwentaryzacja zasobów
budownictwa obronnego od połowy XVIII w. do połowy XX w.”), realized in 1996-1998, from the KBN
funds. The applicant was the Friends Fortifications Society, Warszawa Branch. In parallel I have further
researched the field of planned greenery placement and its importance in masking of nineteenth century
ring-type fortresses and researched an individual topic, “Protection and conservation of landscape in
terms of fortified greenery” („Ochrona i konserwacja krajobrazu w aspekcie zieleni fortecznej”) - the work
was performed within V- th Programme of the Ministry of Culture and Arts (1996). Further work on
fortified landscape forming processes were continued within the National Programme of the Minister of
Culture and Art - Study and protection of Przemyśl Fortress programme, stages 1-2. (in 1997-98) (with
Wielgus K.,). The aim of this study was to develop and implement a system of registration, valuation,
and application for the General Local Plans of works and modern defensive fortification complexes.
Devoted to the issue were some of my first scientific publications, among which I would like to mention
the following review articles: “Problem of side fire in Austrian fortifications” (“Problem ognia bocznego w
Fortyfikacji austriackiej“) [in:] Fortyfikacja tom II Warszawa, Kraków 1995, Atlas Twierdzy Kraków. Seria
I. Tom 7. “Ejected field position Dziekanowice-Bosutów” (“Polowa pozycja wysunięta DziekanowiceBosutów”), Kraków 1992, “Greenery of Przemyśl Fortress” (“Zieleń Twierdzy Przemyśl”) [in:] Twierdza
Przemyśl Informator regionalny, Rzeszów 1999 ed.(with Wielgus K.,) I and II, and “Complexes of
fortified greenery as part of Przemyśl Fortress fortified landscape phenomena” (“Zespoły zieleni
fortecznej jako element fenomenu krajobrazu warownego Twierdzy Przemyśl”) [in:] X volume
Fortyfikacja, Kraków 1999, presented at the International Scientific Conference of the series Fortification
as Part of European Cultural Heritage - Austrian Fortification - Fortress Przemyśl, 30 IX - 3 X 1999.
In the team led by prof. Maria Łuczyńska - Bruzda, in the years 1996-1988, I participated in the
stocktaking of construction forms in the area of the Jurassic Landscape Parks Complex. The work
focused on the characteristics of the rural landscape of the Jura and development of parcels of habitat –
the layout of structures on the parcels, zoning according to the way they are used, registration of
habitable and agricultural structures up to the architectonic detail scale. The summary of this stage of
work was the article entitled “Catalogue of building forms in the area of Jurassic Landscape Parks
Complex” (“Katalog form budownictwa na obszarze Zespołu Jurajskich Parków Krajobrazowych”) [in:]
Teka Komisji Urban.i Archit. O/ PAN, T XXII, 1988.
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My interests and scientific achievements in this period (1986-2002) were associated
primarily with the history of fortification, as well as regeneration and development of monuments of
fortification. Their direction was initiated while I was still a student, during the active participation in the
Science Club "Architecture Militaris" (participation in national conferences organized by the Scientific
Association, and research expeditions). It was then that my scientific articles were first published. In
parallel, I took part in the work of the Scientific Society "Landscapes" (“Krajobrazy”) by partaking in
landscape and architectural stocktaking in Ojców National Park, as well as designing concepts of
rebuilding the Warsaw Bazaar, from the scale of building through project stage to the stage of equipping
the store and pharmacy (with Wielgus K.,). Working in the Department of Landscape Architecture
(currently the Institute of Landscape Architecture) was not accidental, it would seem. It allowed me to
further develop my research interests, as well as to develop scientifically under the guidance of prof.
Janusz Bogdanowski till 1997 and then from 1993 under prof. Maria Łuczyńska-Bruzda. The scientific
results related to the history of fortifications, the doctrines shaping the fortification forms presented in 8
scientific articles have been published, among others, in “Hangouts with monuments” (“Spotkania z
zabytkami”), Kraków Fortress Atlas (“Atlas Twierdzy Kraków”), a recurring periodical, and reviewed
post-conference materials. As particularly important because of the topic of scientific findings I would
like to mention 4 articles: “Lieutenant General Emil Gołogórski” (“Generał porucznik Emil Gołogórski”),
printed in a periodical, “Fortress” (“Forteca”), and the supplemented version with Wielgus K.,“Emil
Gołogórski – Polish builder of Austrian panzer forts of Kraków Fortress” (“Emil Gołogórski - Der
polnische Schopfer Österreichischer Panzerforts der Fortress Krakau") [in:] Schriftenreihe
Festungforschung, Tome 9 "Festungsbau In 19 Jahrhundert" Wesel 1990, Fort No XIII San Rideau of
the Przemyśl Fortress [in:] The international journal of fortification and military architecture. Fortress
Study Group vol.22, 1994 Liverpool with Brzoskwinia W., and Il forte primo de Salis Soglio - Sui Campi
di Galicia, Rovereto 1997 with Hodbot M.,. The articles summarized the research on the contribution of
Polish engineers in the development of fortifications and analogies of solutions used in many fortification
schools.
Results related to research on the fortress greenery, masking greenery, and fortified landscape
are contained within 15 articles, the most important of which are: “Theoretical and practical basics of
protection and continuation of historical military greenery complexes” (“Teoretyczne i praktyczne
podstawy ochrony oraz kontynuacji zabytkowych zespołów zieleni militarnej”).
The article “Historical fortified landscape, chances and setbacks on the example of Kraków and
Przemyśl (“Historyczny krajobraz warowny, czyli szanse i manowce turystyki fortecznej na przykładzie
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Krakówa i Przemyśla”) [In:] “Dziedzictwo przyrodnicze i kulturowe a współczesne tendencje w
gospodarce turystycznej”, started a new direction of research on the attractiveness of the fortified
landscape and the possibility of adaptation to the needs of tourism.
My work at the Institute of Landscape Architecture also resulted in the development of research tasks
that have been undertaken within the Statutory Activity (Działalność Statutowa) (DS) and Individual
Research (Badania Własne) (BW). The main theme within the DS were the issues regarding registration
of landscape, implemented by the Department of Open Landscape and Engineering Structures, within
which the research results were published: “The outline of integrated registration: character, value, and
transformations of engineering landscapes. The didactic and project-related experiences related to postexcavation sites in rock mining” (“Zarys rejestracji zintegrowanej: postaci, wartości i przemian
krajobrazów inżynieryjnych. Z doświadczeń dydaktycznych i projektowych dotyczących wyrobisk
poeksploatacyjnych w górnictwie skalnym”) [in:] Kształtowanie krajobrazu terenów poeksploatacyjnych
w górnictwie,(with Wielgus K.,) oraz Metody zapisu krajobrazu warownego. Research on traces of field
fortifications in landscapes was summarized, among others, in an article: Traces of Polish centres of
resistance in 1939, Jordanów, Bystra, Naprawa, Skomielna (“Ślady polskich ośrodków oporu z 1939
roku Jordanów, Bystra, Naprawa, Skomielna”) [in:] Prace komisji Historii Wojskowości Podhalańskiego
Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, Tome II. (With Wielgus K., Sadowski P., Brzoskwinia W.,)
The main theme of BW was the role of masking greenery of Kraków Fortress. Individual
Research and (grant) work supervisor and project manager prof. dr hab. inż. arch. Maria ŁuczyńskaBruzda "Fundamentals and outline of means of protection of nineteenth century military greenery
complexes and continuation of historical nineteenth century military greenery" (“Podstawy i zarys
sposobów ochrony i kontynuacji zabytkowych zespołów XIX wiecznej zieleni militarnej”), resulted in the
submission of work and defence of the doctoral dissertation. “Role and significance of fortification
masking in shaping of park landscape on the example of Kraków”.
Reviewers:
prof. zw dr hab. arch. Janusz Bogdanowski, University of Technology in Cracow
prof zw dr hab. arch. Andrew Gruszecki, University of Technology in Warszawa
The work was defended in 2002, and received honourable mention of General Conservator and
the Association of Monument Conservators in the competition for the best diploma, doctoral and
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habilitation work (2002), awarded by the Minister of Infrastructure in the competition for the best
diploma, doctoral and habilitation, in the field of architecture, construction, urban planning, spatial
planning, housing and municipal economy and geodesy and cartography (2002) and won Rector of
Kraków University of Technology individual award, 2nd degree (2003). Research on fortified greenery
was also summarized in scientific articles: Natural elements in the creation and masking fortifications [in]
Forteca 3/97, phenomenon of fortified landscape of Przemyśl Fortress on the example of fortified
greenery complex of Żurawica District, [in:] Zeszyty popularnonaukowe Stowarzyszenia Opieki nad
Twierdzą i Dziedzictwem Kulturowym Ziemi Przemyskiej, textbook 2, 2001,(with Wielgus K.,) and
“Masking greenery of Kraków Fortress as an element of modern city landscape shaping” [in:] Zamkimiasta warowne-ogrody- relacje historycznych założeń fortyfikacyjnych oraz terenów zielnych w
miastach zabytkowych. Grudzień 2001, Publ. Strzecha.
In the period 1986-2002 I participated in research projects: Strategy and directions of spatial
development of Kraków Voivodeship, research task 3.2, in the field of landscape Part II / GRANT: 2607 / 3 / PK / 96, study and protection programme of Przemyśl Fortress. Steps 1-2. 1997-1998.
Development and implementation of a system for registration, valuation, and application to General
Local Plans works and modern defensive fortifications complexes. (National Programme M. K. and S),
relations between the protected natural landscapes and monuments of culture of Poland (cooperation)
within V-th Government Programme - Protection and preservation of historic cultural landscape.
Design activity was started after graduation. The work can be divided into landscape-historical
studies and design concepts.
Set of the most important studies include: Historical and architectural research of Kraków
Fortress forts. Stages 1-3. 1995-1998. Development and implementation of system of registration,
valorisation and restoration-adaptive designation of historical modern defensive fortification works in a
form of so called “Fortified Landscape Cards”. Ordered by W.O.Z. Kraków, record of artillery forts detail
of Kraków Fortress. (Development team, scientific management Wielgus K.,) Ordered by Department of
Protection of Monuments of the City of Kraków, a historical study - landscape and urban planning
guidelines for the area of the former airport Rakowice - Czyżyny in Kraków - an internal competition
organized by the Architect of the City of Kraków.( scientific management Wielgus K. Piekło J.,)
In the group of design work restoration project of "Grębałów" fort should be distinguished, along
with its surroundings dedicated to horse riding for children with cerebral palsy.( chief designer Wielgus
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K.,) Implementation of the project has continued since 1989. Restoration of the panzer fort like
"Grębałów", with a small budget, like the one administrated by the TKKF, was spread over several
stages. By 2014 external riding ring, a multipurpose hall (used for exhibitions, lectures and also adapted
to carry out rehabilitation activities) and restoration of the facade with painting camouflage have been
completed.
.
Architectural-landscape concept of Aviation Cultural Park in the western areas of former
Rakowice - Czyżyny airport in Kraków, and the concept of Aviation Cultural Park in former RakowiceCzyzyny airport, as well as stocktaking and greenery design of the Aviation Cultural Park, stage.
2. (technical design), 2002; author’s supervisions.( The implementation of many stages of the project
was part of the team that develops the concepts of green plants and planting issues related to aviation,
scientific management Łuczyńska –Bruzda M.,chief designer Wielgus K.,) Project realized under the
Contract for the Lesser Poland Voivodeship concerning the restoration of historical identity of the
Rakowice landing area. Limited airline functions in conjunction with cultural and landscape values are
examples of activities related to the widely understood education and ecology. The complicated
functional system is a consequence of different standards of land use, depending on the nature of the
events which are carried out by the Museum of Aviation. Standard everyday use - presentation of static
MLP exhibitions. Standard usage during periodical events - restricted air shows, modelling competitions,
etc. Standard of special use – usage of helicopter pad by the Police, Fire Service and Air Ambulance.
Aviation Cultural Park project has been developed in such a way that the standards for periodic and
special use, despite having to handle a larger than normal amount of visitors, do not interfere with basic
functions of the museum and didactic activities. The project is being implemented in stages. The work
was awarded the General Conservator and the Association of Conservators of Monuments Prize.
The design work on the Bastion III was preceded by research work, within which were
conducted: a study and Bastion III (Fort Kleparski) restoration project, technical project of restoration of
the external bastion III 'Kleparz" elements of the former Kraków Fortress, as well as design and
implementation of reconstruction of the M-61 cannon station, which is a part of the didactic trail on the
ramparts of Bastion III “Kleparz". The project was completed. Stage I of study and restoration project of
Bastion III (fort Kleparski) was awarded the General Conservator and the Association of Conservators of
Monuments Award. (scientific management Łuczyńska –Bruzda M., management of work Wielgus
K.,)Design work started in the 90s is being continued until now.
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Among the projects related to the issue of fortification a project of outfield of bastion fort 45
"Zielonki", associated with the process of restoration and adaptation of the building for hotel purposes,
was completed. Restoration of shape and stratigraphy of outfield bastion restored the historical
arrangement with preserved masking greenery.(with Wielgus K.,)
In this period, two concepts related to post-military and post-industrial terrains were made:
Establishment of greenery in the "INFLORA Ltd."- in Węgrzce, ( team with Wielgus K.,. Kawiorski S.,
Boruta M., Kubska A., Nowak K.,) ( with executive design and development of the aviaries and
veterinary care point concepts in the Liban quarry - Foundation of Environmental and Cultural
Education. Both projects combined the theoretical experience related to masking structures with
greenery and experiences from landscape architecture workshop.
The activities promoting research and teaching: Promotion of didactic activity realized
through the exhibitions of student semester works. Promotion of scientific activity was carried out
through exhibitions promoting the results of field and chamber studies. Worth mentioning: Preparation of
the script and boards for thematic exhibition "Monuments of field fortifications in the Municipality of Raba
Wyżna" („Zabytki fortyfikacji polowej na terenie Gminy Raba Wyżna”) within the “Lesser Poland
Fortification Route” project. (with Wielgus K., Kubska A.,)Done free of charge for the Municipality of Raba
Wyżna. This category of activity also includes co-authoring and co-production of exhibition dedicated to
the Przemyśl Fortress in the Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra in Rovereto. ( teamwork with Wielgus
K., Hodbot M., Idzikowski T.,)
Artistic activity in this period is an team exhibition of watercolours and graphics series "The
First Wings over Lesser Poland” („Pierwsze Skrzydła nad Małopolską”) exhibited in the terminal of the John
Paul II International Airport in Balice.
My research activities are also complemented by expert activities (7 elaborations) associated
with my experience in the field of landscape architecture and applications to the Spatial Development
Plan of the Lesser Poland Region. These expert opinions were developed as a team, with prof. dr hab.
inż. arch. Maria Łuczyńska - Bruzda, dr inż. arch. Krzysztof Wielgus, ordered by the Voivodeship
Department of the Protection of Monuments.
4.2. after obtaining a PhD degree in technical sciences:
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4.2.1
Studies in the field of resource and revalorisation of fortress greenery
The first area of listed research topic which I dealt with after obtaining a PhD degree in
technical sciences concerned further research of findings of the dissertation. Further research has
focused on identifying the changes taking place in the structure of masking greenery. Fortificationrelated greeneries are an important part of ecosystems and are home to rare species of animals and
plants. The study confirmed the value of natural ecosystems, which initiated the planting of acacia
Robinia. Part of greenery associated with the fortifications was destroyed in the process of road
improvement. The greenery that was located in the interfield was partially destroyed, as it was
obstructing agricultural work. Further chamber investigation, analysis of historical materials, and field
research has proven the usefulness of masking greenery, as well as the usefulness of greenery for
camouflage in the interwar period. The study also showed evolution in the selection of the species used.
The original plantings of wolfberry, blackthorn, hawthorn, locust and ash replaced the plants used in the
interwar period, like fruit trees and species of fast-growing poplars and willows.
Research on the development and evolution of fortification greenery has become a part of
a research on shaping of an engineering landscape and the rules of its restoration.
A summary of the research on topic of greenery was the development of Kraków Fortress Atlas.
Series II. Volume 4 Greenery of Kraków Fortress, Kraków 2005, and “Archival materials as the basis of
revaluation of assumptions on topic of the nineteenth century fortification greenery [in:] Twierdza
Głogów. Zagospodarowanie budowli obronnych w Polsce. Materiały z konferencji naukowej, Głogów
2004. Greenery of Kraków Fortress - underrated and untapped resource of historical urban greenery”
[in:] Zieleń miejska, NOT, Toruń 2006
4.2.2. Research in field of shaping and areal protection of ring-type fortresses and
fortified landscape
Fortified landscape is a record of human activity in the widely understood engineering
landscape. High value of fortified landscape results from the synergy of natural and cultural values. The
nineteenth century fortresses surrounded the city with a wide ring located far from the centre by about
10-14 kilometres. The outer ring of forts, as the most exposed to the enemy, was linked to a duplicate of
a communications system protected by greenery camouflage. However, the fortress is made up not only
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by military structures, it also consists of powder magazines, barracks, food shortage complexes,
hospitals. Superimposed on the layout of the city was a system of structures dedicated to increasing the
defensive capabilities. The interconnectedness of these systems, the current functions of historical
structures constitute the touristic attractiveness, and suitability for the needs of today.
The summary of research on the relationship between the town and the fortifications is the coauthoring of the article “Kraków of nineteenth and twentieth century defensiveness as an element of
city’s development.The outline of the subject” (“Obronność Krakowa XIX i XX wieku jako element
rozwoju miasta. Zarys tematyki”.) in Nowe studia nad rozwojem przestrzennym Krakowa, TMiHZK,s.54,
2007, (team with Wielgus K., Mikulski M., współpraca Pstuś D.,) Fortress Przemyśl – yesterday, today,
tomorrow. Starostwo powiatowe w Przemyślu, Stowarzyszenie Archiwariusz, Państwowe Archiwum
Przemyśl (with Wielgus K., Brzoskwinia W.,), Atlas Twierdzy Kraków. Tome V, Series 2,. Wydział
Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego Urzędu Miasta Krakowa, Oddział Ochrony Zabytków, Kraków 2010.
(Wielgus K., Myczkowski Z., Mikulski M., Brzoskwinia W., Chajdys K., Rojkowska H., Szkoła M., Maj A.,
Staniewska A., Pstuś D.,)
Possibilities of areal protection of ring-type fortresses, good practices and difficulties in
implementing the statutory form of protection are analysed in the articles, which I co-authored (among
others): “Cultural parks of Przemyśl Fortress complex” [in:] Zespół XIX-wiecznych fortyfikacji Twierdzy
Warszawa, Warszawa 2009 r, Cultural parks of Kraków Fortress complex [in:] Zespół XIX-wiecznych
fortyfikacji Twierdzy Warszawa, Warszawa 2009 r.,(with Wielgus K.,)
4.2.3. Research in the field of giving access to fortified landscape and its
adaptation for tourism, especially cultural tourism
Research on giving access to fortified landscape that is based on the valorisation of the
landscape that defines adaptive capacity. Strong anthropogenic pressure on post-fortification and postindustrial terrains with a simultaneous increase of interest in these areas as tourist attractions provide
opportunities to protect and give access to fortified landscapes through tourism. Fortress tourism, the
importance of which has been increasing in recent years, causes the formation of cultural tourism trails,
adaptation of fortified structures for exhibitions, museums, hotels. Analysis of the ways of managing
such objects and utilized technical solutions has allowed for the identification of critical points of such
activities. The biggest problem is the drying process of fortification structures, and ensuring the
appropriate relations of humidity and temperature are maintained. Researching the available methods
indicates a wide range of available activities, from self-presentation of structures to the of intrusive ways
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of giving access to it (when adaptive object absorption has been exceeded). Analysis of exhibitions in
terms of educational value shows a relatively low utilization values of structures and the history of
fortification. The presented content generally refers to the broader history of weaponry, but not always
present the period corresponding to the period of construction of a fortification structure.
Implemented on the basis of fortifications events such as Days of the Fortress, battle reenactments, military parades, often due to limited space, shortcuts resulting from the duration of the
event, tend to contribute to “disneylandisation” of cultural heritage. Research on the relationship
between tourism and fortified landscape, adaptation of buildings, and fortification for the purposes of
tourism, are summarized in the articles which I co-authored: Shaping the landscape by making it more
available for tourists on the example of Zamość Fortress [in] Studia Krajobrazowe a Ginące Krajobrazy”
Wrocław, 2009, (with Wielgus K., Chajdys K., Rymsza-Mazur W.,) and Zamość Fotress. Fortifications
Greenery Exposure – as a warp of sharing with tourists and potential cultural park [in:] „Zarządzanie
zielenią miejską na przykładzie miast historycznych”, Kraków, 2009, (with Wielgus K., Radzik J.,) Terra
Incognita Fortficata [in] "Terra Incognita" w turystyce. Publ. Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania, Wrocław 2009.
(with Wielgus K.,)
Cultural tourism is also developing utilising mountain areas and cultural heritage of rural areas.
The research carried out in Gorce, in the municipality of Ochotnica Dolna, points to increased interest in
local history, wooden structures and traditional customs. Gorce rural landscape transformations are
associated with land use change, a decrease in profitability of agriculture. Cultural tourism can be an
impulse for economic development of rural areas that also enables the preservation of traditions and
identity. The possibilities for giving more touristic access to Gorce in accordance with the principles of
sustainable development are summarized in the articles: Shaping the countryside through sustainable
cultural tourism on the example of the idea of the Wallachian Culture Trail [in] the XV Forum of
Landscape Architecture Landscape Planning Lublin Kazimierz Dolny 2012;
And co-authoring of the article “Exploring the Gorce historical space for cultural tourism” [in:] the
materials of the conference „Krajobraz wsi współczesnej – zmiany w zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym
obszarów wiejskich” (with Wielgus K., Bachut Z.,).
4.2.4. Research on cultural tourism as a form of giving access to the landscape
Research on cultural tourism routes is important in the context of landscape architecture.
Cultural tourism routes developing since the 80s of the twentieth century can become a tool of
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spreading the landscapes, deglomeration of tourism, promotion and creation of new tourist attractions.
Their point-connecting linear structure and a flexible formula, allows for a free choice of the route.
Making landscape more accessible includes not only the scenic aspects but also a visual identification
system and infrastructure in the form of small architecture, viewpoints, rain shelters, etc. Cultural
tourism routes can be traversable by car travel, hiking, cycling. Each means of transport affects the
perception of the landscape and the type of infrastructure. Research on topic of cultural tourism routes
resulted only in scientific articles but also the development of the concept of routes: Wallachian culture,
aviation history, the history of the fortifications and educational paths to Wietrznica, Knurowska road.
The most important publications that present the results of the research are: Parks and Cultural Routes
as an opportunity to revitalize the historical engineering landscape [in:] Ochrona i użytkowanie
krajobrazu kulturowego oraz jego promocja w środowisku społecznym, Warszawa 2007, The
importance of cultural tourism routes in the promotion of landscape engineering, [in:] Międzynarodowa
Konferencja Naukowa „Dziedzictwo kulturowe a turystyka”, Kłodzko 2008, and Cultural tourism routes
as a way to protect and share the landscape [in:] Nauka Przyroda Technologie 2009.
4.2.5. Research on recording the landscape and using the landscape
structuration methods in didactics
Research on recording the landscape implemented in conjunction with the staff of the
Department of Open Landscape and Civil Engineering are a continuation of research by prof. Maria
Łuczyńska - Bruzda. The consequence of research on recording the landscape is the development of
JARK-WAK method (by prof. Janusz Bogdanowski), and supplementing it with the study of processes
taking place in the landscape, examining the dynamics and direction of change. The method was
developed by examining the fortified landscape. Kraków Fortress and Przemyśl Fortress were chosen
as test areas due to the build-up of historical and urban importance, rich terrain and high modern values
resulting from preserved scenic values, fortifications in various stages of development, as well as the
surviving greenery masking. Improved method is also used in the teaching process. Summary of the
results of the research published as team works in, among others, “Strategic landscape registration as a
basis for revitalization of ancient fortresses” [in:] Pro-active Conference, Forte-Culture, 2008,(with
Myczkowski z., Wielgus K.,, Rymsza-Mazur W., Chajdys K.,), Method of architectural - landscape units
and interiors (JARK - WAK) in relations between of twenty-first century [in:] Horyzonty Architektury
Krajobrazu, Metoda Architektury Krajobrazu, Warszawa 2010, ( with Myczkowski z., Wielgus K.,,
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Rymsza-Mazur W., Chajdys K.,) as well as Issue of engineering heritage protection in the education of
landscape architects on Faculty of Architecture at Kraków University of Technology [in:] Technika w
dziejach cywilizacji – z myślą o przyszłości, VII Międzynarodowy Warsztat Archeologii Przemysłowej
Sowiogórskie Muzeum Techniki FOMT. (with Wielgus K.,)
4.2.6. Studies of the Polish Carpathians landscape changes as a result of
anthropopressure, loss of grazing and changes in the ways of farming.
Polish Carpathians landscape transformations resulting from the change in use. Diminishing
role of herding and grazing of cattle, with simultaneous increase of widely understood tourism. Research
conducted in the Carpathians – glade overgrowth process analysis, analyses of succession of greenery,
stocktaking of glades (as a complex consisting of a shelter, spring and land for grazing) allowed us to
determine the direction of change, the rate of change and the possibilities of touristic and educational
access. Through cartographic analysis, it was also possible to determine the deforestation and clearings
overgrowing processes, and settlement and road network development. Research conducted in the
Ochotnica Municipality allowed for an introduction to grazing in the clearings, reduction of treelines to
recover the wide panoramas. The Wallachian Culture Trail concept was developed, presenting the
pastoral culture - folk architecture, grazing clearings and the possibility of direct contact with
shepherding. The most significant publications summarizing research on tourism in mountainous areas
include: Shaping the countryside through sustainable cultural tourism on the example the idea of the
Wallachian Culture Trail [in:] Planowanie Krajobrazu 2012, Development of post-courtly Wodzicki park
in Poręba Wielka, current headquarters of the Gorce National Park - the functional-programme concept
[in:] Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych.(with Wielgus K.,) Experience in this field of
research and theoretical basis made it possible to coordinate and author "Protection Plan of Gorce
National Park and plan of protection tasks for the area N – screed of giving access to the park" in 2014.
Project activities focused on three main topics: establishment of landscape architecture and
restoration of gardens and parks, restoration of fortifications, and the concept of hiking trails, outdoor
exhibitions.
In terms of restoration of parks and gardens I have chosen involvement in developing the
concept of regeneration park at the Berski court in Tylmanowa, preceded by stocktaking of greenery
and landscape study (2007), and development project of the concept of manor park in Poręba Wielka in
the programme-functional, and architectural and landscape stage (2007). (workteam Wielgus K.,
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Kawiorski S., Forczek – Brataniec U., Piekło J., Chrząszczyk M., Szeląg K., Stokłosa K.,)In 2005-2006, I
participated in a two-stage project. The first phase consisted of the concepts of development of Fort
471/2 "Sudół" as the Galician Park (including an stocktaking of greenery), the second phase was
devoted to the concept of development of foregrounds of fort 471/2 Sudół, so called Galician Meadows.
( member of the project team).
In 2004 I was a member of the project team that developed the concepts and construction and
executive projects of revalorization of the land of University of Technology in Kraków - historic Barracks
of Archduke Rudolf (c. i. k. Guidobalda von Starhemberg the Younger Infantry Regiment No. 13), along
with a spatial-programme concept for the Museum of Kraków University of Technology, developed in the
years 2000-2013. Projects were connected by the interest in military history and the history of gardens
in design practice. ( workteam Myczkowski Z., Wielgus K. (coordination of work), Rymsza-Mazur W.,
Chajdys K., Latusek K., Zapolska O., Malinowska L.,).
Design work carried out in the years 2006-2011 in the fortress Zamość involved the principles of
shaping the greenery, visibility of the preserved Fortress elements and clarity of elements of the
defensive system of the fortress. It was developed as a system to provide touristic access to the
Zamość fortress in the form of thematic routes, visual identification system and the substance of the
informants (external and internal). It was designed as an educational system featuring widescreen
desktop transformations and expansion phases of the fortress. Post-fortress Zamość Fotress areas
shaping study was developed, with special focus on greenery shaping. 2006, concept of architecturallandscape post-fortress areas of the southern front Zamość Fortress. 2007, Development of substantive
content, forms and presentation systems on the tourist route within the project: Zamość, City of
UNESCO, monument of Polish history, tourist product of the Polish economy. Operational Programme:
Innovative Economy, Activity 6.4 "Investments in tourism projects of transregional importance"
(„inwestycje w projekty turystyczne o znaczeniu ponadregionalnym”.) 2009-2010, ( workteam:
Myczkowski Z., Piekło J., Wielgus K.(coordination of work), Janczykowski J.,Chajdys K., Forczek –
Brataniec U., K., Furlepa E., Kulig Ż., Najder B., Laskoś A., Sulikowska J., Zapolska O., Skoczylas A.,
Martyna K., Jakubowski K., Osmęda P., Kawiorski S., Kocieniewski J.,).Was implemented in 2014-2015.
Theoretical research on the idea of creating thematic routes, their impact on the landscape and
educational values are summarized in the design works of nature trails and cultural tourism hiking trails:
Design of didactic trail in the Aviation Cultural Park, as part of the Lesser Poland History of Aviation Trail
2007. ( with Wielgus K., Rymsza-Mazur W.,), The concept of protection and exposure of historical
military mountain road Harklowa-Ochotnica Górna (the so-called. "Droga Knurowska"). Research,
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conceptual and design work, which was used to acquire the Phare funds for the revitalization and
touristic exposure of historic road - engineering landmark by the City Ochotnica Dolna. The final stage,
finalizing the festive commissioning of the road to use in September 2006, The concept of the cultural
tourism routes in the districts of Lower Ochotnica and Krościenko n/ Dunajcem, along with visual
identification system projects, guide and 12 information boards, .2007, (with Wielgus K., Kurzeja M.,
Bednarz S., Sadowski P., Błachut Z.,) concept of ornamentation of cultural tourism trail from Dolna
Brama Sanocka to Zniesienie in Przemyśl Fortress (Myczkowski Z., Wielgus K., Rymsza-Mazur W.,
Chrząszczyk) M.,, historical-educational path "Tylmanowa-Wietrznica", exposing Polish field fortifications
from 1939. opened on 04/10/2014.(with Wielgus K., Kowalski R.,).
5. Educational and popularising accomplishments and international cooperation:
5.1
before obtaining the PhD degree in technical sciences:
In the period from 1986 to mid-2002, I worked as a research assistant - teaching at the Faculty
of Architecture at Kraków University of Technology. My duty, in addition to the scientific work, was also
the didactic work in the field of architecture and urban planning, and landscape architecture. Throughout
the described period I conducted classes on the subject: integrated design, architectural and urban
design, and, during the summer, practices.
My achievements in the field of popularizing the analysed period consist of cooperation with
institutions of state administration and local government. I took part in the works of SKN "Architectura
Militaris" - lectures, study tours.
.
5.2
after obtaining the PhD degree in technical sciences:
In the period from 2003 to the present time I taught integrated design on the II, III and V year of
long-cycle studies, on the III year of first-cycle studies and on the I year of second-cycle studies.
Integrated design on the III year, "Reclamation of brownfield sites" on abandoned lands, neglected
areas, including post-fortification areas. Integrated design on the I year of second-cycle studies, "Areal
protection", refers to structuration, valuation of the landscape and the rules for determining the
boundaries of protection as a cultural park.
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From 2001 to 2003 I conducted lectures on the II year in the field of Theory and principles of
design, together with prof. dr hab. Maria Łuczyńska - Bruzda. Lectures were part of the introduction of
the Bologna system have been carried over to the III year of first-cycle studies, and the subject changed
its name to the principles of landscape design. We have developed a new program adapted to the new
requirements. A new academic textbook was written for the subject (co-authoring), "Natural and cultural
elements of the environment."
On the Faculty of Architecture at Kraków University of Technology master's theses only
independent academic scientists can be supervisors. People with a PhD degree in technical sciences
can serve as co-supervisors. In 2010-2014, I was co-supervisor for 4 master's degree theses in the field
of landscape architecture, and 12 engineering theses. I was the supervisor of engineering these of
Dominika Jarosz "The concept of development of the park at the Palace of the governor of Ząbkowice"
for which she was awarded the mayor of Dąbrowa Górnicza Award in the competition for the best
engineering theses in 2015.
I believe that my greatest didactic achievement was the fact that the work of Agnieszka Kastelik,
submitted to the Jan Zachwatowicz Competition, was qualified by the jury to the final stage of best
diploma competition. PK Faculty Council Distinction awards for the entirety study were received by two
graduates whom I have supervised.
In the years 2005-2014, when I worked at the University of Life Sciences in Kraków, former
Agricultural University (in 2005 a full-time, later on contract work), I have developed a programme for
subjects for students on the specialty: Garden Art; The theory of design, integrated design for the III and
V years of long-cycle studies and Theory of design and integrated design for the III year of first-cycle
studies, and for the II year second-cycle studies. I have also conducted diploma seminars on the IV and
the V year.
As part of the work at the University of Life Sciences I supervised 37 master's theses, and 13
engineering works.
While working at the Department of Biotechnology and Horticulture I got involved in the
coordination of architectural subjects, managing the works, developing programmes and conducting
diploma seminars for students on Postgraduate studies of Landscape Architecture. Until 2014, I have
supervised 20 theses. In 2015, at thesis by Patrycja Kapica, "The project of revitalization of the area of
the former coal mine "Kleofas" in Katowice", by the decision of the Competition’s Jury received
a Distinction Award in the ninth edition of the "Now Poland, Promotion and Development" competition
for the best Master's thesis.
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In 2010-2014 I worked as a lecturer at the J. Tyszkiewicz Bielska Szkoła Wyższa in BielskoBiala. I have developed programmes for the course Principles of design (4 parts), a series of lectures
“New architecture in the landscape of the city”, as well as integrated design for the years II and IV, firstcycle studies.
I supervised 61 theses in engineering and co-supervised 6 engineering theses with mgr. inż.
arch. kraj. M.Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk.
For my achievement while working at the BSW I regard the exhibition of students' works at the
shopping centre “Sfera”, the result of student competition "Friendly Space". I was the curator of the
exhibition, the exhibition has contributed to the promotion of Faculty of Landscape Architecture in
Bielsko-Biała.
A major achievement was also an award for the engineering diploma by Dariusz Gajny Restoration of the Old Protestant Cemetery in Bielsko - Biała. Dariusz Gajny was the Leader of the Year
2014 in Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski District. Involvement in the project "Gardens of Memory" was
appreciated, the goal of said project was to save the old Lutheran cemetery in Bielsko-Biala and building
a Memorial Park in its premises. Thanks to the commitment of the author the area of the old Lutheran
cemetery is now partially cleared, tombstone of the mayor Charles Ferdinand Sennewaldta is
undergoing maintenance, and the idea of Memorial Park is taking more realistic shapes.
In the years 2006-2011 I served as the coordinator of objects in the field of landscape
architecture, history of architecture and design subjects for Postgraduate Studies in Landscape Design,
Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków. Since 2006, I have conducted lectures,
classes, and I have supervised theses.
Organizational activities carried out at the University of Technology in Kraków.
Since 2003 I am the proxy for the apprenticeships. I deal with the technical and organizational
side of apprenticeships that, after the III Year of first-cycle studies consist of two parts: stocktakingdesign part, and a section on maintenance of greenery.
I took part in organizing of an international conference: "Landscape of river valleys after the
disaster", Kraków 1998.
Within the cooperation between the Department of Open Landscape and Civil Engineering of
the Landscape Architecture Institute I was the co-organizer of the exhibition "Krzemionki - landscape of
tomorrow" in cooperation with the City of Kraków. The magistrate, January-February 2002 (cooperation
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with K.Wielgus), as well as exhibitions presenting semester works of students, along with the
presentation of projects: "The landscape of Kraków - the work of the Institute of Landscape Architecture
of the University of Technology” in cooperation with the City of Kraków and the “Foundation Partnership
for the Environment” on the occasion of the Earth Days 24-27 April 2002, exhibitions of students' works
in the Podgórze House of History (3 exhibitions) and exhibitions of the engineering and master's theses
in the Ochotnica Municipality.
Cooperation with the Foundation for Cultural and Ecological Education on Krzemionki also
resulted in the organization of workshops and educational series for students of the Faculty of Mining,
University of Science and Technology in Kraków, specialty: engineering works in the development of
environment (Coordinator: dr. inż.arch. K.Wielgus)
I participated as a lecturer in training carried out by the Ministry of Defence, Department of
Education and National Heritage in the field of threats in the time of peace and protection of national
heritage. (2x per year) in the years 2004-2007.
Since 1996 I am the scientific secretary of the Section of Landscape Architecture Academy,
Kraków Branch. In the years 1996 - 2002 I was the organizer of the annual session of May Sessions of
Landscape Architecture, KUiA PAN. Until now I organize lectures and one-day sessions within the work
of the Landscape Architecture Section.
In the years 1997 - 2003 I was the secretary - treasurer of the Kraków branch of the Friends of
Fortification Society, in the years 2003 - 2008 I was a member of the Board of TPF, Kraków Branch.
Since 2005 I am a member and take an active part in the work as well as research trips of the Military
Architecture Committee ICOMOS.
In 2002 I became a member of the Polish Historical Society, Nowy Targ Branch.
6. Indicating an achievement resulting from the art.16 par.2 of the Act from 14 March 2003
concerning scientific degrees and scientific titles, as well as degrees and titles in art. (Dz. U. No
65, pos. 595 add., standardized text from 16.12.2011):
As a scientific achievement to evaluate translate his own monograph - the publication of a book
- "The role of cultural tourism in the conservation and availability of fortified landscape", a series
of architecture, Monograph 470, Krakow 2016, p 237
6.1 title of scientific achievement and describing the scientific aim of work and obtained
results with discussing their possible use:
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My author's monograph "The role of cultural tourism in the conservation and giving access to
fortified landscape" architecture series, Monograph 470, Kraków 2016.
The presented monographic work "The role of cultural tourism in the conservation and giving
access to fortified landscape," is also a summary of many years of research experience related to the
protection and adaptations of fortified landscape, as well as the result of the research project funded by
NCN (registration number of the research project N527 119640, contract number PB-1196 / B / T02 /
11/40). The chosen topic is the continuation of many years of scientific research in the field of
fortifications gathered in the Friends of Fortifications Society, which resulted in a 16-volume series of
publications under the collective name Fortifications of European Cultural Heritage, and pioneering the
development of "Cartographic documentation of resources of defensive structures in Poland after the
mid-eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century, summarizing the research.
The aim of the study was to determine the conditions and methods of active protection of the
fortified landscape, as a derivative of cultural tourism, and also to specify the conditions under which
making it more available to tourists can help preserve the fortified landscape. Defining the fortified
landscape protection tools through giving the touristic access can find practical application in
preservation and giving access to fortified landscape. The increased interest in military tourism is
reflected in the regional tourism development strategies, studies of conditions and directions of spatial
development of cities and voivodeships. This translates directly into the need to give touristic access
that not only meets the safety criteria, but also the actions leading to increase in attractiveness of the
landscape, readability of the fortification system, as well as better handling of the economic issues.
The thesis of this work was to demonstrate that protection of the fortified landscape and
accessible tourist activities are synergistic rather than antagonistic. The basis of evidence was to show
the relationship between the genetic characteristics of buildings and defensive complexes (merged
conceptually as fortified landscape) of their usefulness and compliance to the adaptive cultural tourism
and, on the basis of the feedback, the role of cultural tourism in the conservation of these genetic
characteristics of the old fortresses.
The work spans onto three branches of knowledge: theories of protection and landscape
shaping, theories of tourism and the history and restoration of fortification structures and complexes fortified landscape.
The history of fortification structures and complexes - fortified landscape - is a factor of strong
emotional impact on visitors. Natural components and organic fortified landscape features (open fields
of fire, consciously shaped greenery and groundworks) – are factors of aesthetic impact, associated
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with ecological significance. The importance of the monuments of military engineering, as a sign of the
progress of civilization, are the factors of intellectual interaction.
The described fortified landscape impact as not fully utilized trump of attractiveness of Polish
territory - the "natural, spatial museum of defensive architecture" (Bogdanowski, Gruszecki,
Stankiewicz, Małachowicz, Molski, Małachowicz, Głuszek, Wielgus and others) closely matches the
genetic basis of cultural tourism: 3E (Education, Excitation, Entertainment). Creating cultural tourism
from the 80s, as tourism based on the rich past of people or retained areas as reflected in the
monuments, historical surroundings, landscapes, traditional architecture and handicrafts, customs. This
kind of tourism is considered a culture transfer medium, shaping the attitudes of tolerance and respect.
Cultural tourism satisfies the tourists' desire for diversity, raises the level of their own culture, provides
an increase in knowledge, lest them gain new experiences and enables various meetings.
Tourism can impact the landscape depending on how it is made available, on management and
touristic infrastructure. Making it available for tourists may have different levels of intervention,
a discussion on the tourist capacity of landscape can be helpful in determining how to use the
landscape. Tourism popularizing the cultural goods can contribute to the restoration, adaptation and
maintenance, it can also create chaos, cause excessive commercialization and cause the absorptive
adaptation capabilities of objects and landscapes to be exceeded. Touristic popularity of regions, places
and objects, can also bring a threat of overinvestment, the constant desire to improve the attractiveness
of a place’s tourism can bring it to the limits of “disneylandization”.Therefore, it is important to define the
role and importance of cultural tourism in the process of mobilizing and adapting fortified landscape.
Each fortification system was created for a different kind of fortified landscape, with different genetic
characteristics, individual characteristics. Therefore, any kind of fortified landscape has a different
absorption and the ability to be made available to tourists. Analysis of individual types is helpful in
determining the principles of access to and protection of the landscape.
Synthesis of experiences and prognosis of mutually beneficial interaction of fortified landscape
and cultural tourism, its identification, defining it and its codification in the form of best practices, is
helpful in the development of standards of making it available for tourists while maintaining the
attractiveness of these structures and assemblies, manifested through fortified landscape. Pro-tourist
activities aimed at improving awareness of the value of the fortified landscape can contribute to shaping
attitudes towards engineering heritage, the achievements of civilization, tourists and members of local
communities. Not to be underestimated is also the educational value of tourism in the cultural landscape
- the fortified landscape. Education refers to both the easily identifiable forms of landscape as bastions,
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forts, batteries, powder magazines, as well as those more difficult to identify like road systems, or
composed greenery complexes.
One method of making fortified landscape available for tourism is to create a complementary
set: centre, network, and nodes. It is a hierarchical system of points, paths and decorated space for
cultural tourism, wrapped around the defensive system.
Fortified Landscapes and post-military structures, and areas with industrial origins, are both
a problem and an opportunity of about 75% of the cities in Poland. Conversion surfaces (restructured
and unused areas) are subject to the tourist use resulting in tourism opportunities and the previous
forms can be adapted for new activities. These areas are an example of contamination. In the case of
post-fortification areas they are subject to a process of revitalization and adaptation of buildings that
were destined for permanent residency of people, for example military barracks, hospitals. For example,
the barracks area in Slubice, where the European University and Collegium Vladrina Polonicum
established. The size of these surfaces may provide figures, for example in 1990 in Germany recovered
970,000 hectares of former military, of which 386,000 was allocated for private goals. Maintaining the
attractiveness of these structures and assemblies, manifested through the fortified landscape is in fact
one of the weighty arguments, and also an economical as well, in favour of protection and application of
the principles of sustainable development in the post-fortification areas. – the successful applications to
the study of determinants and directions of development (for example. Lesser Poland Region
Fortification History Route), obtaining the objects fortress high position on the list of priorities, for
example in the Regional Programme for the Protection of Monuments, realization of projects of tourist
access to the landscape fortified Fortress and Fortress Zamość, bear witness to that.
Making facilities and fortification systems available for tourists can be both a commercial and
a missionary way of fortified landscape protection. Making it available may include a representative,
characteristic fragment of an object, such as armoured elements, non-standard parts of fortified
structures, etc. This makes it possible, despite commercial use, to implement the education programme,
which aims to preserve the memory.
Both the fortified landscape and tourism are subject to changes, which varies is time. The value
of time increases, since it became an instrument of space resistance breaking, thanks to technology,
you can make the distance not an obstacle, difficulty or barrier. In the era of globalization, breaking the
barriers of time in tourism increases the popularity of trips distant from the original places of residence.
This also increases the value of tourism and knowledge, because, to quote Georg Simmel, "If a thing is
worth devoting time, it is valuable".

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