Magdalena Sajdak*, Borja Velazquez

Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych
nr
49, 2011 r.
Magdalena Sajdak*, Borja Velazquez-Marti*
Estimation of pruned biomass through the adaptation
of classic dendrometry on urban forests: case study
of Sophora japonica
Oszacowanie ilości ściętej biomasy w oparciu
o adaptację metody klasycznego pomiaru drzewostanu
w zieleni miejskiej na przykładzie Sophora japonica
Key words: urban forest, residual biomass, renewable energy, source of alternative energy, bioenergy.
Słowa kluczowe: zieleń miejska, biomasa odpadowa, relacje allometryczne, równania
objętości, bioenergia.
Ilość miejskiego drewna pochodzącego z operacji cięć pielęgnacyjnych jest potencjalnie dużym, niewykorzystanym źródłem biomasy, która mogłaby bardziej znacząco przyczynić się
do regionalnej i krajowej biogospodarki niż ma to miejsce obecnie. Lepsze wykorzystanie
biomasy drzewnej z miejskich terenów zielonych i rekreacyjnych oraz obszarów przemysłowych, stanowiącej biopaliwo do wytwarzania ciepła i energii. Mogłoby to zmniejszyć presję
na lasy oraz zmniejszyć koszty składowania odpadów na poziomie lokalnym oraz regionalnym. Określenie ilości miejskiej biomasy drzewnej, stworzenie kompleksowej bazy danych
na temat charakterystyki dendrometrycznej, poznanie zależności pomiędzy podstawowymi
parametrami drzewa a ilością uzyskanej biomasy uznano za cel tego badania. Wyniki ilościowe drzewnej biomasy odpadowej uzyskanej z rocznych cięć pielęgnacyjnych gatunku
Sophora japonica są przedstawione w pracy zgodnie z rodzajem praktyki stosowanych cięć.
Drewno stanowiło 59,97% ogólnej masy materiału pochodzącego z cięć pielęgnacyjnych
przed procesem suszenia, wilgotność drewna w stanie świeżym wyniosła 44,88%, a średnia ilość suchej biomasy uzyskanej z pojedynczego drzewa wyniosła 18,07 kg. Modele regresji zostały zastosowane do przewidzenia wagi suchej biomasy uzyskanej z pojedyncze* MSc. Eng. Magdalena Sajdak, Dr. Borja Velazquez-Marti – Department of Rural and Agrifood
Engineering Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n. 46022 Valencia,
España. [email protected], [email protected]
117
Magdalena Sajdak, Borja Velazquez-Marti
go drzewa. Istotne zależności zaobserwowano pomiędzy ilością biomasy oraz średnicą na
wysokości pierśnicy w wysokości R2 = 0,60. Analiza wskazuje, że znaczące ilości biomasy
odpadowej pochodzącej z operacji cięć pielęgnacyjnych gatunków ozdobnych mogą być
wykorzystywane do osiągnięcia celów ekologicznych i energetycznych. Ponadto, przedstawiona metodologia tworzy narzędzie do lepszego przewidywania zysków, pracy w terenie
oraz zarządzania logistycznego na przyszłość.
1. INTRODUCTION
Urban forests and city parks are a potentially abundant source of wood biomass. Due
to the lack of information on the availability and characteristics of urban wood residual biomass, proper management of this valuable material is not popular in the renewable energy sector. Currently municipalities pay significant values for maintenance of urban green
space and few processes are applied to offset these expenses [McKeever, Skog 2003, Solid
Waste… 2002]. Most of urban wood waste biomass is not further processed and lands up in
landfills [MacFarlane 2007]. A new and comprehensive approach to waste management in
urban forests and city parks could contribute to local and regional economies [MacFarlane
2009]. Moreover, the lack of precise information on the quantity and quality of the raw material as well as basic dendrometric characteristics of species in relation with potential biomass creates a barrier to the rational use of this material.
Sophora japonica L. also known as Styphnolobium japonicum and Pagoda Tree is
a species in the subfamily Faboidea of the pea family Fabaceae. Sophora japonica is native
to eastern Asia and a popular species in almost all Europe. Reaching up to 25 m in height,
cultivated as ornamental or shade tree in streets, city parks and towns often accompanies
the Robinia, which has a very similar appearance. It is appreciated for flowering in late summer after most flowering trees have finished, its resistance to cold, as well as heat and dryness [López González 2010]. Due to its beautiful deep green colour foliage, that is not attacked by insects and the advantage over Robinia to give a denser shade it is widely used
in urban zones [De La Torre 2001].
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1. Field study
The study area is located in Mislata, a city of the east of Spain in the province of Valencia. The procedure of trial consisted on a random selection of a municipal street of dense
car and pedestrian traffic and 30 individuals of Sophora japonica pruned under uniform topping type of pruning practice. Previously to carry out pruning operations, the identification of
the selected individuals was performed. Following data were determined:
118
A total of 30 individuals of Sophora japonica with diameter at breast height between
13.823.0cm, crown diameter between 5.79.75 m, distance from soil to the crown between
Estimation of pruned biomass through the adaptation of classic dendrometry...
2.84.7m and total tree height between 7.412.4 m were examined. All sampled trees were
pruned1.each
year
under
uniform
topping
type (at
of pruning
practice.
Thisdiameter,
type of pruning
Tree
data:
diameter
at breast
height
1.3 m height),
crown
distance from
to the crown,
total tree
consists ofsoil
removing
the major
part height.
of the canopy from the tree and leaving mostly branch
2. Tree management information: date and type of last pruning operations.
stubs [Michau 1987].
A total of 30 individuals of Sophora japonica with diameter at breast height between
To measure
trunk
a traditional
aluminium
was used,
for crown
diameter
13.8–23.0
cm,diameters
crown diameter
between
5.7–9.75calliper
m, distance
from soil
to the crown
be-a
tween 2.8–4.7
andheight
total tree
heightIVbetween
7.4–12.4
m pruning
were examined.
All ended,
sampled
tape measure,
and formthe
a Vertex
hypsometer.
Once
operations
the
trees were pruned each year under uniform topping type of pruning practice. This type of
residual biomass was formed in bundles and weighted by means of a dynamometer. Weight
pruning consists of removing the major part of the canopy from the tree and leaving mostly
measurements
were[Michau
carried1987].
out in field conditions. Samples of wood were put into small
branch stubs
To measure
trunkto
diameters
a traditional
wasconditions
used, for crown
diamplastic containers
in order
determine
moisture aluminium
content in calliper
laboratory
and obtain
eter a tape measure, and for the height a Vertex IV hypsometer. Once pruning operations
dry matter
results. Evolution of the drying process was carried out in two types of conditions:
ended, the residual biomass was formed in bundles and weighted by means of a dynamom-
open-air
with
average temperature
21.32ºC
humidity
42.41%,
stove
eter.drying
Weight
measurements
were carried
out in and
fieldrelative
conditions.
Samples
of wood
weredrying
put
into small plastic
containers
in ordera to
determine
in laboratory
In both cases,
daily
record moisture
of resultscontent
was made
until the conditions
with temperature
105ºC.
and obtain
dry matter
results.
Evolution
the drying
process
wasdefoliated
carried outtoindetermine
two types of
stabilization
of weight.
Several
branches
ofofeach
sample-tree
were
the
conditions: open-air drying with average temperature 21.32ºC and relative humidity 42.41%,
percentage
of foliage and wood mass. Sampled branches were collected for further
stove drying with temperature 105ºC. In both cases, a daily record of results was made until
dendrometric
calculations.
the stabilization
of weight. Several branches of each sample-tree were defoliated to deter-
mine the percentage of foliage and wood mass. Sampled branches were collected for fur-
2.2. Dendrometric analysis of the branches
ther dendrometric calculations.
The dendrometric analysis is focused on developing methods to calculate the actual volume
of any structure of the tree.2.2.
From
this result, the
biomass
be estimated by multiplying the
Dendrometric
analysis
of can
the branches
density by the volume. For this, morphic coefficient f (also called form factor) was studied.
The dendrometric analysis is focused on developing methods to calculate the actual
Morphic
coefficient
f is defined
astree.
the ratio
thethe
actual
volume
of aestimated
branch and
a
volume
of any structure
of the
Frombetween
this result,
biomass
can be
by multiplyingmodel
the density
by calculated
the volume.from
For this,
coefficient
f (also
called form
factor)
was
geometric
volume
basemorphic
diameter
and length
(Equation
1). The
model
studied. Morphic coefficient f is defined as the ratio between the actual volume of a branch
that provided the form factor closer to 1 defined better the shape of the branch, and hence, it
and a geometric model volume calculated from base diameter and length (Equation 1). The
was selected
for provided
actual volume
estimations.
model that
the form
factor closer to 1 defined better the shape of the branch, and
hence, it was selected for actual volume estimations.
f 
Actual volume of the analyzed structure
Model volume
(1)
(1)
Therefore, form factor allows determining the volume of any structure by measuring the
basal diameter
andallows
length.determining
The form factor
beofa parameter
characteristic
of the
Therefore,
form factor
theshould
volume
any structure
by measuring
thespecies and diameter class. However, for each test performed it was detected a statistical vari-
basal diameter and length. The form factor should be a parameter characteristic of the species
ability. Because of this, the mean and dispersion for each case were determined.
Actual volume determination was carried out on sampled branches of Sophora japon-
ica that were collected after pruning operations in the selected sampled trees. These data 3
119
and diameter class. However, for each test performed it was detected a statistical variability.
Because of this, the mean and dispersion for each case were determined.
Actual volume determination
was carried
out onBorja
sampled
branches of Sophora japonica that
Magdalena
Sajdak,
Velazquez-Marti
were collected after pruning operations in the selected sampled trees. These data were
considered to obtain basic data for the development of relationships between the dimensions
were considered to obtain basic data for the development of relationships between the diof branchesof
and
their volume.
calculate
theTo
actual
volumethe
of aactual
branch,volume
this wasofdivided
mensions
branches
and To
their
volume.
calculate
a branch, this
into several
sections equal
with the
length of
10 the
cm, length
such asof
the10Fig.
indicates
[Lopez
was
dividedequal
into several
sections
with
cm,1 such
as the
Fig. 1 indicates
[Lopez
2003, Velazquez
al. 2010,
2009]. was
The calculated
volume was
calculated by the
Serrano Serrano
2003, Velazquez
et al. 2010,etWest
2009].West
The volume
by the
following
equations(Tab.
(Tab.1).1).
following equations
d1
d3
d2
d5
d4
d6
di
Fig. 1 Measurements of diameters in each interval
Fig. 1. Measurements of diameters in each interval
Rys. 1. Pomiary średnicy każdego odcinka
Rys. 1.Pomiary średnicy każdego odcinka
Table 1. Sectional volume formulae
Tabela 1.
Równania objetości
Table 1. Sectional volume formulae
Tabela 1.Równania objetości
Volume formulae
1
Vi     h  Volume
R 2  r 2formulae
 Rr
3
2
Vi    h  Ra1 where Ra  (2R  r )2/ 2


(
Volume model
Volume of a truncated cone
Volume model
)
Smalian’s formula
Volume of a truncated cone
Vi = ⋅ π ⋅ h 2⋅ R + r + R ⋅ r
3 d 
V     h
Volume of a cylinder
i
2
Vi =Rπis⋅the
h ⋅ major
Ra2 where
Rar =is (the
R +miner
r ) / 2radius, h is the length Smalian’s
Where
radius,
of interval,formula
d is the diameter
2
d 
Volume of a cylinder
V = π ⋅  ⋅h
The total actuali volume 2
ofthe branch was obtained from the sum of volumes of all sections
(Equation 2).
Where R is the major radius, r is the miner radius, h is the length of interval, d is the
diameter.
i
V real   Vi
(2)
1
The total actual volume of the branch was obtained from the sum of volumes of all sections
(Equation
To calculate
the 2).
model volume of the branch the volume of the following solids of revolution
i
was analyzed: cone, cylinder, paraboloid and neoloid
(Tab. 2) [Husch et al. 2003].
V real
= ∑ Vi
1
(2)
To calculate the model volume of the branch the volume of the following solids of rev4
olution was analyzed: cone, cylinder, paraboloid and neoloid (Tab. 2) [Husch et al. 2003].
120
Ra  ( R  r ) / 2 Ra  ( R  r ) / 2 2
Ra  ( R
 dr ) / 2 2 h V





Estimation of pruned biomass through thei adaptation
dendrometry...
 d  of classic
Vi     d2  2  h 2
Vi     2
 d   h Vi    2
   h Table 2. Equations to compute volume of solids of revolution
1 2
objętości
Vi 1 brył
  h  2R 2 2 r 2  R  r Tabela 2.Równania wykorzystane do obliczeniaV
R  r  Rr
i  1 32  h obrotowych
Vi 3d   h  R 2  r 2  R  r vVolume
 3d 2model
h
Model type
42  h  2R 2 v
Vi d
a2 a
Vvi  4
dhh2hR
V


R
iv  4
Cylinder
 h a 1 4(Rd 2 r ) / 2 R
v aa1( R dr2) / h2 R
R
v a12( R d4r2) 2/ h2 Paraboloid
v  2 1 4d  h2 vV2  4d 2d2  h h
2
Vvi i 12
 dd 42  h Vi 1  d222  h
 h Cone
v  13   d42  2 h v  3 1 4d  h v 3  4 2  h 1 d
Neoloid
v  1 3 d242  h 4 2d4 2
v v 
14dd 2d4  2h hh v 
1 4hdof a branch, h is the height of the
Where v is the volume model, d is the base
diameter
 4h  h v v 44
44 of the
4 sample.
branch, which has been measured for each individual
2
1

1 d 2d
v


h
2
v  1 2d 4 h 2.3. Residual biomass
prediction
v
h
2  4 models
2 4 2   CD22  hc
 
 
vc with
Apparent volume of a tree crown was related
the
2d biomass
1  CD
 hc obtained from pruning
v 1 d 2122  h
vc
3  4 CD
12
v height
 h  hc from soil to the crown.
ments taken at field: crown diameter, total treevc
and
122height
3 4CD
 hc 12
22and semisphere)
From these data, three solids of revolution (cone,
paraboloid
were applied
vc 
1  CD
2d 2  hc
1
dCD
8 tree
v


h
crowns
2of
vc
for volume calculation. It is assumed that growth
models
resemble
the form


hc
d CD
vvc1 4
48 hh 2  hc v


4 8 et al. 2003].
of semispheric, parabolic and conical growth (Tab.
vc443)
 [Dieguez
 4CD 83
vc    CD 3
3
12
Table 3. Growth models
vc

  CD 3
vc  12
 CD Tabela 3.Modele wzrostu
vc  12 12
Growth models
Volume model2   CD  hc
  CD 22  hc
vc 
vc    CD12 hc Cone
vc 
12
12
2
  CD
 hc
2
  CD 2  hc
vc 
Parabolid
vc    CD 8 hc vc 
8
8
3
  CD
  CD 33
Semisphere
vc 
vc    CD
vc  1212 12  dCD
 hc operations. The apparent volume of a tree crown
vvc1was
3 determined
4 h 2 using simple measure-
121
height, crown diameter and total tree height.
Magdalena Sajdak, Borja Velazquez-Marti
3. RESULTS AND SUMARRY
The results of quantification of the residual wood biomass obtained from pru
Where vc is the crown volume, CD is the crown diameter, hc is the crown height.
of Sophora japonica are presented. The results are shown according to the top
Regression models were also calculated to predict the amount of residual biomass from
pruning operations
of Sophora
from
simple
measures
as diameter
at breast
pruning
practicejaponica
applied.
The
procedure
of such
pruning
was held
every
height, crown diameter and total tree height.
year. The f
type of pruning operations have a key influence on the quantity of the materia
[Drénou 2006].3.Compared
sample
trees are characterised with mean diameter
RESULTS AND
SUMARRY
17.80 cm, mean crown diameter 6.95 m, mean height from soil to the crown 3
The results of quantification of the residual wood biomass obtained from pruning opera-
tions of Sophora
japonica
presented.
results
arecould
shownbe
according
to thewood
topping
type
total
heightare
10.22
m. InThe
this
work
noted that
formed
59.97% o
of pruning practice applied. The procedure of pruning was held every year. The frequency and
all pruned material before drying. The rest 40.02% of weight was formed by l
type of pruning operations have a key influence on the quantity of the material produced [Dré-
nou 2006]. Compared
trees
are44.88%
characterised
with
meanThe
diameter
breast
height
moisturesample
content
was
in wet
basis.
meanatand
dispersion
obtained
17.80 cm, mean crown diameter 6.95 m, mean height from soil to the crown 3.53 m and mean
sample trees analyzed according to the quantity of residual biomass obtained w
total height 10.22 m. In this work could be noted that wood formed 59.97% of total weight of all
Fig.
2 shows
drybefore
wooddrying.
biomass
per40.02%
tree and
standard
4.25 kg.
pruned material
The rest
of weight
was deviation
formed by leaves.
Wood
mois-
the va
ture content was 44.88% in wet basis. The mean and dispersion obtained comparing all sam-
moisture content during the evaluation of the drying process carried out in bot
ple trees analyzed according to the quantity of residual biomass obtained were 18.07 kg of dry
drying
drying
conditions.
It is the
observed
the minimum
wood biomass
per treeand
andconvection
standard deviation
4.25
kg. Fig. 2 shows
variationthat
of moisture
moi
content during the evaluation of the drying process carried out in both open-air drying and con-
open-air was obtained after 26 days and in stove drying conditions after 24 ho
vection drying conditions. It is observed that the minimum moisture content in open-air was
the amount
wood
obtained
obtained afterresults
26 daysallow
and incalculating
stove drying conditions
afterof
24dry
hours.
Dry biomass
matter results
allow
from prun
calculating the amount of dry wood biomass obtained from pruning operations.
50
45
40
Humidity (%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Days
Fig. 2. Drying curves
Fig. 2. Drying curves
Rys. 2.Krzywa wysychania
Rys. 2. Krzywa wysychania
3.1. Branch form factor
Table 4 shows the results of mean and standard deviation values of the branch
122
obtained for different models. From these values, the actual volume of each br
Estimation of pruned biomass through the adaptation of classic dendrometry...
3.1. Branch form factor
Table 4
shows from
the results
mean and
deviationand
values
of the
formproduced a
obtained
simpleofmeasures
suchstandard
as base diameter
length.
The branch
model that
factors obtained
for different
models.
From
these values,
the actual
volume
each
form factor
closer to
1 was the
cylinder.
This model
represented
theofbest
fit branch
to characterize the
can be obtained from simple measures such as base diameter and length. The model that
actual volume.
produced a form factor closer to 1 was the cylinder. This model represented the best fit to
characterize the actual volume.
Table 4.
Mean values and standard deviation of form factor of
samplevalues
branches
of Sophora
Table 4. Mean
and
standardjaponica
deviation of form factor of sample branches of Sophora jaTabela 4.
ponica
Wartości średnie i odchylenie standardowe czynnika
kształtu próbek
gałęzi
Sophora japonica
Tabela 4.Wartości
średnie
i odchylenie
standardowe czynnika kształtu próbek gałęzi Sophora
japonica
Model volume
Model
Cylinder
Paraboloid
Cone
Neoloid
volume
ƒ
Smalian
Smalian
ƒ σƒ σ
ƒ
Real volume
Real volume
Trunced
cone cone
Trunced
ƒ
σƒ
ƒ
σƒ
ƒ
Cylinder
Cylinder
σƒ σ
ƒ
ƒ
0,57058382
0,09620885
0,57001005
0,09612454
0,61456002
0,10167947
0,57058382
0,09620885
0,57001005
0,09612454
0,61456002
0,10167947
Cylinder
1,14116765 0,19241771 1,1400201 0,19224909 1,22912004 0,20335894
1,14116765 0,19241771 1,1400201 0,19224909 1,22912004 0,20335894
Paraboloid
1,71175147 0,28862656 1,71003014 0,28837363 1,84368006 0,3050384
1,71175147
0,28862656
1,71003014
0,28837363
1,84368006
0,3050384
0,38483541
2,28004019
0,38449817
2,45824009
0,40671787
Cone2,2823353
2,2823353
2,28004019
0,38449817 2,45824009 0,40671787
Where ƒ is
the mean form
factor, σ0,38483541
is the standard
deviation.
Neoloid
Where ƒ is the mean form factor, σ is the standard deviation.
3.2. Regression models for the prediction of residual biomass
3.2. Regression
models
for thetoprediction
residual
biomassbiomass from anRegression
models were
calculated
predict theof
amount
of residual
nual crown Regression
raising pruning
operations
of Sophora
japonica
from simple
measures
suchfrom
as annual
models
were calculated
to predict
the amount
of residual
biomass
diameter atcrown
breast
height,
crownoperations
diameter and
total tree
height. from
The best
result
is presentjaponica
simple
measures
such as diameter
raising
pruning
of Sophora
ed below.
at breast height, crown diameter and total tree height. The best result is presented below.
1) Relationship between biomass and diameter at breast height:
1) Relationship between biomass and diameter at breast height:
B(kg )  0.1029  dbh 2  5.122  dbh  39.912 ; R2 = 0.6028
Where B is the biomass obtained from pruning operations, dbh is the diameter at
Where B is the biomass obtained from pruning operations, dbh is the diameter at breast
breast height (cm). A relationship between quantity of biomass and diameter at breast
height (cm). A relationship between quantity of biomass and diameter at breast height
is observed
in theThis
quadratic
model.
This the
variable
the bestoffit, with a
is observed inheight
the quadratic
model.
variable
provided
best provided
fit, with a value
2
0.60, what
indicatespower
a good
power for predicting biomass;
value
of R =a good
indicates
explanatory
forexplanatory
predicting biomass;
R2 = 0.60, what
2) Biomass calculation
crown diameter
anddiameter
height, and
at breast
height.
2) Biomassfrom
calculation
from crown
anddiameter
height, and
diameter
at breast height.
In addition, regression models for predicting residual biomass were tested from combi-
In addition, regression models for predicting residual biomass were tested from combinations
nations of the parameters such us diameter at breast height, crown diameter, total tree
of the parameters such us diameter at breast height, crown diameter, total tree height and
height and distance from soil to the crown. The best result is shown in the following
distance from soil to the crown. The best result is shown in the following equation. Although
did not
was obtained a higher R2 value (R = 0.65), the combination of these parameters123
improve significantly the prediction model obtained from only the diameter at breast height:
Magdalena Sajdak, Borja Velazquez-Marti
equation. Although was obtained a higher R2 value (R = 0.65), the combination of these
parameters did not improve significantly the prediction model obtained from only the diameter at breast height:
2
BB((kg
 hc
 31
 dbh
 0.112431
 0.0338995
H
7607900.796866
.796866 hc
.5802
kg))  6.76079
 H H
 31
 hchc
dbh
 0.112431
 H 2 H0.0338995
 hc  H hc
DC
.5802
;.  DC;
where B
B is the
pruning
(kg),
H isHthe
height
(m), hc
is distance
where
the biomass
biomassobtained
obtainedfrom
from
pruning
(kg),
is tree
the tree
height
(m),
hc is distance
B iscrown
the biomass
from
pruning
(kg),
is the
tree
height
(m), hc
is
crown
diameter,
dbhdbh
is the
at breast
heightheight
(cm).
fromWhere
soil to the
(m),
CDisobtained
is
crown
diameter,
is diameter
theHdiameter
at breast
(cm).
from
soil
the
crown
(m),CD
distance from soil to the crown (m), CD is crown diameter, dbh is the diameter at breast
On the
the other
other hand,
calculated
from
the apparent
volume
of theof
crown
were were
On
hand,prediction
predictionmodels
models
calculated
from
the apparent
volume
the crown
height (cm).
also analyzed.
analyzed. As
ininFig.
4, 4,
there
is aislow
linear
relationship between
the conical
also
Asobserved
observed
Fig.
there
a low
linear
thethe
conical
On the other
hand,
prediction
models
calculated
from relationship
the apparentbetween
volume of
crown
2
The same
volume model and the amount of dry biomass obtained from pruning (R =0.378).
2
were also
analyzed.
observed
in biomass
Fig. 4, there
is a low
relationship
between
the
The same
volume
model
and theAs
amount
of dry
obtained
fromlinear
pruning
(R =0.378).
result is volume
obtainedmodel
with parabolic
model.
minor difference
is observed
in the(R2=0.378).
conical
and thevolume
amount
of dryA biomass
obtained
from pruning
result is obtained with parabolic volume model. A minor difference is observed in the
semispheric
volume
model. These
demonstrate
low interdependence
between
The
same result
is obtained
withresults
parabolic
volume amodel.
A minor difference
is observed in
semispheric volume model. These results demonstrate a low interdependence between
the
semispheric
volume model. These results demonstrate a low interdependence between
mentioned
parameters.
mentioned
mentionedparameters.
parameters.
2
R = 0,378
y = 0,0806x + 11,051
2
R = 0,378
Dry biom ass (kg)
Dry b io m
ass (kg )
Dry b io m ass (kg )
25
30
20
25
15
20
10
15
25
30
20
25
15
10
5
5
0
0
10
5 0
50
100
150
200
0
250
Conical volume model (m3)
0
0
50
100
150
y = 0,0543x + 13,023
R2 = 0,2949
30
Dry biom ass (kg)
y = 0,0806x + 11,051
30
y = 0,0543x + 13,023
R2 = 0,2949
20
15
10
5
50
200
250
100
150
200
250
300
Semispheric volume model (m3)
0
0
50
100
150
200
Semispheric
volume
model (m3)
model (m3) dry biomass versus conical and semispheric
Fig. 4. Regression Conical
modelvolume
presenting
volume
model
250
300
Rys. 4. Model regresji suchej biomasy w zależności od wykorzystanego modelu stożkowej i półkolistej
Fig.4.4.Regression
Regression
model
presenting
dry biomass
and semispheric
volume model
Fig.
model
presenting
dry biomass
versusversus
conical conical
and semispheric
volume model
objętości
Rys.4.4.Model
regresji
suchej
biomasy
w zależności
od wykorzystanego
modelu
stożkowej
Rys.
Model regresji
suchej
biomasy
w zależności
od wykorzystanego
modelu stożkowej
i półkolistej
i półkolistej objętości
objętości
4. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis indicates that a significant amount of residual biomass originates from pruning
can be used to achieve ecological and energy targets.
of Sophora japonica, and this
4.operations
CONCLUSIONS
4. CONCLUSIONS
The
analysis
indicates
that
a
significant
amount
of residual
biomass
from pruning
The total benefit of recovering utilizable biomass
from
urban wood
waste originates
is the cost avoided
The analysis
indicates that and
a significant
amount
residual
biomass and
originates
from
this can be
used
toofachieve
ecological
energy
operations
of Sophora
and
ability
to foresee
the availability
of targets.
plus the market
value forjaponica,
the biomass. Knowledge
pruning operations of Sophora japonica, and this can be used to achieve ecological and en-
The
benefit
recovering
biomass
frominvestments
urban wood
waste
is the cost
avoided
raw total
material
givesofthe
possibilityutilizable
to implement
long-term
and
to introduce
urban
ergy targets.
wood
residual
as arecovering
reliable
andutilizable
source
of renewable
energy
oravailability
alternative
.noteworthy
Knowledge
and ability
to foresee
the
of
plus
the
market
value for
the
biomass
The
total biomass
benefit
of
biomass
from
urban
wood
waste
is the cost
raw material
material.
avoided
plusgives
the market
value fortothe
biomass.long-term
Knowledge
and ability and
to foresee
the availraw
the possibility
implement
investments
to introduce
urban
ability
of
material
the
possibility
to implement
long-term
investments
and
to introFromresidual
an raw
environmental
point
of view,
the noteworthy
increased
recycling
of
urban
wood
wood
biomassgives
as
a reliable
and
source
ofrecovered
renewable
energy
or alternative
duce urban wood residual biomass as a reliable and noteworthy source of renewable en-
residual
biomass can be seen as a positive evolution because it leads to incensement of the
raw
material.
ergy or alternative raw material.
total volume of CO2 stored as wood-based products, enlarging the life-cycle of the fixed
From an environmental point of view, the increased recycling of recovered urban wood
carbon in the new recycled products.
residual
biomass can be seen as a positive evolution because it leads to incensement of the
124
total volume of CO2 stored as wood-based products, enlarging the life-cycle of the fixed
carbon in the new recycled products.
Estimation of pruned biomass through the adaptation of classic dendrometry...
From an environmental point of view, the increased recycling of recovered urban wood
residual biomass can be seen as a positive evolution because it leads to incensement of
the total volume of CO2 stored as wood-based products, enlarging the life-cycle of the fixed
carbon in the new recycled products.
Due to the continuing expand of urban land, the increasing expansion of urban forests
is predictable. Taking into account reasons of safety, aesthetics and increasing environmental awareness the case of this study is found logical and justified.
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