prawie gotowe 102.vp - Journal of Apicultural Science

Vol. 52 No. 1 2008
Journal of Apicultural Science
83
POLLEN SPECTRUM OF RAPESEED HONEY FROM THE
SANDOMIERSKA UPLAND AREA
Ernest
Stawiarz
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Botany,
Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 18 April 2008; accepted 07 May 2008
S u m m a r y
The objective of the study, carried out in the years 2003-2005, were 26 samples of honeys
originating from apiaries located in the area of the Sandomierska Upland. All the samples
appeared to be specific rapeseed honeys consistent with the Polish Bee honey Standard. The
analyzed material was found to contain pollen grains of 66 taxa, including 46 of nectariferous
and 20 of non-nectariferous plants (anemophilous and entomophilus).
The contribution of pollen from Brassica napus ranged from 47.6% to 94.3%. In the group
of secondary pollen (16% to 45%), pollen grains originated from Brassicaceae (others), Prunus
type, Trifolium repens and Anthriscus type. The highest frequency, apart from Brassica napus,
was reported for Brassicaceae (others) and Prunus type whose pollen grains were identified in
all the analyzed samples.
The contribution of pollen of non-nectariferous plants varied between 0.3% and 50.0%. In
that group, the highest frequency (65.4%) was demonstrated for Poaceae (others) and Quercus.
Rapeseed honeys were characterized by a variety of colors, i.e. from very bright; almost
white, to different hues of cream and light-amber. Their aroma resembled that of rapeseed
flowers.
Keywords: rapeseed honey, pollen analysis, Sandomierska Upland.
INTRODUCTION
Qualitative requirements of honeys have
been collected and described in the Polish
Standard PN-88/A-77626 Miód
pszczeli (1988), which describes them as a
natural product, produced by a honey bee
from flower nectar and honey-dew.
Specific nectar honeys covered in the
standard include, among others, rapeseed
honeys. The contribution of pollen from
Brassica napus reaches at least 45%.
In recent years, the International Honey
Commission has elaborated the
physicochemical parameters of 15 specific
honeys acquired most frequently in Europe.
They included rapeseed honeys (Persano
Oddo and Piro 2004). These rapeseed
honeys have aroused great interest among
both, beekeepers and consumers.
In Poland, melissopalynological
analyses of rapeseed honeys have been
carried out in the Warszawskie area
(Poszwiñski and Warakomska 1969)
and the Marshland area of the Vistula river
and
the
Mazowiecka
Land
(Demianowicz et al. 1981) as well as in
the region of Lubelszczyzna (Lecewicz
1984). Such honeys were also acquired in
the area of South Podlasie (Wróblewska
2002) and Suwalszczyzna (Wróblewska
et al. 2006). The production of rapeseed
honey in other European countries has been
described by de B o e r (1933), Z a n d e r
(1935, 1937), Lunder (1945), Maurizio
(1949), Louveaux (1957), Wille et al.
(1990), H e d t k e (1996) as well as
Perez-Arquillue et al. (1995).
The objective of the present study was
to determine the pollen composition of
honey samples declared by beekeepers as
84
rapeseed and multi-flower honeys. The
results to be obtained, will also provide
information on the areas of rapeseed honey
production in the Sandomierska Upland.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The object of the study were 26 samples
of honey obtained in the years 2003-2005
from apiaries located in the area of the
Sandomierska Upland. The apiaries were
situated in 19 localities and 9 different
districts. From 1 to 4 honey samples were
obtained from each of the localities and
from 1 to 8 samples were collected from
each of the districts (Table 1). Of all
collected honeys; 22 were declared by
producers as specific rapeseed honeys, and
4 as multi-floral honeys. For most of the
sampled material, the beekeepers
determined the term of honey extraction
from a hive. Beekeepers identified some
plants blooming in the vicinity of the
apiary that could be a source of nectar flow
to bees. The data were useful in the
microscopic analysis of the experimental
material.
Colors of the honeys were determined
with the use of Maerz and Paul (1950)
Dictionary of Color. The honeys were also
evaluated for their aroma. A microscopic
analysis of pollen was conducted following
recommendations of the International
Commission of Bee Botany (Louveaux
et al. 1978) and Polish Standard
PN-88/A-77626 Miód pszczeli (1988).
Glycerol-gelatin preparations were
prepared in duplicate from precipitates of
particular samples. Next, following
recommendations of Moar (1985), at least
300 pollen grains were counted in each
preparation. Attempts were made to
classify the pollen grains to the closest
Table 1
Localities of the collection of Sandomierska Upland honey samples.
No.
District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Total
Baækowice
Dwikozy
Locality
Olszownica
Dwikozy
Iwaniska
Iwaniska
Myd³ów
Go³êbiów
Kaczyce
Lipnik
Kurów
W³ostów
Marcinkowice
Nikisia³ka Du¿a
Opatów
Opatów
Rosochy
O¿arów
O¿arów
Szczucice
Sadowie
Zochcinek
Sadowie
Kaliszany
Wojciechowice
£ukawka
Zawichost
Zawichost
9
19
Number of samples from
Locality
District
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
8
2
4
1
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
2
26
26
Vol. 52 No. 1 2008
Journal of Apicultural Science
possible taxon (species, genus, type of
structure or family) using Z a n d e r ’s
classification (1935, 1937). In the
microscopic analysis of pollen, the
comparative preparations and available
atlases were used (Zander 1935, 1937,
H o d g e s 1952, S a w y e r 1981, 1988,
Ricciardelli d’Albore 1998, Bucher
et al. 2004). In the evaluation of botanical
origin and specific characteristics of
85
honeys, grains of pollen from
non-nectariferous plants (entomophilus and
anemophilous) were counted out in
samples. Amongst pollen grains of
nectariferous plants there were 4 categories
of pollen discriminated: dominant >45%,
secondary 16-45%, important minor pollen
3-16%, and minor pollen <3%.
Table 2
Pollen contribution of important nectariferous plants in the examined honeys.
Pollen participation of plant
Year
Sample
No.
Colour of honey
nectariferous
non-nectariferous in one
sample
(Maerz & Paul 1950)
86.5
1.5
11/D-2
64.5
6.7
dominant pollen >45%
– secondary pollen 16-45%
1
2003
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
2004
Brassica napus
Brassica napus
62.9
Brassicaceae (others)
17.4
Brassica napus
7
10/G-3
3.2
10/D-2
6.5
10/B-1
5.6
9/D-2
20.7
Brassica napus
64.4
Brassicaceae (others)
22.8
Brassica napus
47.6
Trifolium repens
22.8
Brassicaceae (others)
16.6
87.8
0.3
77.4
1.1
55.7
4.8
Brassica napus
53.0
Anthriscus type
21.4
10/D-2
1.6
11/G-6
75.9
2.7
11/F-3
66.9
0.6
11/G-3
12
78.4
9.1
10/J-3
1
78.8
2.7
10/F-3
2
71.8
9.1
9/D-2
3
70.7
7.8
10/H-5
4
81.7
0.5
10/E-2
5
67.7
0.7
10/F-3
76.6
1.1
7
78.2
1.4
8
73.1
2.7
9/D-2
9
67.4
5.4
10/F-3
10
89.9
3.9
10/E-2
11
61.6
6.6
10
11
2005
9/G-3
3.0
Prunus type
8
9
6.8
94.3
51.4
Brassica napus
9/E-2
70.6
Brassica napus
6
50.0
6
Brassica napus
Brassica napus
10/E-2
86
Brassica napus
Brassicaceae (others)
Prunus type
Aesculus
Rubus type
Salix
Trifoliumrepens
Anthriscus type
Taraxacumtype
Frangula alnus
Caryophyllaceae
Robinia pseudacacia
Solidago type
Malus type
Acer
Tilia
Trifoliumpratense
Achillea type
Centaurea cyanus
Phacelia
Verbascum
Viola tricolor type
Calluna
Heracleumtype
Cirsiumtype
Fagopyrum
Lamiumtype
Ribes
Crataegus
Galeopsis
Melilotus
Sinapis alba
Vicia type
Alliumtype
Campanulaceae
Cerinthe
Convolvulus arvensis
Helianthus type
Ligustrum
Lotus
Medicago
Parthenocissus
Phaseolus
Polygonumbistorta
Sedum
Vaccinium
0
10
20
30
participationof pollen- dominant>45%
40
50
secondary 16-45%
60
70
80
important minor 3-16%
90
100
minor pollen<3%
Fig 1. Pollen frequency of nectariferous plants and its participation in examined honeys (%)
Vol. 52 No. 1 2008
Journal of Apicultural Science
RESULTS
Based on the microscopic analysis of
pollen, all samples were recognized as
specific rapeseed honeys. The contribution
of Brassica napus pollen (ranging from
47.6% to 94.3%) and organoleptic
87
non-nectariferous plants. In the group of
secondary pollen (contribution ranging
from 16% to 45%) there were only 4 taxa,
i.e. Brassicaceae (others), Prunus type,
Trifolium repens and Anthriscus type
(Table 2, Fig. 1).
In the analyzed honey, apart from
(3/03)
(6/04)
(6/05)
(8/05)
Phot. 1. A microscopic view of selected rapeseed honeys.
B. nap – Brassica napus, Pi – Pinus, Pr – Prunus type, (Sample No. / Year).
properties of the honey were consistent
with requirements of the Polish Standard
PN-88/A-77626 Miód pszczeli (Table 2).
Pollen grains of the examined material
were identified as belonging to 66 taxa,
including 46 originating from nectariferous
and 20 from non-nectariferous plants. One
sample was found to contain pollen grains
of 11 to 32 taxa, including 7-20 ones from
nectariferous and 1-12 others from
Brassica napus, the highest frequency was
reported for Brassicaceae (others) and
Prunus type pollen grains, which were
present in all samples. A high frequency
(from 50% to 95%) was also recorded for:
Aesculus, Rubus type, Salix, Trifolium
repens, Anthriscus type and Taraxacum
type. In addition, 37 other taxa were
identified, yet their contribution did not
exceed 50% (Fig. 1).
88
The contribution of pollen from
non-nectariferous plants was diversified. It
ranged from 0.3% to 9.1% in particular
samples (Table 2). Only in the sample from
Kaliszany, Wojciechowice District
reached 50%. The sample was found to
contain numerous pollen grains of Papaver.
In that group of pollen, the highest
frequency (65.4%) was demonstrated for
Poaceae (others) and Quercus. In the
frequency range of 30% to 60%, 3 taxa
were identified:
Pinus, Fragaria
and Ranunculus.
Rapeseed honeys were characterized by
a variety of colors. They varied from very
bright; almost white, to different hues of
cream to light-amber. Their aroma
resembled the aroma of rapeseed flowers.
A fragment of a microscopic view of
selected honey samples is presented in
Photo 1.
DISCUSSION
Plants of the family Brassicaceae are
known as a very valuable source of nectar
and pollen flow. Their species include both,
farm crops as well as plants occurring in
natural habitats ( D e m i a n o w i c z et al.
1960, 1963, J a b ³ o ñ s k i et al. 1999,
Warakomska 1999, Denisow 2004). In
Poland, their most valuable species include
Brassica napus and Sinapis alba
( M a k s y m i u k 1958, D e m i a n o w i c z
1968, Jab³oñski et al. 1999).
In the area of the Sandomierska Upland,
the crop of Brassica napus covers close
stands (often of several hectares) used by
honeybees as a source of early flow. The
cropping area of rapeseed in the
Œwiêtokrzyskie Province reaches from
2,300 to 2,600 ha (Statistical Office of
Kielce 2003). Under favorable weather
conditions, the honey yield of this species
may range from 40 to 240 kg per ha
(Demianowicz et al. 1960, Ko³towski
2001, 2002).
Rapeseed honeys are highly popular in
south-eastern Europe. They are also
produced in Scandinavia, North America
and China ( P e r s a n o O d d o a n d P i r o
2004, Persano Oddo et al. 2004).
The rapeseed honeys collected in the
area of the Sandomierska Upland
originated from 9 districts, including
Lipnik, Opatów, Iwaniska, Sadowie and
Wojciechowice. The Sandmierska Upland
turned out to be the major area of rapeseed
honey production. The contribution of
Brassica napus pollen in those honeys
ranged from 47.6% to 94.3%. The highest
frequency (100%), apart from Brassica
napus, was also reported for Brassicaceae
(others) and the Prunus type.
In Poland, studies of rapeseed honeys
have been conducted by Poszwiñski and
Wa r a k o m s k a (1969). In the material
from 20 samples of pollen originating from
the Warszawskie Province, the contribution
of Brassica napus pollen fluctuated
between 62% and 93%. In the group of
secondary taxa, these authors identified
grains of pollen from willow,
horse-chestnut
and
fruit
trees.
D e m i a n o w i c z et al. (1981) analyzed
rapeseed honeys in the Marshland area of
the Vistula river, and Mazowiecka Land.
The contribution of pollen from Brassica
napus ranged from 30% to 92%. In the
region of Lubelszczyzna, specific rapeseed
honeys were described by L e c e w i c z
(1984). The author emphasized the high
degree of their contamination with their
own pollen - from 72.2% to 95.2%.
Rapeseed honeys were also analyzed by
Wr ó b l e w s k a (2002) who elaborated
honeybee flows in the Podlasie region.
The contribution of Brassica napus pollen
in their sediment ranged from 48.0% to
82.5%. Specific honeys from Brassicaceae
collected in the area of north-eastern
Poland were described by Wróblewska
et al. (2006). The authors collected 37
honeys of that species, in which the
Vol. 52 No. 1 2008
Journal of Apicultural Science
contribution of Brassicaceae pollen varied
between 47.0% and 90.0%.
Rapeseed honeys have also been
described in the area of Denmark ( d e
Boer 1933), France (Louveaux 1957),
Germany (Zander 1935, 1937, Wille et
al. 1990, H e d t k e 1996), Sweden
(Lunder 1945), Switzerland (Maurizio
1949), Spain (Perez-Arquillue et al. 1995),
and Chile (Horn and Aira 1997). Very
high contamination, reaching nearly 100%,
has been demonstrated by Lunder (1945)
and Zander (1935, 1937). In contrast,
Maurizio (1949, 1959-1960) claimed
that most of rapeseed honeys are
characterized by a small contribution of
pollen from Brassica napus. That author
suggested that contamination was affected
by the geographical origin of honey.
Variability of honey contamination with
pollen of Brassica napus, depending on the
status of a colony and conditions of an
apiary, has been emphasized by
D e m i a n o w i c z a n d Wa r a k o m s k a
(1977).
CONCLUSSIONS
1. The pollen grains identified in the
microscopic analisis of examined honeys
belonged to 66 taxa.
2. The contribution of pollen from
Brassica napus in the examined honeys
ranged from 47.6% to 94.3%.
3. The major production areas of
rapeseed honeys in the Sandomierska
Upland were the districts of Lipnik,
Opatów, Iwaniska, Sadowie and
Wojciechowice.
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SPEKTRUM PY£KOWE MIODÓW RZEPAKOWYCH
WY¯YNY SANDOMIERSKIEJ
Stawiarz
E.
Obiektem badañ w latach 2003-2005 by³o 26 próbek miodów z pasiek rozmieszczonych na
terenie Wy¿yny Sandomierskiej. Wszystkie próbki okaza³y siê odmianowymi miodami
rzepakowymi zgodnymi z Polsk¹ Norm¹ Miód pszczeli. W analizowanych materiale
zidentyfikowano ziarna py³ku 66 taksonów, w tym 46 nektarodajnych i 20 nienektarodajnych
(wiatropylnych i owadopylnych).
Udzia³ py³ku Brassica napus zawiera³ siê w granicach od 47,6% do 94,3%. W grupie py³ku o
udziale towarzysz¹cym (od 16% do 45%) notowano Brassicaceae (inne), Prunus typ, Trifolium
repens i Anthriscus typ. Najwy¿sz¹ frekwencj¹ wyró¿ni³y siê oprócz Brassica napus,
Brassicaceae (inne) oraz Prunus typ, których ziarna py³ku by³y obecne we wszystkich
analizowanych próbkach.
Udzia³ py³ku roœlin nienektarodajnych zawiera³ siê w przedziale od 0,3% do 50,0%.
Najwy¿sz¹ frekwencjê (65,4%) wykaza³y w tej grupie Poaceae (inne) i Quercus.
Miody rzepakowe wyró¿nia³y siê barw¹ od bardzo jasnej, prawie bia³ej, do ró¿nych odcieni
kremowej i jasnobursztynowej. Ich aromat przypomina³ zapach kwiatów rzepaku.
S³owa kluczowe: : miody rzepakowe, analiza py³kowa, Wy¿yna Sandomierska.