Praca Oryginalna Original Article

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=32/"0()24"37 Dietary habits suitable for nutritional
requirements of human organism together with everyday
physical activity are likely to maintain or improve the basic
health potential and reduce the risk of neoplasms. Cancer
induces a variety of changes in the life of the affected
individuals and their families.
><?+)24@+7% O!/& "$>/ ).P/& "L& )!/& 7#/=/')& =):+-& (%=&
)"& %==/==& (!/)!/#& %' /#& .'Q:/' /+& )!/& +./)%#-& !%$.)=& %'+&
physical activity of the affected women.
9$2+/4$'%$30%:+2A"017 The study comprised 331 women
diagnosed with neoplastic diseases. The research tool was
the questionnaire designed by the authors. The questionnaire
was distributed amongst women attending prophylactic
examinations at the hospital outpatient clinic (Teaching
R"=7.)%6&G"?&JS&$/)(//'&T%# !&UVVW&%'+&H7#.6&UVVX?&
B+1('217& O!/& =):+-& 3'+.'8=& +/9"'=)#%)/+& )!%)& %' /#&
=.8'.3 %')6-& %LL/ )/+& +./)%#-& !%$.)=& %'+& 6/.=:#/& % ).P.)./=?&
C"9/'& 9"#/& /%8/#6-& %'+& 9"#/& L#/Y:/')6-& =" .%6.4/& %'+&
prefer active leisure pursuits. Moreover, they pay closer
attention to the diet as they feel responsible for the health
of family members. The respondents are disciplined,
"976.%')& (.)!& +" )"#Z=& "#+/#=*& %'+& L:66& "L& "'3+/' /& .'&
the medical personnel, which is extremely important for the
treatment process and its outcomes.
!"#$%&'()*"#+,% !"#"$%&'"(")("#"(%*&"+,-(.%'./*&
%0)-('"12&34- 4'%
-+.% #"/01,% neoplastic disease, dietary habits, physical
activity.
1
Department of Paedodontics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
Department of Mathematics and Medical Biostatistics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
3
Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
2
JU
INTRODUCTION
['& G"P/9$/#& UVVW& )!/& C"#6+& \%' /#& M/=/%# !& ]:'+&
^C\M]S& %'+& H9/#. %'& ['=).):)/& L"#& \%' /#& M/=/%# !&
^H[\MS& 7:$6.=!/+& )!/& /_)/'=.P/& #/7"#)& "'& )!/& /LL/ )=& "L&&
lifestyle on the risk of various neoplastic diseases. The
report describes the present state of knowledge concerning
relations between nutrition, body constitution, physical
activity and various neoplastic diseases [1,2]. There is
convincing evidence that physical activity protects against
colon cancer; moreover, it is likely to be protective against
uterine body and breast cancers in women after menopause.
O!/& "66/ )/+& +%)%& .'+. %)/& $/'/3 .%6& /LL/ )=& "L& %'-& )-7/&
%'+& %'-& .')/'=.)-& "L& 7!-=. %6& % ).P.)-& `Dabc?& G:)#.)."'&
patterns suitable for the body nutritional requirements
in combination with regular everyday physical activity
may maintain or improve the basic health potential
and reduce the risk of cancers [6]. The current dietary
guidelines should be followed, which recommend the
consumption of high proportions of plant food products,
limited intake of fats, animal fats in particular, and of
alcoholic beverages [6,7].
G/"76%=). & +.=/%=/=& .'+: /& %& P%#./)-& "L& !%'8/=& .'& )!/&
life of patients and their families. The present study was to
+/)/#9.'/& (!/)!/#& '/"76%=). & +.=/%=/=& .'Q:/' /+& +./)%#-&
patterns and physical activity of the affected women.
O!/&9%>"#&%.9&"L&)!/&=):+-&(%=&)"&%'%6-=/&)!/&/LL/ )=&"L&
cancers on dietary habits and physical activity of women.
9;CDB=;E%;FG%9DCH>G
The study involved 331 women diagnosed with cancer. The
research tool was the questionnaire designed by the authors.
The questionnaire was distributed amongst women attending
prophylactic examinations at the hospital outpatient clinic of
)!/&O/% !.'8&R"=7.)%6&G"?&J&$/)(//'&T%# !&UVVW&%'+&H7#.6&
2009. The effects of cancer on changes in dietary habits and
leisure activities were analysed. The results were statistically
analysed. The values of parameters measured in the nominal
= %6/&(/#/& !%#% )/#.4/+&$-&':9$/#&%'+&7/# /')%8/&(!/#/%=&
the relations between the variables analysed were assessed
:=.'8&)!/&d2 test of independence. The 5% error of deduction
(%=& %==:9/+e& 7fV?Vb& (%=& "'=.+/#/+& %=& =.8'.3 %')?&
The database and statistical analyses were based on the
5)%).=). %&g?V&="L)(%#/&^5)%)5"L)*&B"6%'+S?
@+#&B:$6&UVEVeEUV^ES
separated or divorced – 10.6% and single women – 7.9%
^O%$6/&ES?&&
C;PED%M7%J$/$:+2+/17
n
%
fJV&-/%#=
90
27.2%
JEabV&-/%#=
137
JE?Jk
> 50 years
EVJ
DE?Jk
elementary
EJ
J?Uk
vocational
85
25.7%
secondary
138
JE?Wk
higher
XJ
Ug?Jk
EJV
JU?Dk
88
26.6%
103
31.1%
single
26
7.9%
married
232
70.1%
separated, divorced
35
10.6%
widow
38
11.5%
Age
Education
Place of residence
town - < 100 thousand
inhabitants
town - > 100 thousand
inhabitants
village
Marital status
uterine body
cancer
11.5%
cervical cancer
32.3%
others
0.6%
breast cancer
10.3%
ovarian cancer
45.3%
I=KLBD%M7%C.6+1%"N%)$3)+/%04$O3"1+0%43%2A+%/+16"30+3217
8H;B;8CDB= C=8 %>I%CHD%BD J>FGDFC
The study involved 331 women aged 23 – 62 years.
O!/&&9/%'&%8/&(%=&Jb?h&i&g?X&-/%#=?&O!/&=):+-&7"7:6%)."'&(%=&
+.P.+/+&.')"&)!#//&%8/& %)/8"#./=&^O%$6/&ES?&O!/&#/=7"'+/')=&
%8/+& JE& j& bV& -/%#=& "'=).):)/+& )!/& 6%#8/=)& 8#":7& j& JE?Jk&
(!.6/&)!"=/&f&JV&-/%#=&)!/&=9%66/=)&"'/&j&XV&7%)./')=&^UW?UkS?&
Analysis of education of the respondents showed that
)!/& 9%>"#.)-& "L& ("9/'& !%+& =/ "'+%#-& /+: %)."'& j& JE?Wke&
)!/& 6"(/=)& 7/# /')%8/& !%+& !.8!/#& /+: %)."'& j& J?Uk?& O!/&
9%>"#.)-& "L& ("9/'& 6.P/+& .'& )"('=& (.)!& fEVV& )!":=%'+&
inhabitants – 31.1%; 26.6% of the respondents lived in bigger
towns >100 thousand inhabitants. The highest proportion of
the respondents were married - 70.1%, followed by those
G/"76%=). & +.=/%=/=& 9"=)& "99"'6-& 6.=)/+& $-& )!/&
#/=7"'+/')=&.' 6:+/+&"P%#.%'& %' /#&j&Jb?Dk*& /#P. %6& %' /#&
- 32.3% and uterine body cancer -11.5%. Breast cancer was
+.%8'"=/+&.'&EV?Dk&"L&)!/&#/=7"'+/')=&^].8:#/&ES?
RESULTS
The authors analysed the effects of cancer on leisure
% ).P.)./=?& O!/& 9%>"#.)-& "L& )!/& #/=7"'+/')=& 9"#/& /%8/#6-&
=" .%6.4/+&^UVU&.'+.P.+:%6=&j&hE?VDkSe&%&!.8!&7#"7"#)."'&"L&)!/&
#/=7"'+/')=&%))% !/+&8#/%)/#&=.8'.3 %' /&)"&7!-=. %6&% ).P.)-&
^gE& j& UJ?JWkS*& %& 6"(& 7/# /')%8/& "L& 7%)./')=& ^E?gkS& )#./+&
JD
@+#&B:$6&UVEVeEUV^ES
to rest more. The analysis of factors affecting leisure
activities revealed that:
As far as 2A+% 2.6+% "N% )$3)+/% #$1% )"3)+/3+0& ^d2=98.3
+LlXe& 7lV?VVVVe& \#%9/#Z=&mlV?DEhS& ^].8?& US*& ("9/'& (.)!&
breast cancer declared more eager contacts with friends
– 88.2%; a high proportion mentioned the need for rest
^EE?gkS?&K.0/(.=/*&)!/&7%)./')=&(.)!&"P%#.%'& %' /#&7#/L/##/+&
=" .%6& 9//).'8=& j& bJ?Wk*& -/)& %& !.8!& 7/# /')%8/& +/ 6%#/+&
!.8!/#&7!-=. %6&% ).P.)-&j&UJ?Vke&9"#/"P/#*&="9/&7#"7"#)."'&
of patients stated that cancer did not affect markedly their
leisure activities. The patients with cervical cancer preferred
9//).'8=&(.)!&L#./'+=&^WU?XkSe&%&!.8!&7#"7"#)."'&"L&)!/9&+.+&
'")& !%'8/& )!/.#& 6/.=:#/& % ).P.)./=& ^Ub?UkS?& ['& )!/& 9%>"#.)-&
"L& %=/=*& :)/#.'/& $"+-& %' /#& !%+& '"& =.8'.3 %')& .97% )& "'&
leisure activities. Over 63% of the respondents chose this
answer category; 26.3% declared more frequent meetings
with friends whereas 10.5% increased their physical activity
^].8:#/&US?&
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
breast
cancer
ovarian
cancer
cervical
cancer
I rest more
11.76%
1.33%
0.00%
uterine
body
cancer
0.00%
I am more physically ac ve
0.00%
24.00%
1.87%
10.53%
I meet friends more
frequently
88.24%
54.67%
72.90%
26.32%
No impact
0.00%
20.00%
25.23%
63.16%
activities was $O+% ^d2=52.99; df=6; p=0.0000; Cramer’s
mlV?UgDS?& O!/& #/=7"'+/')=& "L& -":'8/#& %8/& 8#":7=&
=.8'.3 %')6-& 9"#/& "L)/'& +/ 6%#/+& !.8!/#& 7!-=. %6& % ).P.)-e&
older women did not introduce any changes. Irrespective
"L&%8/*&)!/&#/=7"'+/')=&%))% !/+&8#/%)&=.8'.3 %' /&)"&9"#/&
frequent social meetings with friends and family.
CA+% '+@+'% "N% +0()$24"3& !%+& =)%).=). %66-& =.8'.3 %')&
impact on behaviour patterns of the respondents. The
7%)./')=& (.)!& =/ "'+%#-& %'+& !.8!/#& /+: %)."'& =.8'.3 %')6-&
more often declared higher physical activity whereas those
with elementary education did not introduce any changes
.'& 6/.=:#/& % ).P.)./=& ^d2=32.702 df=9; p=0.0017; Cramer’s
mlV?UXXS?&
As for 2A+%:$/42$'%12$2(1&"L&)!/&#/=7"'+/')=&^d2lbV?XJe&+LlXe&
7lV?VVVWe&\#%9/#Z=&mlV?DXUS*&)!/&3'+.'8=&+/9"'=)#%)/+&)!%)&
single women more often increased their physical activity
whereas those married or widows mentioned meetings
with friends and their families.
Oncologic prophylactics postulate that 35% of cancers
are caused by diet and that this percentage may be markedly
or completely reduced. The dietary habits suitable for body’s
nutritional requirements combined with physical activity
are likely to maintain or improve the basic health potential and
reduce the risk of cancers, cardiovascular diseases or other
chronic diseases [2,6,7]. In our study, the respondents were
asked whether cancer induced changes in dietary habits. The
9%>"#.)-& "L& )!/& #/=7"'+/')=& !%'8/+& )!/.#& +./)=& % "#+.'8&
)"&+" )"#Z=&#/ "99/'+%)."'=&^UUW&j&hg?hkS&^].8:#/&JS?
No changes in
dietary habits
31.4%
I=KLBD%R7%E+41(/+%$)24@424+1%"N%#":+3%#42A%@$/4"(1%)$3)+/17
CA+% :+2A"0% "N% 2/+$2:+32% !%+& =)%).=). %66-& =.8'.3 %')&
/LL/ )=&"'&6/.=:#/&% ).P.)./=&"L&)!/&#/=7"'+/')=&^d2lbE?Je&+Llhe&
7lV?VVVVe&\#%9/#Z=&mlV?UWXS&^].8:#/&DS?&O!/&7%)./')=&(!"&
underwent chemotherapy more often and more eagerly met
L#./'+=& ^Jg?gkSe& %& =:$=)%').%6& 7/# /')%8/& +/ 6%#/+& !.8!/#&
7!-=. %6& % ).P.)-& ^DU?hkS?& O!/& #/=7"'+/')=& %L)/#& #%+.%)."'&
)!/#%7-&9"#/&/%8/#6-&)""0&7%#)&.'&=" .%6&9//).'8=&j&hb?Jke&
%& !.8!& 7#"7"#)."'& "L& )!/9& ^UX?bkS& +.+& '")& !%'8/& )!/.#&
leisure activities.
The attitudes of the respondents who underwent surgery
were comparable. Another variable correlated with leisure
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
I rest more
Chemother
apy
4.65%
Radia on
therapy
0.00%
Surgery
2.25%
I am more physically ac ve
32.56%
5.13%
6.74%
I meet friends more
frequently
48.84%
65.38%
65.17%
No e!ect
13.95%
29.49%
25.84%
I=KLBDQ7% DNN+)21% "N% :+2A"01% "N% 2/+$2:+32% "3% '+41(/+% $)24@424+1%%
"N%2A+%/+16"30+3217
Changes in
dietary habits
68.6%
I=KLBD%S7%DNN+)21%"N%)$3)+/%"3%04+217
The respondents stressed they prepared meals for
themselves and their families with greater care, paying
attention to everyday intake of fruit and vegetables. They
limited the consumption of fats, particularly animal fats.
T"#/"P/#*& )!/& 7%)./')=& /97!%=.4/+& )!%)& $/L"#/& )!/& +.=/%=/&
they liked fried meals; currently they prefer to steam. They
avoid heavy meals and watch their body weight. They do not
drink carbonated, sweet beverages and prefer still mineral
water. Additionally, they limited the intake of coffee and
of alcoholic beverages. They try to promote healthy dietary
patterns amongst their relatives.
We analysed the effects of age, place of residence,
education, marital status, leisure activities on diet-related
changes in the respondents involved in the study. Using
)!/&6"8.=). &9"+/6*&)!/&"++=&#%)."&^nMS&(%=& %6 :6%)/+*&.?/?&
the probability of compliance with doctor’s recommendations.
The probability of changes in dietary habits doubled with age
^nMlE?gXe&7lV?VVbgS?&K.P.'8&.'&%&)"('&.' #/%=/+&)!/& !%' /&
to pay closer attention to meals and proper diets more than
JJ
b& ).9/=& ^nMlJ?bgUe& 7lV?VVEJS?& T%#.)%6& =)%):=& .=& %'")!/#&
variable affecting changes in dietary habits (OR=3.123;
7lV?VVVJS?& R%P.'8& %& L%9.6-& )#.76/+& )!/& 7#"$%$.6.)-& "L&
promoting healthy dietary patterns. The respondents with
families believed they were responsible not only for their
own health but mainly for the health of their families –
!.6+#/'*&!:=$%'+=?&O!/&+./)%#-&!%$.)=&(/#/&%6="&.'Q:/' /+&
by leisure activities. The odds ratio calculated revealed
that the respondents more physically active prepared meals
more carefully according to doctor’s orders. In patients who
declared higher physical activity, the incidence of suitable
+./)=& (%=& "P/#& )("& ).9/=& !.8!/#& ^nMlU?Jbe& 7lV?VVVS?&
H "#+.'8&)"&)!/&9%>"#.)-&"L&%:)!"#=*&("9/'&%#/&+.= .76.'/+&
7%)./')=*&L"66"(&+" )"#Z=&.'=)#: )."'=&%'+&!%P/& "'3+/' /&.'&
medical personnel. They more frequently and eagerly refer
to medical literature to obtain more information about their
+.=/%=/&%'+&)!/&(%-=&"L&38!).'8&.)?&O!/&%:)!"#=&!.8!6.8!)&)!%)&
such attitudes most likely result from the fact that the family
members, when affected by diseases, seek advice from
women, mothers or wives [6,7].
CONCLUSIONS
The present study reveals that cancers affect markedly
dietary habits and leisure activities. The respondents more
/%8/#6-& %'+& L#/Y:/')6-& =" .%6.4/& %'+& 7#/L/#& % ).P/& 6/.=:#/&
pursuits. They pay closer attention to diets as they feel
responsible for the health of family members. The respondents
are disciplined patients, follow doctor’s instructions and have
8#/%)& "'3+/' /& .'& 9/+. %6& 7/#="''/6*& (!. !& .=& /==/').%6&
for the process of treatment and its outcomes.
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BDIDBDF8D ,
1. C\M]oH[\M& ^UVVWS?& ]""+*& G:)#.)."'*& B!-=. %6& H ).P.)-& %'+& )!/&
Prevention of Cancer – a Global Perspective. Washington D.C.; 2007.
Available from www.dietandcancerreport.org
2. R>%#)%0/#& H*& H+%9.& Rn*& K:'+& p*& C/.+/#7%==& p?& q"+-& 9%==& .'+/_&
and mortality in a prospectively studied cohort of relatively young
Scandinavian women. The Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study.
p:#&r&p7.+/9."6?&UVVbe&UV^XSsWJWabJ?
3. q%#'%1&p*&50#A)&H*&50#A)aT%8./#;"&r*&5"$"6/(=0.&T?&r%0"12&,- .%&0"$./)&
4& !"#"$%&'"(")("#"(<&7./#=.?&B#4/86<+&T/'"7%:4%6'-&UVVXeEsEbaEX?
J?& O#"66/aK%8/##"=&t*&T: .&KH*&I:96/&T*&q#%%)/'&O*&C/.+/#7%==&p*&R=./!&
C-C, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Lund E, Adami H-O. Physical activity
%=&%&9%>"#&+/)/#9.'%')&"L&9"#)%6.)-&.'&-":'8/#&("9/'?&p7.+/9."6?&UVVbe&
16:780-5.
5. T%#8"6.=& I*& T: .& K*& q#%%)/'&O*& I:96/& T*&O#"66/aK%8/##"=&t*&H+%9.&
H-O, Lund E, Weiderpass E. Physical activity in different periods of life
and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;
EJ^ESsUWaDU?
6. I#%=:=0%&T?&M"6%&"+,-(.%'.%&(&7#"36%0)- /&"'0"6"8. 4'/>?&@+#&B:$6?&
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7. I#:0&r?&r/+4/'./&"(" F(&.&(%#4-(&%&#-4-0"&#%0%&7./#=.?&C=7F;&n'0"6?&
UVVheEV^bSs&UUJaDV?
=3N"/:$)?+%"%;(2"/&$)A
Dr hab. n. med. !"#$%#&'()*#+',#&j&I%)/+#%&.&@%0;%+&5)"9%)"6"8..&C./0:&
M"4(">"(/8"*& u'.(/#=-)/)& T/+- 4'-& (& K:$6.'./*& +#& '?& 9/+?& -"./0-%#&
10-%2),#3*045#6!7',#& j& %+.:'0)*& @%0;%+& T%)/9%)-0.& .& q."=)%)-=)-0.&
T/+- 4'/>*&u'.(/#=-)/)&T/+- 4'-&(&K:$6.'./*&98#&/#2/#2#& 82,!7',# –
Instytut Medycyny Wsi w Lublinie
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u'.(/#=-)/)&T/+- 4'-&(&K:$6.'./
:6?&5)%=4. %&EE*&UVaVgE&K:$6.'