mercedes b 200 natural gas drive

Transkrypt

AS DRIVE
G
L
A
R
U
T
A
N
200
ES
MERCEDES B
FUEL VEHICL
S
U
O
E
S
A
G
R
FO
AY
PAVE THE W
S
N
IO
T
A
L
U
G
& RE
STANDARDS
MENT (MEPS)
PEAN PARLIA
O
R
EU
IN
)
(DVFG
SSOCIATION
A
G
P
L
N
A
M
GER
H
TERENOW YC
B
Ó
R
P
IE
C
K
I AC W TR A
FEMITEC
I nt e r n at i o n al
L P G
&
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
NARODOWY FUNDUSZ OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA
I GOSPODARKI WODNEJ PRZEZNACZY
no: 56 I-II 2013
05
09
06
10
08
14
05
06
08
72 mln złotych na autobusy
hybrydowe zasilane CNG
CNG
market info
Delegation of German
LPG Association (DVFG) present
information to Members
of European Parliament (MEPs)
22
34
26
40
09
10
22
14
26
18
28
18
Plans and predictions
of the metering equipment
supplier industry for 2013
Stanowisko promujące gaz
ziemny dla aut w ‘Miasteczku
Ekologicznym na PolEko 2012
Natural Gas Vehicle Infrastructure
Market Fact Pack USA - Coca Cola
Case Study
Mercedes-Benz
Econic CNG / LNG
Mercedes B 200
Natural Gas Drive
Femitec i AC
w trakcie prób terenowych
WYDAWCA (EDITOR)
e-mail: [email protected]
www.amber-media.pl
TAX ID: PL578-146-51-90
REDAKCJA (OFFICE)
tel. (+48) 506 180 062
Skype: czas_na_gaz
www.czasnagaz.com.pl
www.timeforgas.com
REDAKTOR NACZELNY (CHIEF EDITOR)
Sylwia Bujalska
tel. (+48) 506 180 062
OPRACOWANIE GRAFICZNE / SKŁAD
Paweł Wójcik
29
40
CENY PALIW
FUEL PRICES
Ukazuje się od lipca 2003
Established in July 2003
DYTRYBUCJA w 49 krajach!
DISTRIBUTION in 49 countries!
TŁUMACZENIA
Aleksander Skoblenko, MSJ
ISSN 1731-1357
www.timeforgas.com
protection
Standards & Regulations
Pave the Way for Gaseous
Fuel Vehicles
28
EDITORIAL OFFICE
LPG/CNG
Gas for boats,
the alternative for water-skiing
Femitec & AC
in the field trial
REDAKCJA
Amber Media Sylwia Bujalska
ul. Myśliwska 8/20,
81- 572 Gdynia, Poland
30
20
30
20
Niemiecka delegacja Stowarzyszenia Gazu Płynnego (DVFG) przedstawia swoje stanowisko członkom
Parlamentu Europejskiego
72 MLN ZŁOTYCH NA AUTOBUSY
HYBRYDOWE ZASILANE CNG
Premium
Redakcja nie ponosi odpowiedzialności za treść publikowanych ogłoszeń i reklam oraz może odmówić ich zamieszczenia, jeśli pozostają w sprzeczności z prawem oraz charakterem pisma. W razie konieczności, redakcja zastrzega sobie prawo do dokonywania skrótów i niezbędnych zmian w nadsyłanych tekstach. Wydanie bieżące oraz archiwalne dostępne bezpłatnie pod adresem: http://www.czasnagaz.com.pl/down.html
Present issue and archives are available freely on: http://www.timeforgas.com
The Publisher assumes no responsibility for the content of advertising, sponsored texts or written materials with copyrights of its authors. Opinions, pictures, slogans and logos stated in advertising are solely those of the advertiser. The Publisher reserves the right to reject any advertisement. While every effort has been made to ensure that the publication adheres to industry standard practices, “Czas na gaz!” magazine, shall not be liable or responsible for errors, omissions or inaccuracies whatsoever for the views expressed or the work provided by its contributors in the magazine. Cover, contents and Website are copyright protected and may not be reproduced in any shape or form without prior written consent from “Czas na gaz!”. “Czas na gaz!” does not knowingly accept false or misleading advertising or editorial, nor does
the publisher assume any responsibility for the consequences that occur should any such material appear. “Czas na gaz!” also assumes no responsibility for content, text or artwork of advertisements appearing
in “Czas na gaz!” – the printed magazine and www.czasnagaz.com.pl & www.timeforgas.com.
P
OLSCY OPERATORZY KOMUNIKACJI MIEJSKIEJ MOGĄ STARAĆ SIĘ O POZYSKANIE
ŚRODKÓW NA ZAKUP AUTOBUSÓW HYBRYDOWYCH ZASILANYCH CNG.
DZIĘKI PROGRAMOWI GAZELA, KTÓRY JEST REALIZOWANY PRZEZ NARODOWY FUNDUSZ
OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA, ZAJEZDNIE MOGĄ STARAĆ SIĘ NAWET O 100% DOFINANSOWANIE
DO ZAKUPU TAKIEGO POJAZDU. MINIMALNA KWOTA, O JAKĄ MOGĄ WNIOSKOWAĆ GMINY
TO 8 MLN ZŁOTYCH. PROGRAM BĘDZIE REALIZOWANY W LATACH 2013-2014.
Program GAZELA realizowany jest dzięki pozyskaniu środków finansowych ze sprzedaży
certyfikatów emisji dwutlenku węgla dla rządu
Hiszpanii. Pozyskane w ten sposób środki zostały
przeznaczone do Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony
Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej, który przeprowadzi konkurs celem wyłonienia beneficjentów.
O środki mogą starać się gminne zakłady komunikacji miejskiej lub prywatni operatorzy wykonujący zadania dla gmin.
Dlaczego Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej zdecydował się na tak
innowacyjne i niespotykane w Polsce rozwiązanie
pozostaje zagadką.
Dziwi fakt, że zostały wykluczone pozostałe
rozwiązania – zarówno samo CNG, jak i autobusy zasilane LNG. Cieszy natomiast fakt, że całość
puli została przeznaczona na zakup wyłącznie nowych pojazdów, wyłącznie zasilanych metanem.
Według nieoficjalnych informacji firma Solbus
Łączna pula środków przeznaczonych na pro- zamierza oprotestować przyjęte zasady przygram GAZELA to 80 mln złotych. Na finansowanie dzielania dotacji na zakup pojazdów z programu
zakupu autobusów zostanie przeznaczone 90% GAZELA.
środków budżetu, czyli 72 mln złotych. Na rozwiązania infrastrukturalne zostanie przeznaczone
Program Gazela to efekt wytężonych prac Napozostałe 10% - 8 mln złotych. Kwota ta będzie rodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gomogła być przeznaczona m.in. na postawienie lub spodarki Wodnej. Przed ustaleniem ostateczrozbudowę stacji CNG.
nych form finansowania pracownicy Funduszu
wielokrotnie konsultowali się z instytutami naAutobusy hybrydowe CNG to bardzo innowa- ukowo-badawczymi (PIMOT), organizacjami pocyjne rozwiązanie, niezwykle rzadko spotykane zarządowymi (Stowarzyszenie NGV Polska), jak
w normalnej eksploatacji. Dotychczas w Unii Euro- i producentami autobusów (Solaris, Solbus).
pejskiej takie pojazdy wdrożono tylko w Madrycie Przedstawiciele Stowarzyszenia NGV Polska –
(Hiszpania) i Malmo (Szwecja). Żaden z polskich Bartłomiej Kamiński oraz Karol Wieczorek – brali
producentów nie posiada w ofercie takiego pojaz- aktywny udział podczas konsultacji społecznych,
du. Z nieoficjalnych informacji wynika, że Solaris jakie miały miejsce 28 listopada 2012 roku, rozmozastanawia się nad takim rozwiązaniem. Przewidy- wach dwustronnych, jak i konferencji prasowej,
wany koszt zakupu jednego autobusu hybrydowe- która odbyła się 19 grudnia 2012 roku w centrali
go to ok. 1 600 000 zł. Dla porównania – autobus Funduszu.
CNG marki MAN o długości 18 metrów (przegubowy) kosztuje 1 300 000 zł.
NFOŚiGW, Stowarzyszenie NGV Polska
jlmlubricants.com
Inter national
Lancia presented the new Ypsilon Ecochic
Methane model – equipped with the 80HP
0.9 TwinAir Turbo bi-fuel engine with low fuel
consumption (3.1 kg/100 km in the combined
type-approval cycle) when running on CNG.
The bi-fuel (methane and petrol) range exceeds
1,300 km over the extra-urban cycle. The 2 fuel
systems are reciprocally independent: in normal
conditions, the engine runs on methane and is
always only started on petrol, switching automatically and immediately to the other system.
The engine only switches to petrol if the gas is
about to run out. It is nevertheless always possible to switch from methane to petrol and back
again as desired, by pressing a button on the
dashboard. Furthermore, two methane tanks –
containing about 12 kg, which corresponds to 72
litres at a pressure of 200 bar - are arranged under
the floor to keep the luggage volume virtually unchanged (202 litres).
The new model is available with the Silver and
Gold trim levels – list prices are EUR 16,500 (USD
21,700) and EUR 17,500 (USD 23,000) respectively. The Lancia’s bi-fuel system is factory fitted,
qualifying it for Lancia contractual warranty and,
in some regions of Italy, exemption from road tax
throughout the car’s lifetime.
Across Italy, natural gas vehicle registrations
increased 43% compared to the previous year in
a market that saw a 20% decline for the same period. Italy has more than 900 natural gas refueling
points in Italy.
Fiat-Lancia press release
Audi celebrated its synthetic methane (e-gas)
vehicle fuel plant, which is under construction in
Werlte, Germany. Audi says that it is the world’s
first industrial plant for generating e-gas from
06
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
CO2 and renewable electricity. Its end product
will be hydrogen and synthetic Audi e-gas. E-gas
production will begin in the spring.
The e-gas initiative is part of Audi’s strategy of
bringing cleaner, carbon-neutral fuel to internal
combustion engines. The Werlte plant will generate enough CO2-neutral e-gas to power 1,500
new Audi A3 Sportback TCNG vehicles 15,000
kilometers (9,320 miles) each year. This compact
5-door hatchback is scheduled to arrive at dealerships in late 2013.
Audi
VW is launching the CNG-powered Eco Up!,
which the company calls “the world’s most fuelefficient natural gas passenger car.” The little city
car burns 2.9 kilograms of CNG to go 100 km (62
miles) and emits 79 grams of CO2/1 km. That is
roughly equivalent to 56 US miles per gallon.
The only natural gas passenger vehicle available
for sale in the US, the 2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas, gets 31 mpg (combined). The Eco Up!,
though, is not destined for sale here. Instead, VW
is launching the car in Europe, where there is talk
of making fuel for natural gas vehicles from biomass sources, such as renewable biomethane.
VW Press Release
Iveco contracted to deliver 115 Daily Natural Power light commercial vehicles to TNT Express Italy by this year. NGVs will be used in the
Rome area as well as other parts of Central Italy.
This model is equipped with a 100 kW, 3.0L,
in-line 4-cylinder Fiat Powertrain Technologies
(FPT) Industrial CNG engine with three-way
catalytic converter, using a stoichiometric combustion regime that results in exhaust emissions
well below the European EEV limits. The system
can detect the composition of the gas used and is
able to adapt the actual air/fuel ratio accordingly,
in order to maintain low emissions without sacrificing performance. The “Recovery Mode” option makes it possible to switch the power source
to gas, allowing drivers to continue their journey
in the event that the methane supply runs out.
The supply of these vehicles will take place
in several stages.
More than 12,000 natural gas-powered Iveco
vehicles are currently in circulation, used by both
private businesses and public organizations,
5,000 of which are Daily models, 2,000 are medium- and heavy-duty range and 5,000 are buses.
Russian energy giant Gazprom says the spread
of vehicles powered by CNG is a major component in its national gasification programme.
A special entity will be set up to consolidate
Gazprom Group’s assets for production and sales
of compressed natural gas.
In a statement Gazprom outlined plans to
boost Russia’s fleet of NGVs. Its board of directors
had firmed up the role NGVs and their filling stations were to play in expanding the gas network.
“Schedules for gasification programs will contain
mandatory sections on NGV fuel use and the appropriate infrastructure development,” the statement
said. The latter would include acquisition of land
for filling stations, and conversion of vehicles
to CNG use.
There are 69 regions taking part in the gasification programme, and 37 of these are advanced
in adopting NGVs, the company said.
Currently Russia’s NGV fleet amounts to some
86,000 units. Demand for CNG demand in 2010
was 345 million cubic meters. There are 243 CNG
filling stations operating in 59 Russian regions,
with 208 owned by Gazprom.
Gas as a more widespread fuel for transport
in Belarus was discussed at a meeting between
the country’s prime minister and Gazprom chairman Alexei Miller.
L P G
&
The two parties signed a comprehensive gas
supply agreement last November, running till the
end of 2014. Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko praised the deal, which he said had removed
worries for his nation. “I am very pleased that we no
longer have to start a new year without an agreement on volumes or natural gas prices. I think we
don’t see acute problems like that any more,” he
said, quoted by the Belarusian Telegraph Agency.
In a statement, Gazprom said that intergovernmental agreements between Russia and Belarus
had given a powerful impetus to economic development in the latter.
“Consumers in Belarus get gas at comfortable
prices and have an additional advantage for manufacturing competitive products,” Gazprom said.
The Russian giant now owns Beltransgaz, the national gas infrastructure and transport company.
An expansion of gas-powered vehicles was also
discussed at the meeting in the Belarus capital,
Minsk.
The European Business Congress (EBC) Presiding Committee has approved a project to
expand NGV use in Europe. Spearheaded by the
Blue Corridor Project, which supported the sixth
Blue Corridor NGV Rally in September 2012,
the project is aimed at converting transport systems in Organization for Security and Co-operation (OSCE) countries to NGV fuel.
This project will include the expansion of CNG
filling station networks in Europe.
The EBC is a non-governmental organization
made up of 125 members from 23 OSCE states (as
at May 2011), with the goal of supporting the development of economic co-operation between
and in OSCE-countries, promoting economic
development in OSCE-countries, and promoting a sustainable dialogue between politics and
private businesses. The 27th meeting of the EBC
Presiding Committee, which was hosted by Gazprom Management Committee Chairman Alexey
Miller in Berlin, stressed the necessity of increasing joint efforts to develop the NGV market
and enhance Europe’s NGV infrastructure.
The EBC Presiding Committee also announced
that during the next EBC General Meeting in May,
the main topic of discussion for the conference
will be “Development of LNG and its Impact on
European Gas Markets”. EBC members N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie and Royal Boskalis Westminster N.V. will host the event. More information on
the conference available from here.
Blue Corridor Project is sponsored by Russia’s
Gazprom and Germany’s E.ON Ruhrgas.
Westport Innovations Inc. the global leader in
natural gas engines, has announced that it will expand its product offerings with the introduction
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
of CNG-powered versions of the Ford F-450 and
F-550 Super Duty trucks in mid-2013. The new
product additions will complement the already
proven Westport WiNG™ System powered Ford
F-250 and F-350 trucks.
“The timing is right. Our CNG bifuel systems for
Ford F-250 and F-350 trucks have been very well
received and as a result, our customers are making
increasing requests for customized options and natural gas trucks with higher gross weights,” said John
Lapetz, Vice President, North America Vehicle
Programs, Westport LD.
Westport continues to be the market leader
in helping to drive down the cost of natural gas
vehicles. The Westport WiNG™ System is already
priced at an industry-leading $9,500, making natural gas vehicles (NGVs) more affordable and accessible for U.S. truck fleets. The new natural gas
powered Ford F-450 and F-550 Super Duty truck
models will be offered at an equally competitive
price, saving fleets between 25 and 40 percent in
fuel costs with positive payback demonstrated
in two years. The new models will be available
exclusively through Westport’s authorized Ford
dealerships giving customers the fully integrated
OEM ownership experience they have come to
expect with Westport.
The MP48 DF is here: our new dual fuel DieselGas control unit of AEB company.
Thanks to the new MP48 DF ECU the dual fuel
Diesel/CNG and Diesel/GPL engines have finally
come true: a small revolution in the alternative
fuel conversion world.
The dual fuel conversion reduces the diesel
consumption in cars and light commercial vehicles integrating fuel with CNG/LPG: this reduces
polluting emissions (especially particulates) and
brings great benefits to the environment and to
the owner’s wallet.
Najlepsze pismo
o LPG i CNG w Europie
JEDYNE pismo branży gazowej
w Europie z dytrybucją w 49 krajach!
Dystrybucja na co najmniej
15 targach LPG&CNG w 2013!
Rozsądne ceny reklam
The BEST LPG & CNG
magazine in Europe
THE ONLY gas-magazine in Europe
with distribution in 49 countries!
Distribution while at least
15 LPG & CNG expos in 2013!
Resonable ad’s prices
You pay for 100% visibilty
of your advert!
Technical specifications: Operating temperature: -40÷105°C; Current absorption with the actuators disabled: Imax=0.5A; Current absorption
in standby mode: Istandby <5uA; Actuators managed: - up to 2 gas injectors with the following
characteristics: Imax=6, Vbatt,max=16V; 2 power outputs for gas solenoid valves; *Pmax=25W,
Imax=2A (power and maximum current for each
output with two outputs enabled), *Pmax=50W,
Imax=4A (power and maximum current with just
one output enabled)];
Sensors managed: Gas pressure sensor:
463504000; MAP sensor: AEB031; Water temperature sensor: 4K7; Gas Level sensor: AEB level
sensor, 0-90Ohm standard sensor, not standard
inverted sensor; Oxygen Sensor: Linear (Lambda
sensor); Management of AEB119B type switch.
check us:
www.timeforgas.com
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
&
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
NIEMIECKA DELEGACJA
DELEGATION OF GERMAN
LPG ASSOCIATION (DVFG) PRESENT INFORMATION
TO MEMBERS OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (MEPS):
STOWARZYSZENIA GAZU PŁYNNEGO (DVFG) PRZEDSTAWIA
SWOJE STANOWISKO CZŁONKOM PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO:
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY LPG SHOULD REMAIN PREFERENTIALLY TAXED.
PRZYJAZNY DLA ŚRODOWISKA LPG POWINIEN POZOSTAĆ
OBJĘTY PREFERENCYJNYM PODATKIEM.
C
URRENTLY, THERE IS A DEBATE IN THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE GERMAN MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT
AND MINISTRY OF FINANCE ON THE CONTINUATION OF THE TAX INCENTIVES FOR LPG BEYOND 2018. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE POLITICAL
LEVEL WITH THE NECESSARY AMOUNT OF RELEVANT INFORMATION, A DELEGATION OF THE GERMAN LPG ASSOCIATION WENT TO BRUSSELS
AND HANDED TO THE MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT, THE MEP PETER LIESE, THE RESULTS OF CONDUCTED
WELL-TO-WHEEL STUDY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES OF THE SAARLAND (HTW).
While the current common approach takes into account only emissions arising solely as a result of direct operation of the vehicle (tank-towheel), the HTW study considered in addition the costs of obtaining energy, ie from the source up to the mobility on the road (well-to-wheel).
And here LPG in comparison with other energy sources achieves favorable scores, because up to 15 percent less CO2 and significantly less
nitrogen oxides as well as particulate matter is released to the atmosphere during the use of LPG than in case of conventional fuels. Prof.
Dr.-Eng. Thomas Heinze pointed out, that thanks to vehicles running on
LPG, we prevent emissions of up to 300,000 tonnes of CO2 per year while
in Germany as well as throughout Europe there is a nationwide network
of LPG filling stations.
Markus Eder, a board member of the German LPG Association called
for, in view of the positive contribution of LPG to achieve the ambitious
climate protection goals, more predictable policy from the German
Government, and suggested an extension of the tax reduction for this
energy source until 2025. Additional incentives in the form of tax reductions would, in his opinion, encourage more and more car drivers to supply their cars with alternative LPG fuel.
Furthermore, Markus Eder clarified that LPG is suitable immediately
and without further investment to contribute positively to the climate
balance: „After all, there are far above 500,000 environmentally oriented
LPG drivers in Germany and more than four million in Europe who agree
to the fact that the emissions relating to the road traffic are reduced.”
Wolfgang Kröger
Dr. Klaus-R. Fresh, Technical Director of German LPG Association DVFG, Markus Eder, Managing Director of German LPG
Association , Dr. Peter Liese MEP, Prof. Dr.-Eng. Thomas Heinze from the Saarland University of Applied Sciences discussed
at the presentation of the study the benefits of the alternative fuel LPG.
Dr Klaus-R. Fresh, Dyrektor Techniczny Niemieckiego Stowarzyszenia Gazu Płynnego DVFG, Markus Eder, Dyrektor
Naczelny Niemieckiego Stowarzyszenia Gazu Płynnego, Dr Peter Liese – deputowany do Parlamentu Europejskiego,
Prof. dr inż. Thomas Heinze z Uniwersytetu Nauk Stosowanych w Saarland prezentujący badania dotyczące zalet
alternatywnego paliwa LPG.
08
L P G
A
KTUALNIE ODBYWA SIĘ DEBATA CZŁONKÓW KOMISJI TECHNICZNEJ PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO, NIEMIECKIEGO MINISTERSTWA
TRANSPORTU I FINANSÓW NA TEMAT KONTYNUACJI ULG PODATKOWYCH DLA LPG PO ROKU 2018. W CELU ZAPEWNIENIA NIEZBĘDNEJ
ILOŚCI ISTOTNYCH INFORMACJI DLA SZCZEBLA POLITYCZNEGO, DELEGACJA STOWARZYSZENIA GAZU PŁYNNEGO Z NIEMIEC UDAŁA SIĘ DO
BRUKSELI, PRZEKAZUJĄC CZŁONKOWI KOMISJI OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA, DEPUTOWANEMU DO PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO, PETEROWI
LIESE WYNIKI BADAŃ „WELL-TO-WHEEL” PRZEPROWADZONYCH NA UNIWERSYTECIE NAUK STOSOWANYCH W SAARLAND (HTW).
Podczas gdy obecnie popularne podejście skupia się na emisji spalin
powstałej jedynie w wyniku bezpośredniej eksploatacji pojazdów (tank-to-weel), to badania przeprowadzone w HTW biorą dodatkowo pod
uwagę koszty uzyskania energii, tj. uwzględniają źródło jej powstania
oraz jej wykorzystanie podczas poruszania się po drogach (well-to-wheel). Badania te wykazały, że LPG w porównaniu z innymi źródłami energii
uzyskuje korzystne wyniki, uwalniając do atmosfery o 15 procent mniej
CO2 i znacznie mniej tlenku azotu oraz cząstek stałych w porównaniu
z paliwami konwencjonalnymi. Prof. dr inż. Thomas Heinze zwrócił
uwagę na to, że dzięki pojazdom napędzanym LPG, jesteśmy w stanie
ograniczyć emisję CO2 o 300 000 ton rocznie, tym bardziej, że zarówno
w Niemczech jak i w całej Europie istnieje rozbudowana sieć stacji LPG.
tego źródła energii aż do 2025 roku. Dodatkowo, bodźce w postaci ulg
podatkowych mogą, jego zdaniem, coraz bardziej zachęcać kierowców
do instalowania w samochodach alternatywnego źródła zasilania paliwem w postaci instalacji gazowej LPG.
Markus Eder, członek zarządu Niemieckiego Stowarzyszenia LPG domaga się, zważywszy na pozytywny wkład LPG w uzyskanie ambitnych
celów dotyczących ochrony klimatu, bardziej przewidywalnej polityki
Rządu Niemieckiego oraz sugeruje rozszerzenie ulg podatkowych dla
Wolfgang Kröger
Ponadto, Markus Eder wyjaśnił, że LPG jako źródło zasilania już istniejące i nie wymagające dalszych inwestycji, jest odpowiednie do osiągnięcia pozytywnego wpływu na równowagę klimatyczną: „Jak by nie
patrzeć, w Niemczech jest ponad 500 000 dbających o ochronę środowiska
kierowców, korzystających z LPG i ponad cztery miliony kierowców w Europie świadomych tego, że emisja spalin w ruchu drogowym powinna zostać
zredukowana”.
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
PLANS AND PREDICTIONS
OF THE METERING EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER
INDUSTRY FOR 2013
T
HE EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS FOR THE GAS SECTOR (LPG, CNG AND LNG AS WELL) SAY THERE WILL BE EITHER A “SIGNIFICANT INCREASE”
OR AN “INCREASE” IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS (M&A) ACTIVITIES OVER THE NEXT 12 MONTHS IN EUROPE. EVEN GLOBALLY,
M&A ACTIVITY IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE AS A RESULT OF HIGH GROWTH IN EMERGING MARKETS, AND AS PART OF THEIR EFFORTS
TO EXPAND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC REACH AND INCREASE PROFITS. THE NEED TO DEVELOP NEW, EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
AS A LONG-TERM PRIORITY FOR COMPANIES IS ALSO EXPECTED TO DRIVE M&A ACTIVITY IN THE GLOBAL GAS AND OIL INDUSTRY.
TABLE 1
$ per million BTU
TABLE 2
18
8%
16
7%
14
6%
12
5%
10
4%
8
3%
6
4
2%
2
1%
0
United States
Europe
Asia
The research analysis show that upstream gas companies consider that
“new product development”, “machinery and equipment purchase”,
and “IT infrastructure development” will record a significant increase
in capital expenditure over the next 12 months.
10
procent rise in the global natural gas demand
0%
2011
2010
2000-2008
As Oil & Gas Monitor forum shows, on the other hand, the natural gas
is a relatively land locked commodity. Pipelines can be constructed
within large land masses such as North America or Europe in order
to move the gas, but it is much harder to ship across oceans. This leads
to the disparity in natural gas prices around the world. As of this writing, natural gas is $2.85 per million BTU’s (MMBTU) in the United States,
about $13.00 per MMBTU in Europe and about $16.00 per MMBTU
in Asia (see table 1). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is beginning to resolve
some of the problem. However, Liquefaction facilities, LNG tankers,
and regasification facilities are very expensive and have not reached
a large enough number of installations to bring natural gas into a world
market.
This result reflected significant growth in developing Asia and most
other non-OECD regions combined with a 9% decline in Europe, where
demand was even lower than in 2009. The economic slowdown, higher
gas prices, and milder-than-usual weather all contributed to weak European demand. Taking all these date into consideration, the gas demand in Europe is expected to remain relatively stable in 2013 vs. 2012.
But longer term, energy experts believe European gas demand will rise.
Because of “its green properties” and highly efficient application technologies, natural gas will remain the fuel of choice and will continue
to make a growing contribution to energy supply at least in the EU27.
Natural gas can play an important role as a bridging fuel to a sustainable energy future over the coming decades. Natural gas consumption
in EU member states is expected to increase from 438 mtoe in 2005
to 625 mtoe in 2030, which is an increase of 43%. The share of natural gas
in the European primary energy demand will rise from 24% in 2005
to 30% in 2030 (18% in 1990). At 60% of the total demand increase, most
of the growth will come from power generation (see table 3).
In order to launch a series of predictions for the next year, we have
to look behind and see that in 2011 the global natural gas demand
expanded only 2.0%, a modest rise after the 7.5% gain in 2010 and
the average of 2.8% in 2000 - 2008, according to the IEA (see table 2).
Drawing the conclusions, as the demand will grow, in the years to
come the European suppliers market for the gas sector will renew itself,
the energy industry needs to leverage more of the technological innovation that have taken place over the last decade. The next generation
cont. on p.12 ►
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
of the gas industry will need major investment in technology and capability, so the requests for modern industrial equipment will also grow.
“Many of the technologies and the related know-how need to be put to good
use all over Europe and especially in the emerging countries. There will be
a more visible mix allowing the efficient integration of technology, ideas,
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
financial and human capital.”, consider the representatives of the Syscom
18 Company, system integrator providing complete solutions and complex installations for the gas and oil industry.
Source: syscom.ro
EU27 Natural Gas demand outlook by sector
TABLE 3
600
500
MTOE
400
123
300
200
100
118
175
209
226
239
137
145
150
156
187
191
193
194
2015
2020
2025
2030
181
158
128
180
0
2005
2010
Residential
Industry
Power Generation
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
STANOWISKO PROMUJĄCE GAZ ZIEMNY
DLA AUT W ‘MIASTECZKU EKOLOGICZNYM
NA POLEKO 2012
P
ODCZAS TARGÓW OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA ‘POLEKO 2012’ STOWARZYSZENIE NGV POLSKA ZAPREZENTOWAŁO WSPÓLNIE
Z PARTNERAMI PERSPEKTYWĘ WYKORZYSTANIA GAZU ZIEMNEGO JAKO PALIWA W MOTORYZACJI. SPECJALNIE ZORGANIZOWANA
WYSTAWA MIAŁA MIEJSCE W ‚MIASTECZKU EKOLOGICZNYM’. ZOSTAŁO TAM WYSTAWIONYCH 5 POJAZDÓW ZASILANYCH CNG - FIAT
DUCATO NATURAL POWER, MERCEDES SPRINTER NGT ORAZ GAMA POJAZDÓW KOMUNALNYCH MARKI IVECO - DAILY, EUROCARGO ORAZ
STRALIS. NA OSOBY ZAINTERESOWANE POSTAWIENIEM WŁASNEGO KOMPRESORA CNG CZEKALI PRZEDSTAWICIELE PRODUCENTA
URZĄDZEŃ BRC FUELMAKER.
PolEko 2012, największe w Polsce Międzynarodowe Targi Ochrony Środowiska, to spotkanie całej branży zajmującej się utrzymaniem
czystości oraz wykorzystania ekologicznych
i nowoczesnych technologii w polskiej gospodarce. Przez cały czas trwania targów (20 - 23
listopada 2012) przybyli gości mogli obejrzeć
wystawę technologii CNG na ‘Miasteczku Ekologicznym’, która została zorganizowana przez
Stowarzyszenie NGV Polska.
FIATA DUCATO NATURAL POWER
- POJAZD DOSTAWCZY Z FABRYCZNĄ
INSTALACJĄ CNG
Fiat Ducato Natural Power to obecnie najpopularniejszy pojazd w swojej klasie zasilany
gazem ziemnym. Bazuje on na sprawdzonej
technologii Natural Power, sygnowanej przez
grupę Fiata. Dzięki temu pojazd ten pozwala
na niezwykle oszczędną i ekologiczną jazdę
w każdych warunkach. Obecnie jest to najczęściej sprzedawane auto dostawcze na CNG
w Polsce.
14
Na PolEko 2012 został przedstawiony egzemplarz w zabudowie typu furgon, o podwyższonym dachu i największej długości (wersja h2l4).
Wystawcą pojazdu wspólnie z Fiat Professional
Polska był POL-CAR Poznań – grupa dealerska
zajmująca się sprzedażą pojazdów grupy Fiat
w Wielkopolsce. Obecnie firma koncentruje
się m.in. na wdrażaniu użytkowych aut marki
Fiat Professional z fabryczną instalacją zasilania CNG rodziny Natural Power. W tym celu do
dyspozycji klientów został oddany demonstracyjny Fiat Doblo Natural Power, cechujący się
bardzo oszczędną i ekologiczną eksploatacją.
MERCEDES SPRINTER NGT
- POJAZD DOSTAWCZY Z FABRYCZNĄ
INSTALACJĄ CNG
Mercedes Sprinter NGT to ekologiczny
i oszczędny pojazd dostawczy zasilany gazem
ziemnym (CNG). Doskonale sprawdza się w środowisku miejskim, jak i na dłuższych trasach.
Dzięki fabrycznej instalacji zasilania metanem
właściciel może pokonać do 400 kilometrów na
gazie, jednocześnie ciesząc się bardzo oszczędną jazdą. Swoich atutów Sprinter NGT dowiódł
w prestiżowym Rajdzie Blue Corridor 2012.
W czasie PolEko 2012 Sprintera NGT (o podwyższonym dachu i najdłuższym nadwoziu)
wystawiła firma MB-Poznań, autoryzowany
dealer użytkowych pojazdów marki Mercedes-Benz. W swojej ofercie firma posiada ekologiczne i oszczędne pojazdy zasilane sprężonym
gazem ziemnym – dostawcze auto Sprinter
NGT oraz ciągnik siodłowy Econic NGT. Oba
gazowe modele znajdują się w parku demonstracyjnym pojazdów dealera. W 2012 roku
MB-Poznań aktywnie włączyło się w organizację prestiżowego rajdu pojazdów na CNG - Blue
Corridor 2012.
KOMPRESORY CNG OD BRC FUELMAKER
- INSTALACJE UMOŻLIWIAJĄCE ZATANKOWANIE POJAZDU NA GAZ ZIEMNY PRZY
SWOIM GARAŻU LUB PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWIE
Kompresory gazowe marki BRC FuelMaker
pozwalają na tankowania paliwa do pojazdów
bezpośrednio przy domu lub firmie. Dzięki temu osoby eksploatujące pojazd na CNG
mogą cieszyć się znakomitą dostępnością ekologicznego i taniego metanu. W ofercie firmy
kompresorCNG.pl, która jest wyłącznym dystrybutorem BRC FuelMaker w Polsce, znajdują
cont. on p.16 ►
Inter national
się kompleksowe rozwiązania dla każdego
klienta. Na wystawie zostały przedstawione
2 urządzenia – Phil FuelMaker o wydajności
1,5m3/h (dedykowany do tankowania 1 auta)
oraz model FMQ 2,5 o wydajności 4,3 m3/h
(dedykowany dla małej floty pojazdów).
GAMA POJAZDÓW KOMUNALNYCH NA
CNG OD IVECO
Oprócz stoiska Stowarzyszenia NGV Polska,
w ‘Miasteczku ekologicznym’ znajdowała się
również wystawa całej gamy pojazdów usług
komunalnych marki Iveco, zasilana sprężonym
metanem. Były to pojazdy:
■ Iveco Daily Natural Power
(w zabudowie typu hakowiec),
■ Iveco Eurocargo CNG
(również w zabudowie hakowca),
■ Iveco Stralis CNG
(w zabudowie śmieciarki, który miał swoją
premierę na polskim rynku).
PRZEDSTAWIENIE ZALET I KORZYŚCI
CNG PRZEZ PRZEMYSŁOWY INSTYTUT
MOTORYZACJI
Tradycyjnie w czasie ‘Forum Czystej Energii’,
będącym integralną częścią targów, swoją
prezentację na temat metanu w transporcie
wygłosił przedstawiciel Przemysłowego Instytutu Motoryzacji. Pani Barbara Smerkowska
16
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
w referacie ‘Rynek biogazu i CNG jako paliwa
w Europie’, przedstawiła podstawowe argumenty stojące za wykorzystaniem gazu ziemnego w motoryzacji oraz sytuację rynkową
w naszym kraju oraz innych państwach Unii
Europejskiej.
Równie interesującym wystąpieniem był
referat na temat ‘Pierwszy polsko-szwedzki
projekt wykorzystania odpadów komunalnych
po zmianie ustawy odpadowej (bioenergia
+ system zbiórki odpadów)’, autorstwa pani
dr Magdaleny Rogulskiej.
ORGANIZATOR ‘STREFY CNG’
ORAZ PATRONI MEDIALNI
Koordynatorem ‘Strefy CNG’ na ‘Miasteczku Ekologicznym’ w czasie PolEko 2012 było
Stowarzyszenie Użytkowników Pojazdów Zasilanych Gazem Ziemnym NGV Polska. Jest to
organizacja pozarządowa, której celem jest
promowanie wykorzystania metanu do zasilania pojazdów w Polsce. Stowarzyszenie zostało założone w 2001 roku przez grupę specjalistów rynku CNG oraz kluczowe instytucje
zajmujące się promowaniem ekologicznego
i bezpiecznego transportu (m.in. Przemysłowy
Instytut Motoryzacji).
Strategicznym partnerem ‘Strefy CNG’ oraz
głównym patronem medialnym był Portal cng.
auto.pl, założony przez grupę entuzjastów
wykorzystania gazu ziemnego do napędzania
pojazdów. Głównym celem działalności Portalu jest promocja ekologicznego i bezpiecznego paliwa CNG w Polsce. Działając od 2007
roku na rynku CNG, Portal skupia się na propagowaniu wykorzystania metanu w transporcie,
wdrażaniu nowych rozwiązań technicznych
(m.in. LNG i bioCNG) oraz pomocy użytkownikom aut na gaz ziemny.
Ponadto ‘Strefa CNG’ na PolEko 2012 została objęta patronatem medialnym czasopisma
transportowego ‘FLOTA’ oraz magazynu branży autogazu ‘Czas na Gaz’.
PODSUMOWANIE
Międzynarodowe Targi PolEko 2012 były znakomitą okazją do promocji wykorzystania metanu do zasilania pojazdów, przede wszystkim
dedykowanych dla usług komunalnych. Dzięki
zaangażowaniu organizatorów targów oraz
dostawców technologii CNG, odwiedzający
mieli niepowtarzalną okazję do zapoznania się
z korzyściami ekologicznymi i ekonomicznymi
z wykorzystania gazu ziemnego w motoryzacji. Stanowisko promujące CNG w ‘Miasteczku
Ekologicznym’ na PolEko 2012 należy uznać
za duży sukces, który już niebawem powinien
zaprocentować większą ilością pojazdów zasilanych gazem ziemnym na naszych drogach.
Źródło: cng.auto.pl
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
NATURAL GAS VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE
MARKET FACT PACK USA - COCA COLA CASE STUDY
NGV INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT: INDUSTRY LEADERS’ THOUGHTS
INTERVIEW WITH… STEVE SALTZGIVER
S
TEVE SALTZGIVER IS FLEET OPERATIONS DIRECTOR FOR COCA COLA REFRESHMENTS
NORTH AMERICA. PREVIOUSLY, SALTZGIVER
SERVED AS FLEET DIRECTOR FOR THE STATE
OF GEORGIA, OVERSEEING A FLEET OF 20,000
ASSETS. HE SERVED AS A FLEET MANAGEMENT
CONSULTANT WITH MERCURY ASSOCIATES,
THE LARGEST FLEET MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY IN THE US. BEFORE THAT, SALTZGIVER
FLEET DIRECTOR FOR UTAH’S FLEET
OF 10,000-PLUS ASSETS FOR 12 YEARS.
HE HOLDS A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE
IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, A MASTERS
IN ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT,
AND VARIOUS FLEET AND MANAGEMENT
CERTIFICATIONS.
DRIVERS
What are the motivations for investing in natural
gas infrastructure and vehicles?
Steve Saltzgiver: We have about 50,000 assets in the US and Canada. Of that, we have about
25,000 assets on the roead. We’ve looked at various alternative fuels in the last few years. We are
the largest user of Class 7 hybrid trucks in the
world, and we also use some fully-electric technology, a few propane vans, and hydrogen fuel cells on
our forklifts.
We are also delving into natural gas. We currently
have about a dozen trucks in various markets, including 10 NGVs in our main hub in California
and two more Elmsford, New York. Two of those
are LNG. The rest are CNG. We use the trucks primarily in our long-haul business. Most of our fleet
is for delivery business, which is really stop-and-go
short-haul. We’ve not been able to find the numbers to get natural gas in that arena.
We have a project underway now to see if we can
roll out more trucks. We’re in the calculation phase
at the moment to see what the return on investment, and the internal rate of return, is. We have
gathered the learning that we feel we need now to
move to scale. We’ve now got a full team looking
at the numbers to see how we can deploy this.
The biggest attraction is the fuel cost, obviously.
It’s half of what you pay for a diesel gallon here. But
there are some other attractive things too. You
can get a little lower maintenance. You can get rid
of some particular filters, some diesel emission
18
fluids. It’s a little cleaner as well, with injectors
and things like that.
But cost isn’t the only issue. As a company,
we have a big carbon emissions reduction goal.
We want to reduce our emissions 15 percent by
2020 (from a 2007 baseline). We may end up paying a little more to use this technology, but that’s
a greater good. On the other hand, we still have to
run a business, and watch the bottom line. So, we
are looking at every option that we can.
Theoretically, we could convert 10,000 of our
assets to natural gas if there was a good solution.
We have 7,000 Direct Store Delivery Class 7 tractors and 3,000 over-the-road tractors. We also
have another 3,000 one-ton vans that we could
consider converting. Overall, it’s potentially 13,000
assets. But it’s likely we would be combining other
types of alternative fuels as well.
CHALLENGES
What are your main challenges?
Steve Saltzgiver: The biggest challenges are the
incremental cost to deploy it, and the infrastructure. Everything else can be overcome. The incremental cost is between $40,000 and $60,000
right now. So, you if buy a $100,000 tractor, you
spend about $150,000 on the natural gas version. It’s a big mark-up. You can make it back on
the fuel savings if the life of the vehicle is 10 years.
But, typically, we like to see a return in three years.
So, at the moment, it’s a seven-year gap.
We have been successful in leveraging government grants. In the last few years, we’ve gotten
something in the region of $15-20 million. That
offsets the bulk of the incremental cost. But
those grants are only located in key regions, like
California and New York. They are not everywhere.
We need more opportunities in the middle of the
country, and in Canada.
With infrastructure, the challenge is natural gas
changes the way we do refueling.
We do a lot of ‘wet-hosing’ with diesel. We have
a truck come on-site and fuel our trucks. When
it comes to natural gas, that’s a barrier to overcome, because we now have to take the trucks
o_-site, or build something on-site. We’ve got to
look at the numbers for that.
With our 3,000 long-haul transport trucks, we
found there is more of an opportunity, because
they can go o_-site, and fuel at a commercial location. It’s not an onerous burden on our drivers, because they are already doing their own refueling
with diesel anyway. With the other trucks, there
are more barriers to deal with.
Other challenges? We face a lot of regulation
in the United States. We do most of our maintenance. So, we are having to retrofit our shops to
make sure they are in compliance with the National Fire Protection Act. They have to be vented
properly, and have spark protection. That’s another cost.
ADVICE
What advice would you offer other fleet operators?
Steve Saltzgiver: I don’t know if I have enough
experience to give advice. But I think fleet managers need to look at it, because it’s a future fuel
and it does present some advantages for maintenance. In the long-run, we think it will provide
a more reliable truck. There is a big opportunity,
but we have to be able to deal with that incremental cost. If you run a lot of miles, it’s an easy
return on investment. But that’s not the case for
everyone. Most transport trucks run 100,000
miles a year, but ours run only about half that.
LOOKING FORWARD
How do you see things shaping up in the next 2-5
years? What needs to happen to develop the market
further?
Steve Saltzgiver: By 2014, I would say we
would have expanded quite a bit more than we
are now. We are really looking at this hot and
heavy, and we think natural gas has a lot of opportunity for us. We’ll be working with OEMs to
try and leverage that incremental cost down,
by building more in volume. We have even discussed maybe building our fueling locations for
our Class 8 trucks, maybe by co-locating something with a company like Clean Energy.
There are possibilities with the smaller vehicles
as well. We already have 10 one-ton natural gas
vans in the Vancouver area, primarily servicing
fountain drink machines and coolers. We think
that sort of truck could be a good opportunity
as well.
Source: FC Business Intelligence
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
MERCEDES-BENZ ECONIC CNG/LNG
UNCOMPROMISINGLY ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY – QUIETLY
AND WITH LOW EMISSIONS THROUGH THE CITY
M
UNICIPAL APPLICATIONS, WASTE COLLECTION AND SHORT-RADIUS DISTRIBUTION – AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY, LOW-FLOOR
TRANSPORT VEHICLE FOR USE IN THE CITY, THE ECONIC FROM MERCEDES-BENZ SPECIAL TRUCKS IS A TRUE ALL-ROUNDER. IN PRODUCTION SINCE 1998 AND CONTINUALLY DEVELOPED, THE ECONIC IS UNMATCHED IN ITS FIELDS OF OPERATION, THANKS TO ITS LOW-LEVEL
ENTRY CONCEPT.
The Econic is also being used more and more in heavy-duty short-radius
distribution in and around cities. The success story of the Econic is reflected in its sales turnover: with a total of more than 10,000 Econic vehicle
sales, the truck has become a true sensation in European metropolitan
areas.
The Econic’s environmentally-friendly drive system represents a further plus point. Output ranges from 175 kW (238 hp) to 240 kW (326 hp)
thanks to compact turbodiesel engines featuring BlueTec technology
which also fulfil the EEV emissions standard. Power transmission is by
means of an automatic transmission with torque converter.
LOW-FLOOR CAB: SEE WELL AND BE WELL SEEN
The most noticeable feature of the Econic is its generously glazed lowfloor cab with an extremely low entrance and a flat floor. It enables fast
and safe entry and exit of the vehicle, not to mention great visibility,
which in turn also means added safety for drivers and their surroundings.
The fact that the driver is at eye level with pedestrians also makes the vehicle more acceptable in inner-city traffic.
ECONIC NGT WITH GAS-POWERED DRIVE:
QUIET AND WITH LOW EMISSIONS
The usage scope of the Econic predestines the truck for the implementation of particularly environmentally-friendly alternative drive systems.
The Econic CNG with natural gas drive has established itself comprehensively. The supercharged in-line six-cylinder M 906 LAG engine has a displacement of 6.9 l and impresses with its 205 kW (279 hp) output. If biogas
20
L P G
&
is used, the Econic can even be operated CO2-neutrally. The gas-powered
Econic has no particulate emissions. Equally advantageous is the low level
of noise generated by the gas drive system. Accordingly, deliveries in heavily populated areas are no problem, even at night or on weekends.
ECONIC NGT WITH LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG): HIGH RANGE
A third type of gas is gaining in importance: LNG. Natural gas reserves
are available in many regions of the world and global resources will last for
a good many years yet. However, as a result of lacking connections to the
international pipeline network in some countries, liquefied gas can only
be transported at sea. The liquefied stage of natural gas can be reached
by cooling the gas to temperatures below -160°C at atmospheric pressure
in the port of loading – CNG becomes LNG. Liquefied natural gas is transported in specialist tankers. For further transport at the port of destination, for example in pipelines to the consumer, the transition from -160°C
to ambient temperature causes the substance to return to its gaseous
state – LNG becomes CNG again. However, further transport of the gas
in its liquefied state from the port of destination to the consumer or filling
station occurs either by rail or truck. In the last five years, the capacity for
LNG has increased drastically in the producer countries, as too have the
transport capacity and the number of LNG terminals.
Advantages of LNG: its volume is much less than that of gaseous natural
gas. Thus in comparison with CNG, trucks like the Econic LNG can travel
great distances on what is essentially a manageable tank size. The range is
comparable to diesel vehicles. The Econic LNG uses multi-walled stainless
steel isolation tanks. A cooling system is not necessary as the liquefied gas
is stored in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
WIDE RANGE: CHASSIS VARIANTS AND TRACTOR UNITS
The Econic is available both as a chassis variant with two, three or four
axles, and as a two-axle tractor unit. The three-axle chassis variants are
available in numerous axle configurations – steering leading or steering
trailing axles; 6x4 with two driven rear axles – the Econic caters for all requirements. As part of the Econic’s standard equipment, full air suspension
with electronic level control system is also available.
Particularly pleasing is the increase in the number of Econic vehicles
being used in short-radius distribution applications. The truck combines
great manoeuvrability with the transport capabilities of a heavy truck,
as well as the ergonomics of a low-floor vehicle with the road-friendliness
of full air suspension. Add to that the advantages of a drive system with low
emissions. The Econic with its quiet and clean CNG/LNG drive is optimal
for city logistics as well as in zones where access restrictions apply around
the clock as well as on weekends.
A two-axle tractor unit Econic 1828 LS NGT with both a CNG and an LNG
tank demonstrates the possible variants for CNG and for LNG whilst at the
same time putting on show the extensive programme of environmentallyfriendly Mercedes-Benz Econic vehicles. The supercharged M 906 LAG puts
out 205 kW (279 hp) and has a maximum torque of 1000 Nm – ideal for
heavy-duty short-radius distribution. Four CNG tanks with a volume of 80 l
or two LNG tanks of 445 l ensure great ranges from 300 to 800 km.
Source: Mercedes-Benz
L P G
&
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT
AND YOUR WALLET:
W
ITH 16% LESS CO2 EMISSIONS, SIGNIFICANTLY CLEANER EXHAUST GASES THAN PETROL OR DIESEL FUEL AND AROUND 50%
LOWER FUEL COSTS THAN A COMPARABLE PETROL MODEL, THE NEW MERCEDES B 200 NATURAL GAS DRIVE FEATURING,
AS ITS NAME SUGGESTS, A NATURAL GAS DRIVE, HAS A LOT TO RECOMMEND IT.
The B 200 Natural Gas Drive is the first B-Class model to make use
of the „ENERGY SPACE” modular body concept: a partial double floor
beneath the rear seat bench creates space to accommodate one large
and two smaller natural gas containers, holding a total of 125 litres
of natural gas (corresponding to approx. 21 kg). Thanks to this intelligent packaging method, the 5-seater model is able to retain the generously proportioned luggage compartment for which it is known.
In natural gas mode, consumption of the 115 kW (156 hp) B 200
Natural Gas Drive is just 4.2 kg/100 km - corresponding to CO2 emissions of 115 g/ km.
As a result, emissions are around 16% lower than those of the B 200
BlueEFFICIENCY with petrol engine, which offers equal performance.
The new model belongs to efficiency class A and meets the EURO 6
emissions standard, which is not due to come into effect for all petrolengined vehicles until 1st September 2014. But the model not only
spares the environment – it is also good on the wallet: converting
the consumption of the B 200 Natural Gas Drive into the energy equivalent of petrol, the price per kilometre comes out at around 50% lower
than the fuel costs of driving a petrol model.
22
Performance is also on a similarly dynamic level: the B 200 Natural
Gas Drive can reach speeds of up to 200 km/h, and accelerates from
0 to 100 km/h in 9.1 seconds. The B 200 Natural Gas Drive works
according to the monovalent+ principle. This means that its engine
is basically operated using gas. For emergencies, there is a small 12
-litre petrol tank on board. In the event that the gas tank should ever
run dry, the vehicle switches over automatically, and imperceptibly,
to petrol operation. And because drivers are not able to select petrol
mode themselves, the B 200 Natural Gas Drive is taxed more favourably as a natural gas vehicle. The range in natural gas mode is around
500 kilometres.
The trip computer menu in the instrument cluster has been extended in the case of the B 200 Natural Gas Drive: the respective operating mode is displayed. In addition, a fill level indicator and remaining
range are included for petrol mode. In gas mode, the driver has access
to all of the regular trip computer functions.
Visually, the B 200 Natural Gas Drive also differs from other
B-Class models in terms of a few details. Its main characteristics
include the distinctive front bumper with strip-form LED daytime driving lights.
23
Inter national
LP G
&
Vehicles fitted with natural gas drive are not only particularly environmentally friendly, they are also sustainable. This is because in addition to mineral natural gas, they can also be operated using biogas.
Even synthetically produced gas can be used: this is produced using
„excess” energy from solar power plants or wind farms, and in the future could help to resolve the storage problems encountered with alternative power generation. In this respect, overall the B 200 Natural
Gas Drive can be considered to be emission-free.
The B 200 Natural Gas Drive was celebrating its world premiere
at the Paris Motor Show and is optionally available with manual transmission as well as the 7G-DCT dual clutch transmission. It is due to
arrive in dealerships at the beginning of this year.
24
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
With the B 200 Natural Gas Drive, Mercedes-Benz is adding a particularly economical and ecological variant to the new B-Class family.
Since its market launch in November 2011, the B-Class has enjoyed
outstanding popularity among customers: by the end of June, more
than 70,000 units had been sold worldwide.
Mercedes-Benz Press Information
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
FEMITEC i AC
W TRAKCIE PRÓB TERENOWYCH: PO POLSCE PODRÓŻUJE
Opracowany wspólnie przez AC
i Femitec układ sterowania diesel-gaz jest obecnie sprawdzany
w trakcie prób terenowych.
Wdrażanie „zielonej” technologii: kiedy przełącznik świeci
na zielono, instalacja gazowa
oszczędza kosztowny olej napędowy.
W zbiorniku na gaz do mieszanego spalania pomyślano
o wszystkim, nawet o podgrzewaczu zbiornika na chłodne
zimowe dni.
Peter Feldgebel sprawdza plan
instalacji gazowej oraz stopień
mieszania, w którym olej napędowy jest zastępowany przez gaz
za pomocą układu sterowania
wtryskiem.
DZIESIĘĆ VANÓW Z SILNIKIEM DIESLA ZE SPALANIEM W TRYBIE MIESZANYM
C
ENY BENZYNY I OLEJU NAPĘDOWEGO NIEPRZERWANIE OSIĄGAJĄ NOWE POZIOMY CENOWE. ZGODNIE Z BIEŻĄCYM RAPORTEM
ADAC, WRZESIEŃ BYŁ JAK DO TEJ PORY NAJKOSZTOWNIEJSZYM MIESIĄCEM, JEŻELI CHODZI O TANKOWANIE. ŚREDNIA CENA LITRA OLEJU
NAPĘDOWEGO WE WRZEŚNIU WYNOSIŁA 1,54 EURO A SUPER E10
1,67 EURO. WKRÓTCE MOŻEMY SIĘ WIĘC DOCZEKAĆ WŁOSKIEGO
SCENARIUSZA, JAKO ŻE PO DRUGIEJ STRONIE ALP KIEROWCY JUŻ OD
DŁUŻSZEGO CZASU PŁACĄ OKOŁO 2 EURO ZA LITR BENZYNY, PODCZAS GDY LITR LPG KOSZTUJE MNIEJ NIŻ POŁOWĘ TEJ SUMY. WYSOKIE
CENY PALIW W NATURALNY SPOSÓB WYWIERAŁY PRESJĘ NA WIELKOŚĆ MARŻ FIRM TRANSPORTOWYCH, PRZEMYSŁ LOGISTYCZNY
NIEMAL TRZESZCZY POD NAPOREM KOSZTÓW, ZWŁASZCZA SPORA
LICZBA FIRM, KTÓRA PODPISAŁA DŁUGOTERMINOWE KONTRAKTY
W CZASIE, GDY OLEJ NAPĘDOWY BYŁ DUŻO TAŃSZY. W ZWIĄZKU
Z TYM, ABY MÓC POKRYWAĆ KOSZTY EKSPLOATACJI, WSKAZANE JEST
POSZUKIWANIE KORZYSTNYCH ALTERNATYW. WCIĄŻ NAJTAŃSZYM
ROZWIĄZANIEM JEST ZASTĄPIENIE CZĘŚCI OLEJU NAPĘDOWEGO
GAZEM. WŁAŚNIE W TYM MIEJSCU ROZPOCZYNA SIĘ TECHNICZNY
POSTĘP POLSKIEGO PRODUCENTA INSTALACJI GAZOWYCH AC, W KOOPERACJI Z NIEMIECKIM IMPORTEREM FEMITEC Z MANNHEIM I OBECNIE DZIAŁAJĄ ONI PEŁNĄ PARĄ.
Przełomowy krok naprzód został wykonany już wcześniej tego roku, kiedy to
opracowano system będący jeszcze nadal w fazie rozwoju. Punkt wtrysku LPG
został zastąpiony przez w pełni sekwencyjny wtrysk gazu do poszczególnych
cylindrów. Peter Feldgebel z Femitec, nadzorujący ten projekt w Niemczech
powiedział: „To pozwoliło nam na dawkowanie odpowiedniej ilości LPG, czyli na
precyzyjne zastąpienie oleju napędowego i dokładniejsze dopasowanie dawki do
odpowiednich warunków w czasie jazdy”. Tym sposobem układy sterowania
mieszanego trybu spalania oleju napędowego, swoim działaniem będą bardziej przypominały zwykłe układy sterowania LPG.
WYMIANA NA POZIOMIE 50 PROCENT
Od czasu prezentacji na Międzynarodowych Targach GasShow w Warszawie, wiosną 2012 roku, opracowane zostały już cztery aktualizacje oprogramowania przeznaczone dla układu sterowania. Zgodnie z oświadczeniem
AC, 50% oleju napędowego może zostać trwale zastąpione LPG, co zaowocuje oszczędnościami w wysokości około 20% w porównaniu do eksploatacji
z użyciem samego oleju napędowego.
W celu nabycia dalszego doświadczenia w tym stosunkowo nowym obszarze zastosowania, w chwili obecnej flota 10 vanów, wykorzystywana przez
firmy transportowe w codziennym użytkowaniu, pokonuje niezliczone kilometry na polskich drogach. Wszystko to po to, aby zdobyć doświadczenie
podczas pracy z różnym obciążeniem, co pomoże w przyszłym opracowywaniu układów sterowania. Peter Feldebel: „Jak dotąd, pojazdy jeżdżą bez
żadnych problemów, w chwili obecnej wymagana jest jedynie ich precyzyjna
regulacja”.
Dane dotyczące zużycia i emisji spalin zbierane w Polsce zostaną uwzględnione w pracach trwających nad projektem i w przyszłości doprowadzą do
poprawy zużycia paliwa. W tym celu, niebawem zostaną zaplanowane odpowiednie testy w laboratorium emisji spalin, aby określić czy opracowywana
technologia, bez wprowadzania dalszych zmian, otrzymałaby aprobatę legislatora. Wdrożenie tej technologii w Niemczech prawdopodobnie spotkałoby się ze sporymi problemami, ale już za granicą, w sąsiedniej Belgii, zagadnienie to przedstawia się zupełnie inaczej.
ZAPOTRZEBOWANIE WE WSCHODNIEJ EUROPIE
Ostatnie targi Automechanika, gdzie AC wraz z Femitec pojawili się razem
jako jeden wystawca, potwierdziły, że rozwiązanie w postaci mieszanego
trybu spalania w silniku wysokoprężnym zyskało niespodziewane zainteresowanie. W międzyczasie przeprowadzono rozmowy handlowe, po których
Peter Felgebel mógł przedstawić pozytywne wnioski: „Zapotrzebowanie na te
instalacje jest większe niż się spodziewałem, zwłaszcza, że AC w Białymstosku jest
w stanie wyzwolić więcej możliwości produkcyjnej, aby obsłużyć zapotrzebowania tak szybko jak to możliwe”.
MOŻLIWE JEST UZYSKANIE 65%
W tym samym czasie Femitec w Mannheim również pracuje nad dalszym
rozwojem technologii.
Pojazd testowy MAN TGA 430 robi znaczne postępy. Zgodnie z tym, co
mówi Peter Gebel, już do 65% oleju napędowego może zostać zastąpione
przez LPG. Powoduje to zwiększenie oszczędności do 25,3%. Wątpliwe jest
jednak to, aby w najbliższej przyszłości na niemieckich drogach stosowane
były instalacje tego typu. Od czasu, kiedy Niemcy są jedynym europejskim
krajem ratyfikującym ECE R 115 a organizacje rzeczoznawców wietrzą interes w pomiarach spalin, nie powinniśmy mieć nadziei na spory postęp
w procesie legalizacji. „W chwili obecnej bardziej skupiamy się na sprzedaży zagranicznej, aby w krótkim okresie czasu uzyskać zwrot inwestycji.”
Kia Carnival z silnikiem wysokoprężnym o pojemności 2,9 litra jest właśnie
stosowana jako dodatkowy pojazd testowy, również dostosowany do eksploatacji w trybie mieszanym. Może to pozwolić na rozszerzenie działalności
w siedzibie głównej AC w Białymstoku, pomagając w nabieraniu dodatkowego doświadczenia z użyciem tej nowej technologii. Niewykluczona jest
również możliwość wykonywania późniejszych pomiarów spalin.
Zagadnienie związane z technologią mieszanego spalania będzie kontynuowane, tak, aby w przyszłości mogło odgrywać ważną rolę w gamie produktów firmy AC. Zarówno w Polsce jak i w wielu innych krajach Europy Wschodniej przy rosnących cenach oleju napędowego, rośnie zapotrzebowanie
na rozwiązania zmierzające do obniżenia kosztów eksploatacji. Ponieważ
w Polsce można sobie wyobrazić sytuację w której LPG będzie wykorzystywane w sektorze transportowym, możemy spodziewać się, że wkrótce zostaną odkryte i wdrożone dojrzałe rozwiązania.
Wolfgang Kröger
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
FEMITEC & AC
IN THE FIELD TRIAL: TEN VANS WITH DIESEL MIXED
OPERATION TRAVELING IN POLAND
T
HE PRICES OF PETROL AND DIESEL OIL
CLIMB UP CONSTANTLY TO THE NEW
HIGH LEVELS. SEPTEMBER WAS THE MOST
EXPENSIVE MONTH FOR REFUELING EVER, ACCORDING TO THE CURRENT ADAC REPORT.
AVERAGE COST OF A LITER OF DIESEL OIL IN
SEPTEMBER WAS 1.54 EUROS AND A LITER
OF SUPER E 10 1.67 EUROS. SO SOON WE
MAY REACH ITALIAN SCENARIO, BECAUSE ON
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ALPS THE DRIVERS
HAVE BEEN PAYING FOR A LONG TIME NEAR
2 EUROS FOR ONE LITER GASOLINE, WHILE
LPG COSTS LESS THAN HALF. THE HIGH FUEL
PRICES PUSH NATURALLY PRESSURE ON THE
MARGINS OF THE TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES, THE LOGISTICS INDUSTRY IS ALMOST
GROANING UNDER THE PRESSURE OF THE
COSTS, ESPECIALLY SINCE MANY COMPANIES
HAVE SIGNED LONG-TERM CONTRACTS AT
A TIME WHEN DIESEL OIL WAS MUCH CHEAPER. IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO COVER THE
COSTS, IT IS ADVISABLE TO LOOK FOR ALTERNATIVES. THE CHEAPEST SOLUTION IS
STILL TO REPLACE A PORTION OF DIESEL OIL
WITH GAS. PRECISELY AT THIS POINT STARTED
A TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE POLISH GAS
SYSTEM MANUFACTURER AC TOGETHER
WITH HIS GERMAN IMPORTER FEMITEC FROM
MANNHEIM AND CURRENTLY THEY ARE PROCEEDING AT FULL SPEED.
The diesel-gas-control device,
which AC and Femitec have jointly developed is being proven currently in a field test.
The decisive step forward was made earlier this
year, as in the system that currently is still under
development, the injection point for LPG was
replaced by fully sequential, cylinder-selective
injection of gas. Peter Feldgebel from Femitec, who oversees the project from Germany,
said: “This has allowed us to dose the appropriate
amount of LPG, which is to replace the diesel fuel,
more accurately and match it more precisely to the
respective driving conditions”. Thereby the control units for diesel mixed operation will, in their
way of working, be more similar to the normal
LPG control units.
50 PERCENT SUBSTITUTION RATE
Since its presentation at the LPG show
in Warsaw in the spring of 2012, there have been
already developed four software updates specifically for the control unit. According to AC statement, 50% of diesel oil can be now permanently
replaced with LPG and it will result in savings of
around 20% compared to pure diesel operation.
In order to gain further experience in this relatively new area of application, currently a fleet
of 10 vans passes countless kilometers on the
Polish roads, in the daily use by the trucking
companies, in order to gather experience in various load conditions and by this means will help
in the further development of the control units.
Peter Feldebel: „So far, the vehicles run without
problems, now the fine tuning is required.”
The data regarding the consumption and emissions collected in Poland shall now be included
in the ongoing project and effectuate a further
improvement in consumption. For this purpose, the appropriate tests in emission laboratories will be arranged shortly to determine if
this technology, without further modifications,
would get the blessing of the legislator. In Germany, it is likely to be associated with considerable difficulties, but even across the border, by
our neighbors in Belgium, the issue looks quite
different.
DEMAND IN EASTERN EUROPE
The last Automechanika, at which both AC and
Femitec appeared together as one exhibitor, already confirmed that the issue of diesel mixed
28
operation gained a never-expected demand.
Meanwhile, the trade contacts are effected and
Peter Feldgebel could draw a positive conclusion: „The demand for the systems is larger than
expected, not least because AC in Bialystok release
more free capacity to service the requests as soon
as possible.”
POSSIBLE UP TO 65 PERCENT
In Mannheim, Femitec develops the technology in parallel. The test vehicle, a MAN TGA 430
is currently making good progress. Up to 65% of
diesel oil can be now replaced by LPG, according
to statements of Femitec-manager Peter Gebel.
This makes a saving of up to 25.3 percent. However, it is doubtful if those systems would be
used on German roads in the near future. Since
Germany is the only European country that ratified the ECE R 115 and expert organizations sniff
the big deal with the exhaust gas measurements,
we should not hope for a lot of movement in the
approval processes. „We are currently focusing
more on sales abroad in order to achieve a shortterm return on investment.”
Kia Carnival with a 2.9-liter diesel is being used
now as an additional test vehicle, which is also
converted to the mixed operation. This can be
an addition to the activities at the AC head office in Bialystok, helping gather more experience
with the new technology. Also later exhaust gas
measurements are not excluded.
The topic of mixed operation will continue to
play a significant role in the AC product portfolio. Especially in Poland as well as in many other
Eastern European countries with the rising prices of diesel oil, the demand for solutions that are
adapted to lower the costs is rising. And since
LPG in Poland in the transport sector is not impossible to imagine, you can expect that soon
mature solutions will be found.
Wolfgang Kröger
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
GAS FOR BOATS,
THE ALTERNATIVE FOR WATER-SKIING
THE CLUBS, WHICH CONVERT THEIR BOATS, SAVE FIVE-DIGIT EURO AMOUNTS
Gaz do łodzi motorowych alternatywą dla narciarstwa wodnego
Kluby, które przystosowują swoje łodzie do zasilania LPG zyskują pięciocyfrową oszczędność w euro.
W
ATER SKIING IN GERMANY COULD BE MUCH MORE WIDESPREAD, IF THERE WERE MORE CLUBS OFFERING WATER SKIING. BUT MOSTLY
THE COSTS DISCOURAGE MANY PEOPLE FROM BEING ACTIVE IN THE WATER SKI CLUB. THE COST COMPRISES NOT ONLY THE ONE-TIME
PURCHASE OF A SUITABLE BOAT, BUT RATHER THE MAINTENANCE OF THE ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY SPORTS EQUIPMENT. SKI BOATS NEED UP TO
40 LITERS OF FUEL PER HOUR IN ORDER TO ATTAIN MAXIMUM PULLING FORCE. AND EXACTLY AT THESE PRICES THE WATER SKIING FOR MOST
SPORTS FANS WITH TODAY’S HIGH GAS PRICES IS UNATTAINABLE. HOWEVER, A SOLUTION WAS FOUND BY THE WSC MAINASCHAFF AS THEY
CONVERTED TWO BOATS TO LPG, WHICH SHOULD RATHER BE NAMED BOAT GAS IN THIS CASE. THE LPG SUPPLIER PROGAS PROVIDED TO THIS
PURPOSE AN APPROPRIATE WATER FILLING STATION AND ENSURED THAT THE COST-CONSCIOUS AND PASSIONATE BOATERS CAN CONTINUE
THEIR SPORTS ACTIVITY.
The calculation made by the association
chairman Ralf Nebel is relatively simple: a ski
boat needs up to 40 liters of gasoline per hour,
while the boats are used in the sports mode a
minimum of 150 hours per year. That makes
6000 liters of 1.70 euros gasoline per boat per
year, and it gives 10,200 Euro in total. After
replacement of gasoline by LPG, which costs
not more than 70 cents, the financial expenditure for the same number of hours amounts
only to 4,200 euros. This means additional
6,000 euros per boat remaining on the club
account. Ralf Nebel, the first Chairman of
WSC Mainaschaff: „We can hardly detect an increased consumption of LPG in comparison with
gasoline.
But even if we were to consume 10 percent more,
the conversion would still be more than worth”.
SMALL MOBILE GAS STATION
In order to exercise the hobby in the club in an
organized way, the club offers an area on the outskirts of Mainaschaff together with clubhouse,
a boat harbor with jetty for 28 sport boats and
a club-owned ski boat. Since this one was converted to LPG in 2006, then it was followed in
2007 by the club’s LPG filling station for boats.
It was the first gas station on the Main at all.
It contains 2,500 liters of liquid gas and was set
up by Progas. However, there had been a problem with it. Ralf Nebel: „As the club grounds are
located on the raft channel of the former sluice
Mainaschaff in the flood plain of the river Main, the
station must be dismantled in the high-risk winter
months. Thanks to the active support of club members, we have mastered this hurdle. When the club
members are on the site, even the strangers can refuel their boats on the boat filling station paying an
extra, small fee. There are a few boats already on
the Main, which moor regularly and refuel.”
The club boat, a Ski Nautique of Correct
Craft, has a 5.8-liter engine, which was retrofitted with an IMPCO Gas System by German importer Fuel Systems Solutions and works on the
L P G
&
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
venturi principle. The tank, which according to
the statutory requirements is housed in a socalled locker, has a gross capacity of 80 liters of
LPG, so its net value amounts to just over 60 liters. And because it works so well with gas, the
gasoline tank was removed. Since the conversion, the boat has done well over 700 hours of
operation with low-cost gas, and this fact brings
the treasurer of the club a smile to his face.
NO ENGINE PROBLEMS
Here, the engine life is not an issue. „So far there
has been no damage for six years, the engine starts
right away.” One must certainly believe in it, as
another club member has now also been decided to have his boat converted.
The filling process in Mainaschaff is not a problem, but LPG drivers must get used to it. Once
the boat is moored at the pier in front of the gas
station, it must first be properly tied. Then it is
absolutely necessary that the particular boot is
earthed by an additional power cable to prevent
sparks from static electricity during refueling.
Only then can the tanks be filled.
Although the club, thanks to the use of LPG in
boat operation, saves considerable sums that
can be invested in sport and youth develop-
ment, the business model with gas for boats
hasn’t yet spread to the other clubs. The Chairman regrets that in times of high fuel prices and
empty cashboxes, many organizations must face
the challenge. „What is missing? The adequate PR
work, after that the liquid gas will certainly be more
widespread on the water”, points out Ralf Nebel.
Moreover, the companies offering the conversion build too expensive systems. „Venturi is completely sufficient, as you can see.” He reminds himself, that there were the ever higher demands of
the club, but ultimately always ended in failure.
PERFORMANCE AS GASOLINE ENGINE
In addition, the club provides AutoGas Journal with more insight into its sporting activity.
To do so the gas boats are made clear. As promised, they started right away. „As we no longer
ride with gasoline, the engine is tuned exclusively to LPG,” says Ralf Nebel. Then it goes out of the
small sluice canal that protects the boats against
bobbing at the dock caused by the waves of the
big push on the Main. Approximately 500 meters downstream the club members were able to
install a buoy field, which would always be used
for training, while no freighter passes. „The wake
of the carriers would throw the water skier rushing
at a speed of 80 to 120 km immediately out of the
skis.”
cont. on p.32 ►
Water skiing is environmentally friendly and cost-effective when the water ski boat is on the way with gas instead of gasoline.
Narciarstwo wodne jest przyjazne dla środowiska i proekologiczne, jeśli stosowane do tego sportu łodzie napędzane
są gazem zamiast benzyną.
The boat filling station in Mainaschaff is dismantled in the winter months. Here
Landirenzo importer Udo Szamatulski is informed about construction of a gas station by the club chairman Ralf Nebel.
Stacja paliw dla łodzi w Mainaschaff jest demontowana na okres zimy.
Na zdjęciu widać jak Ralf Nebel objaśnia konstrukcję stacji paliw LPG importerowi Landirenzo Udo Szamatulskiemu.
30
31
Inter national
After a few laps on the Main the one thing is
certain: the gas-powered boats are not worse
than the gasoline engines in terms of reliability,
but also in the performance of anything. Only at
the filling station, they offer considerable cost
advantages. Therefore we hope that in future
more waterskiing clubs will decide for environmentally friendly, low-cost LPG.
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
However, at present there are few boat filling
stations in Germany, by the Baltic Sea and North
Sea and also in Berlin area and on Bodensee.
We only hope that many clubs and institutions
follow the example of the MSC Mainaschaff thus
playing a trick on the high fuel prices and global
warming.
The engine of the water
skiing boat has already saved
more than 700 hours with
boat gas.
Where there’s a will, there will be found a way
to build a boat gas filling station, as you can see.
Even if it must be dismantled every year from October to April like in Mainaschaff.
Wolfgang Kröger
Refueling of the boat is environmentally friendly, because
gas unlike the gasoline does not
mix with water and does not
contaminate it.
Silnik w łodzi stosowanej
do narciarstwa wodnego
właśnie zaoszczędził więcej
niż 700 godzin pracy pracując
z zastosowaniem zasilania
gazowego.
Tankowanie łodzi LPG jest przyjazne dla środowiska, ponieważ
gaz w przeciwieństwie do benzyny nie miesza się z wodą i w ten
sposób nie zanieczyszcza jej.
N
ARCIARSTWO WODNE W NIEMCZECH MOGŁOBY BYĆ ZNACZNIE BARDZIEJ ROZPOWSZECHNIONE, GDYBY WIĘCEJ KLUBÓW OFEROWAŁO
JAZDĘ NA NARTACH WODNYCH. JEDNAK TO WŁAŚNIE KOSZTY UPRAWIANIA TEGO SPORTU ZNIECHĘCAJĄ LUDZI DO AKTYWNEGO
SPĘDZANIA CZASU W KLUBACH NARCIARSTWA WODNEGO. KOSZTY TE TO NIE TYLKO JEDNORAZOWY ZAKUP ODPOWIEDNIEJ ŁODZI ALE
RACZEJ EKSPLOATACJA CAŁKOWICIE NIEZBĘDNEGO WYPOSAŻENIA SPORTOWEGO. ŁODZIE WYKORZYSTYWANE W NARCIARSTWIE WODNYM
SPALAJĄ DO 40 LITRÓW PALIWA NA GODZINĘ, ABY OSIĄGNĄĆ MAKSYMALNĄ SIŁĘ UCIĄGU. DLATEGO PRZY TAK WYSOKIM ZUŻYCIU PALIWA
NARCIARSTWO WODNE DLA WIĘKSZOŚCI FANÓW TEGO SPORTU JEST NIEOSIĄGALNE PRZY DZISIEJSZYCH WYSOKICH CENACH PALIWA.
KLUB WSC MAINASCHAFF ZNALAZŁ JEDNAK ROZWIĄZANIE, PRZYSTOSOWUJĄC DWIE ŁODZIE DO ZASILANIA LPG, KTÓRY W TYM PRZYPADKU
POWINIEN ZOSTAĆ NAZWANY RACZEJ GAZEM DO ŁODZI MOTOROWYCH. DOSTAWCA LPG PROGAS ZAPEWNIŁ W TYM CELU ODPOWIEDNIĄ
WODNĄ STACJĘ PALIW I UMOŻLIWIŁ ŚWIADOMYM KOSZTÓW PASJONATOM NARCIARSTWA WODNEGO DALSZE UPRAWIANIE TEGO SPORTU.
Obliczenia dokonane przez przewodniczącego klubu Ralfa Nebela są stosunkowo proste:
łódź do narciarstwa wodnego zużywa do 40
litrów benzyny na godzinę a łodzie te w trybie
sportowym stosowane są minimum 150 godzin
w ciągu roku. To daje 6000 litrów benzyny na
łódź w ciągu roku, a uwzględniając cenę benzyny 1,70 euro za litr, otrzymujemy 10 200 euro.
Po zastąpieniu benzyny przez LPG, którego cena
wynosi nie więcej niż 70 centów za litr, wydatki przy tej samej ilości godzin wynoszą jedynie
4200 euro. Oznacza to, że dodatkowe 6000 euro
na każdą łódź pozostaje na koncie klubu. Ralf Nebel, pierwszy przewodniczący klubu WSC Mainschaff: ”Prawie wcale nie odczuliśmy zwiększonego
zużycia LPG w porównaniu do zużycia benzyny.”
Jednak nawet gdyby zużycie było o 10 procent
wyższe to i tak przestawienie na LPG byłoby warte swojej ceny.
32
MAŁA MOBILNA STACJA PALIW
Aby uprawiać swoje hobby w sposób zorganizowany, klub oferuje tereny na przedmieściach
Mainschaff wraz z klubowym budynkiem, portem dla łodzi z przystanią dla 28 łodzi sportowych oraz będącą w posiadaniu klubu łódź
do narciarstwa wodnego. Po przystosowaniu
tej łodzi na zasilanie LPG w roku 2006, kolejnym krokiem było utworzenie stacji LPG. Była
to pierwsza stacja paliwowa LPG na całej rzece
Men. Została ona zbudowana przez Progas i wyposażona w zbiornik o pojemności 2500 litrów
gazu płynnego. Wiązał się z tym jednak pewien
problem, mówi Ralf Nebel: „Ponieważ tereny klubu znajdują się na kanale spławnym dawnej tamy
w Mainaschaff oraz na terenach zalewowych rzeki
Men, zatem w związku z istniejącym ryzykiem stacja musi być demontowana na okres zimy. Dzięki
aktywnemu wsparciu członków klubu poradziliśmy sobie z tym problemem.” Jeżeli członkowie
klubu są na miejscu, wówczas nawet osoby nie
należące do klubu mogą zatankować swoje łodzie uiszczając niewielką dodatkową opłatę.
„Na rzece Men jest obecnie parę łodzi, które regularnie cumują, aby zatankować.”
Łódź klubowa Ski Nautique firmy Correct Craft
wyposażona jest w silnik o pojemności 5,8 litra,
w którym zamontowano instalację gazową IMPCO przez niemieckiego importera Fuel Systems
Solutions i pracuje w oparciu o zwężkę Venturiego. Zbiornik LPG, który zgodnie z przepisami
został umieszczony w tzw. „schowku”, ma 80 litrów pojemności brutto, zatem jego pojemność
netto wynosi powyżej 60 litrów. Ponieważ łódź
zasilana gazem pracuje prawidłowo, zbiornik
benzyny został usunięty. Od czasu zastosowania LPG, łódź doskonale sprawowała się podczas
700 godzin eksploatacji na tanim paliwie, co
spowodowało szeroki uśmiech na twarzy skarbnika klubu.
BEZPROBLEMOWA PRACA SILNIKA
Trwałość silnika nie jest tutaj kwestią sporną.
“Jak dotąd, przez sześć lat nie było żadnej awarii
a silnik uruchamiał się od razu.” Musi być to informacja sprawdzona, skoro inny członek klubu
właśnie zdecydował się na przerobienie swojej
łodzi.
Proces tankowania w Mainaschaff nie stanowi
problemu, jednak pływający na łodziach z napędem LPG muszą się do niego przyzwyczaić.
Jak tylko łódź zostaje zacumowana przy pomoście na wprost stacji paliw, musi być właściwie
przywiązana. Następnie absolutnie konieczne
jest uziemienie danej łodzi dodatkowym przewodem elektrycznym, aby zapobiec iskrzeniu
wywołanemu elektrycznością statyczną podczas tankowania. Dopiero wówczas można rozpocząć tankowanie.
Mimo tego, że klub, dzięki stosowaniu LPG
podczas eksploatacji łodzi oszczędza znaczne
sumy, które później mogą zostać zainwestowane w sport i rozwój młodzieży, to model biznesowy polegający na stosowaniu gazu do napędu
łodzi jeszcze nie rozprzestrzenił się na inne kluby. Przewodniczący ubolewa, że w czasach wysokich cen paliw i pustej kasy, wiele organizacji
musi borykać się z takimi problemami. „Czego tu
brakuje? Odpowiedniego działania promocyjnego,
po którym gaz płynny z pewnością byłby znacznie
bardziej rozpowszechniony na wodzie”, zauważa
Ralf Nebel. „Ponadto, firmy oferujące zasilanie gazowe montują zbyt drogie systemy LPG. Jak można
L P G
&
C NG
&
L NG
m agaz i n e
zauważyć, zastosowanie zwężki Venturiego jest
w zupełności wystarczające”. Przypomina on sobie, że wszak swego czasu było większe zapotrzebowanie wśród klubów, to jednak ostatecznie zawsze kończyło się to niepowodzeniem.
OSIĄGI JAK W SILNIKU BENZYNOWYM
Dodatkowo, klub zapewnił pismu AutoGas
Journal wgląd w swoją działalność sportową.
Przedstawiono również informacje na temat
obydwu łodzi. Zgodnie z obietnicą wystartowano od razu. “Ponieważ już nie będziemy poruszać się na benzynie, silnik został skonfigurowany
jedynie na spalanie LPG.” powiedział Ralf Nebel.
Następie łódź popłynęła przez mały kanał śluzowy chroniący łodzie przed silnymi falami rzeki
Men, które mogłyby powodować zbyt duże kołysanie się łodzi w porcie. W odległości około
500 metrów w dół rzeki członkowie klubu mogli już zaznaczyć pewną przestrzeń bojami, która będzie używana jako miejsce do treningów
w czasie, kiedy nie będą tamtędy przepływały
barki i inne statki transportowe. „Kilwater takiego statku mógłby przy prędkości od 80 do 120 km/h
wyrzucić narciarza wodnego z nart”.
Po paru okrążeniach na rzece Men jedna rzecz
wydaje się być pewna: łodzie napędzane gazem
nie są gorsze od tych napędzanych benzyną,
nie tylko pod kątem niezawodności, ale i pod
każdym innym względem. Jedyna różnica to
taka, że przy stacji paliw wyraźnie pokazują
swoją dobrą stronę, związaną z kosztem paliwa.
Dlatego mamy nadzieję, że w przyszłości coraz
więcej klubów narciarstwa wodnego będzie
decydować się na przyjazne dla środowiska
i obarczone niskimi kosztami eksploatacji zasilanie LPG.
Niemniej jednak, w chwili obecnej jest tylko
kilka stacji paliw dla łodzi w Niemczech: w rejonie Morza Bałtyckiego i Morza Północnego
a także w okolicy Berlina i Bodensee. Możemy
mieć jedynie nadzieję, że wiele klubów i instytucji podąży za przykładem MSC Mainaschaff płatając w ten sposób figla wysokim cenom paliw
i globalnemu ociepleniu.
Jak można zauważyć, kiedy tylko jest chęć, to
można znaleźć drogę to zbudowania stacji paliw
LPG dla łodzi, nawet jeśli musi ona być demontowana każdego roku na okres od października do
kwietnia, tak jak to ma miejsce w Mainaschaff.
Wolfgang Kröger
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
PAVE THE WAY FOR GASEOUS
FUEL VEHICLES
A
NYONE SELLING ALMOST ANYTHING INTO ANY MARKET KNOWS THAT SOMEWHERE AT THE LOCAL, NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
1
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS WILL AFFECT YOUR BUSINESS. A LOT OF INDUSTRIES DON’T LIKE REGULATIONS, OFTEN BECAUSE THEY
ARE DESIGNED TO ENFORCE SPECIFIC SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS THAT INDUSTRY SAYS RAISES THE COST
OF THE PRODUCTS TO CONSUMERS.
But the gaseous fuel vehicle industries – natural gas and LPG – are unusual in that they usually favor the development of new regulations
(based on accepted standards and ‘best practices’) so that equipment can be certified as safe
and reliable. When new technologies are being
brought into existing markets it is ‘normal’ that
proper standards and/or regulations must be developed so that products can be sold to consumers who expect and demand quality, reliability,
and safety.
FOUNDATION FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES
IN NEW MARKETS
Standards and regulations are the foundation
for new technologies. Without them products
can’t go to market. When brought to the international level, harmonization of standards and
regulations is critical so that manufacturers have
to make only one version of the equipment for all
markets rather than have to conform products
to the requirements of every national market.
This promotes better economics for consumers
and higher profits for the manufacturers. It also
ensures a degree of safety and reliability that is
critical to new technologies in developing markets.
Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and liquefied petroleum gas vehicles (LPG-Vs) are regulated by a
complex network of international and national
standards and regulations. Amongst the most
important are those at the United Nations:
Regulation 115 that covers emissions and performance of NGVs and LPG-Vs; Regulation 110
1
2
applying to components of NGVs and their installation; and the companion for LPG-Vs, Regulation 67. (See Figure 1). These regulations normally adopt standards that are created within
the International Standards Organization, based
in Geneva, Switzerland or other national standards as might be appropriate. The standards,
which cover virtually every aspect of a vehicle,
are developed by industry stakeholders who
work in a lengthy process to create consensusbased standards governing most aspects of every piece of equipment on the vehicle. Other organizations also deal with associated issues such
as fuel quality and metering at the fuel pump,
of amendments to UNECE Regulation 49 to allow
for type approval of Euro VI dual-fuel engines
that soon can be marketed on a world-wide
basis. Volvo has been working with Westport
and with Clean Air Power to offer two different
types of dual-fuel natural gas engines on certain
trucks.
Work continues at the HDDF TF on certification procedures for Euro V heavy duty dual-fuel
engines, which should be complete in 2013. The
task force now is considering how to handle dual-fuel retrofit engines for HDVs. At some future
time work likely will begin on light duty dualfuel, which is a relatively new contribution to the
range of gas engines available today.
WHAT’S NEW FOR GASEOUS FUEL VEHICLES
Behind the scenes there are many NGV and
LPG stakeholders often working to develop
standards and regulations at the European and
international levels.
VEHICLES & EMISSIONS
Heavy duty dual-fuel engines
The Heavy Duty Dual-Fuel Task Force (HDDF
TF) is a small group of gaseous fuel stakeholders being led by Volvo and TNO to create
United Nations regulations for compression
ignition engines that can run on a combination
of diesel-natural gas or diesel-LPG. The task
force works within the Informal Group on Gaseous Fuelled Vehicles2 (GFV) that is within the
Group of Experts on Pollution and Energy (GRPE)
at the UN in Geneva. In 2011, after a year and
a half of work, the HDDF TF concluded its first set
New Regulations for LNG Vehicles
As a result of the new dual-fuel regulations
there was a need to create regulations for liquefied natural gas vehicles (mainly will be heavy
duty). Westport, working with Volvo, uses LNG
in their dual-fuel engines. But there are no international regulations (or standards) covering
vehicles driving on LNG. Again, in the leadership chain of the United Nations the GFV informal group of industry stakeholders created an
LNG Task Force (LNG TF), including NGV Global
and NGVA Europe, that have developed amendments to UN ECE Regulation 110. The amendments were submitted to the UN Group of Experts on General Safety (GRSG) in September
2012 but were not adopted due to some open
questions that needed to be addressed. The
LNG Task Force has been re-working the amendments, which will be presented again in April
2013 and, hopefully, will be adopted. This will
Standards are non-binding ‘models’ that often are adopted as ‘codes’ or ‘regulations’, which are legally binding in different government jurisdictions.
The GFV secretariats are provided by NGV Global (Jeffrey Seisler) and AEGPL (Salvatore Piccolo).
34
cont. on p.36 ►
Inter national
pave the way for LNG trucks to be converted
(or made by OEMs) and marketed under a single
regulatory framework on a worldwide basis.
European emissions of total hydrocarbons
At the end of 2010 the European Commission’s
Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry introduced a series of amendments that included one specific issue related to NGVs that
would align the hydrocarbon (HC) requirements
of the Light Duty Regulation 715/2007 with the
non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) requirements contained in the Heavy Duty Regulation
595/2009. This is extremely important to the
NGV industry in particular, since NGVs emit very
low ozone-forming hydrocarbons that produce
smog. But when the methane emissions are
included vehicles frequently exceed the total
hydrocarbon emission limits. This means that
retrofits (and OEMs) will have to install special
methane catalysts that can cost €200-€500.
The NGV industry has worked hard for many
years to get rid of the total hydrocarbon emission limits and replaced by an NMHC, as has been
done in the United States in 1990 and shortly
thereafter in Japan. Without changes to eliminate a THC in favor of an NMHC the NGV retrofit
industry stands to suffer enormously as it tries
to convert new Euro 6 cars and keep within the
THC emissions limits. After more than a year
of debate it appears that the resolution of this
issue may come through the UN in Regulation
115 and not in Europe. But if there is no settlement on this challenging and complicated issue
the problems with the European THC regulations could put many of the NGV retrofitters out
of business.
FUEL QUALITY
Quality, or composition, of gaseous fuels, particularly natural gas is a very contentious issue.
The fact that ‘natural’ gas is, in fact, a naturally
occurring substance means that its composition varies widely. As a vehicle fuel, however,
the vehicle manufacturers would like to have a
relatively narrow range of gas composition to
ensure their NGVs perform well. From the gas
supplier’s perspective delivering gas within very
narrow limits is virtually impossible because: 1)
the range of gas, while predominantly methane,
is a broad mix of other substances including pentane, ethane, propane, butane, and inert hydrocarbons; and 2) the gas industry cannot segment
its pipeline customers – such as CNG fuelling stations apart from other customers – to provide
specific types of gases.
36
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
Nevertheless, the European Commission has
mandated the Committee on European Normalization to tackle gas composition in a number
of ways. Directive 2003/55/EC mandated CEN
to create a standard for natural gas as a fuel in
general for all markets (being handled by CEN
Technical Committee TC234). The Biofuel Directive of 2008 mandated CEN to create a standard
for renewable biomethane (CEN TC408). Meanwhile, CEN TC19 is developing standards for
liquid and gaseous alternative fuels for automobiles, although the gaseous fuels are far down
on their priority list. There already is a European
Norm for LPG (not specified as an automotive
fuel) in EN 589.
Because fuel injectors in vehicles are much
more sensitive to fuel composition than stoves,
water heaters or furnaces, gas composition and
its energy content (Wobbe index), octane rating
(methane number), water content, and sulphur
content (to comply with liquid automobile fuels) become extremely contentious and very
complex. Work at CEN continues but resolution
between what vehicle manufacturers would like
to have and what natural gas companies can
provide still must be resolved. The entry of liquefied natural gas (LNG) will be yet another issue that further complicates gas quality debates.
Although LNG is nearly 100% methane, its composition, temperature and pressures vary as it is
transported so further discussions and debates
among fuel quality experts are far from over.
FUEL STATIONS
Standards covering requirements for Automotive LPG filling systems (EN 13760:2003) and
Petrol filling stations (EN 13617-x series) are
published in the Official Journal of the European
Union under Directive 94/9/EC. But for NGVs
there are no European or international standards
for natural gas fuelling stations, be they compressed natural gas (CNG), LNG, or biomethane.
The draft standard prEN 13638 on “NGV filling stations” (Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicle Filling
Stations) was developed in TC326 within the
Committee of European Normalization (CEN)
starting in 1998. But by September 2006 the
standard was not completed and ISO took over
the work on CNG stations and small, vehicular
refuelling appliances (VRAs). Work also began
on LNG fuelling stations since their expansion in
the marketplace has motivated a further need
for standards for LNG systems. The completion
of the ISO fuelling station standards for CNG
and VRAs (prEN 13945), which are now at the
final Draft International Stage (DIS), are critical
to the expansion of the NGV fuel infrastructure.
Today different countries frequently use standards borrowed from other countries but that
now may be out-of-date. The ISO fuelling station standards will be landmark breakthrough,
serving as a model for national (or regional)
code and regulations that will help grow the
NGV fuel infrastructure. ISO standards also will
help station manufacturers, installers, and customers have increased confidence in the safety
and reliability of natural gas delivered for automotive applications.
The ISO standard for LNG stations (now as
Committee Draft 16924) will become, when it
is completed, the third in a triad of NGV fuelling
station standards that will open new opportunities for NGV markets.
LOTS MORE TO BE DONE
MARINE APPLICATIONS
There is enormous potential for LPG and LNG
to be used as a marine fuel, for both oceangoing vessels and inland shipping. Changes
in regulations by the United Nations International Maritime Organization (IMO) for reduced sulphur content in fuel and reduced NOx
emissions is motivating the shipping industry
to look seriously at the gaseous and cryogenic
fuels. Global fuel sulphur limits will drop from
3.5% in 2012 to 0.5% in 2015. Fuel quality restrictions are more stringent inside Environmental
Control Areas (ECAs) that are designated in the
Baltic and North Seas and on both coasts of the
United States. The most economical replacements for diesel bunker fuel likely will be LNG
and LPG.
But standards and regulations have to be created for bunkering these fuels, transferring fuel
between ships and from shore to ship, fuelling on inland waterways, not to mention the
certification of engines, fuel storage systems,
and safety on board ships if the market is to grow
to its potential.
RAILWAY APPLICATIONS
Locomotives operating on gaseous fuels
are only in the ‘proof of concept’ and early
development stages but diesel locomotives
are another potential market for clean fuel
alternatives to these high polluting vehicles
that use very low quality diesel fuel. Here
again a full suite of standards and regulations
will be required to see this market grow.
cont. on p.38 ►
Inter national
LP G
&
CNG
&
L NG
ma ga zin e
FIGURE 1: UNITED NATIONS STRUCTURE FOR GASEOUS FUEL VEHICLE REGULATIONS
United
Nations Economic
Commission
for Europe
(UN / ECE)
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of:
1. LPG retrofit systems
2. CNG retrofit systems
The Group
of Experts on Pollution
and Energy (GRPE)
Regulation 115
UN Structure for
Gaseous Fuel Vehicle
Regulations
Inland
Transport
Committee
Working
Party 29
World Forum for
Harmonization of Vehicle
Regulations
Informal Group
Gaseous Fuelled
Vehicles
Clean Fuels Consulting is hosting its fifth in the
series of Critical Issues Workshops, this one on
‘Poli-techs: Creating a Standards & Regulatory
Roadmap for Gaseous Fuels. The workshop is
designed to gather expert speakers to address
a knowledgeable audience of gaseous fuel stakeholders (natural gas and LPG), from equipment
manufacturers and suppliers, government policy makers, regulators and others who are interested or involved in developing and sustaining
the markets for natural gas and LPG vehicles.
38
Regulation 110
Regulation 67
Specific components of CNG systems and
their installation on vehicles (R67 is corollary
for LPG)
HDDF TF
LNG TF
UNDERSTANDING MORE ABOUT GASEOUS
FUEL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
Group of Experts
on General Safety
(GRSG)
The goal is to leave the workshop with a firm
idea of the key standards and regulatory issues
facing the gaseous fuel vehicle industry entrepreneurs and government regulators. This includes: the current regulatory state-of-play; the
existing gaps; and the immediate pathway to fill
the gaps, thereby facilitating market expansion
of natural gas and LPG vehicles as clean alternatives to petrol and diesel.
Dr. Jeffrey M. Seisler is the CEO of Clean Fuels Consulting located in Brussels. On behalf of NGV Global
he is the co-secretary of the Informal Group on Gaseous Fuelled Vehicles, the co-secretariat of the LNG
Task Force, and assists and contributes to the work
of the Heavy Duty Dual-fuel Task Force.
Dr. Jeffrey M. Seisler
For more information please visit:
www.poli-techs.eu
MEDIA
PARTNER
PA L IW
FU EL
PR I C E S
Country
LPG
1L
CNG
[Euro/ 1Nm³]
Euro-super
98 1L
Euro-super
95 1L
Diesel
1L
Miasto/ City
Austria
€ 0.790
€ 1.015
€ 1.672
€ 1.390
€ 1.381
Belgium
€ 0.739
€ 0.930
€ 1.292
€ 1.636
Bulgaria
€ 0.695
€ 0.721
€ 1.350
-
-
Czech Republic
€ 0.667
Denmark
LPG MIN
LPG MAX
PLN
EURO
PLN
EURO
Białystok
2,65
0,65
2,74
0,67
€ 1.492
Bydgoszcz
2,63
0,65
2,78
0,68
€ 1.272
€ 1.292
Gdańsk
2,67
0,66
2,79
0,69
€ 1.465
€ 1.267
€ 1.326
Katowice
2,59
0,64
2,84
0,70
€ 0.710
€ 1.570
€ 1.501
€ 1.465
Kielce
2,59
0,64
2,71
0,67
€ 1.217
-
€ 1.750
€ 1.588
€ 1.450
Kraków
2,67
0,66
2,79
0,69
Estonia
€ 0.740
€ 0.779
€ 1.641
€ 1.247
€ 1.302
Łódź
2,62
0,64
2,87
0,71
Finland
-
€ 1.287
€ 1.550
€ 1.597
€ 1.521
Lublin
2,62
0,64
2,72
0,67
2,61
0,64
2,83
0,70
Cyprus
France
€ 0.859
€ 1.260
€ 1.620
€ 1.648
€ 1.489
Olsztyn
Germany
€ 0.823
€ 1.117
€ 1.930
€ 1.575
€ 1.466
Opole
2,68
0,66
2,74
0,67
Greece
€ 0.960
€ 1.100
€ 1.473
€ 1.681
€ 1.416
Poznań
2,61
0,64
2,89
0,71
Hungary
€ 0.822
€ 0.870
-
€ 1.414
€ 1.473
Rzeszów
2,54
0,62
2,72
0,67
Ireland
€ 0.990
€ 0.941
€ 1.705
€ 1.588
€ 1.542
Szczecin
2,64
0,65
2,89
0,71
Italy
€ 0.860
€ 0.990
€ 1.980
€ 1.764
€ 1.705
Warszawa
2,62
0,64
2,99
0,73
Latvia
€ 0.601
€ 0.830
€ 1.430
€ 1.337
€ 1.330
Wrocław
2,63
0,65
2,94
0,72
Lithuania
€ 0.707
€ 0.929
€ 1.390
€ 1.364
€ 1.303
Zielona Góra
2,63
0,65
2,90
0,71
Luxembourg
€ 0.690
€ 0.868
€ 1.360
€ 1.317
€ 1.218
Netherlands
€ 0.901
€ 1.009
€ 1.850
€ 1.785
€ 1.492
Poland
€ 0.709
€ 0.720
€ 1.391
€ 1.353
€ 1.372
Portugal
€ 0.870
€ 0.713
€ 1.682
€ 1.744
€ 1.501
Romania
€ 0.721
€ 0.643
€ 1.430
€ 1.280
€ 1.323
Slovakia
€ 0.738
€ 1.228
-
€ 1.507
€ 1.435
Slovenia
€ 0.838
€ 1.104
€ 1.501
€ 1.478
€ 1.394
Spain
€ 0.860
€ 1.026
€ 1.530
€ 1.366
€ 1.338
Sweden
€ 1.160
€ 1.510
€ 1.710
€ 1.641
€ 1.636
United Kingdom
€ 0.994
€ 1.148
€ 1.711
€ 1.628
€ 1.727
Prices are effective December 30, 2012. Sources: energy.eu,pzmtravel.com.pl,ec.europa.eu,metanoauto.com,private info
2,70
2,72
2,83
2,69
2,70
2,79
2,75
2,78
2,68
2,70
2,71
2,75
Średnia
detaliczna cena LPG
w Polsce - 22.12.2012
2,74
2,70
2,72
2,74
wnp.pl
dane z dnia 28.12.2012, na podst.e-petrol.pl
C ENY

mercedes b 200 natural gas drive

Transkrypt

Podobne dokumenty

Laboratorium z inżynierii mikrofalowej

Clothes - VocApp

Pobierz pełne wydanie

Citaro NGT während der IAA im Einsatz Direct