pobierz wersję PDF

POLISH
VOL. XL/2
JOURNAL
2007
OF
SOIL
SCIENCE
PL ISSN 0079-2985
Soil Chemistry
STANIS£AW KALEMBASA, BEATA KUZIEMSKA*
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
OF SOIL MATERIAL FERTILIZED WITH WASTE ORGANIC
MATERIALS
Received May 14, 2006
Abstract. Soil material was taken from pots after two years of the study involving the investigation of
two parameters: I – liming (without liming and with liming according to 1 unit acidic reaction applied
as CaCO3; II – organic fertilization: waste activated sludge from Siedlce, broiler chicken litter and
brown coal from the Turów mine). The organic fertilization was applied in a dose of 2 g of organic
carbon per 1 kg of soil material. The total content of phosphorus was determined by the ACP-AES
method after earlier decomposition of the organic substances by the ‘dry combustion method’. The
investigated fractions of phosphorus were separated by the Chang-Jackson method using the
modification of Peterson and Corey. The organic materials used in this experiment significantly
differentiated the content of total phosphorus and its fractions in the analysed soil materials. The
highest content of total phosphorus was determined in the soil materials fertilized with broiler litter
and waste activated sludge from Siedlce, and the lowest in the soil material without the addition of
any organic materials. In all investigated soil materials the highest levels of extractable phosphorus
was determined in the fraction of aluminium phosphate and the lowest in the fraction of occluded
phosphate.
The total phosphorus content in the ploughing layer of arable soils most often
oscillates between 0.03 and 0.15%, and depends on the type of matrix, its
weathering degree, and organic matter content. Intake of this element by plants is
determined first of all by dihydrophosphates and some hydrophosphates easily
soluble in water and present in the soil. The content of the phosphorus compounds
in the soil determines the plant’s nutrition and depends on many natural and
anthropogenic factors, including soil acidity, applied fertilization, amount and
quality of organic matter as well as the presence of calcium, iron, and aluminium
ions [1,11].
*Prof. S. Kalembasa, DSc.; B. Kuziemska, DSc.; Department of Soil Science and Plant
Nutrition, University of Podlasie, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
166
S. KALEMBASA, B. KUZIEMSKA
Evaluation of not only the total phosphorus content in a soil but its various
fractions makes it possible to uncover the phosphorus transformations occurring in
soil environment and illustrates the influence of different factors on their
distribution [4, 5, 12].
The present study was aimed at evaluating the total phosphorus content and its
fractions contained in soil fertilized with waste organic material applying
sequential analysis with the Chang-Jackson method with subsequent
modifications by Peterson and Corey [7].
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study involved creating soil samples after completing the pot experiment.
It was a two-factor experiment with a completely randomised system. Liming
(objects with or without CaCO3 application at rates calculated according to 1 Hh of
soil) was the first factor; and various organic fertilization types (sewage sludge
from water treatment plant in Siedlce, chicken litter, and brown coal from the coal
mine in Turów) was the second experimental factor. Organic material fertilization
was applied at a 2 g C kg-1 dose along with different phosphorus contents. The
organic materials contained the following amounts of the element (g P kg-1 DM):
sludge from Siedlce – 26.687, chicken litter – 22.655, and brown coal – 0.081;
following quantities of phosphorus were introduced into the soil: 0.1438, 0.1135,
and 0.0005 (g P kg-1 of soil). Cocksfoot was used as the test plant, four cuts of
which were harvested during the vegetation season. The soil used in the
experiment was collected from the ploughing layer (0-20 cm) of loessive soil with
granulometric composition of strong loamy sand. The total phosphorus content in
the soil was determined by means of ICP-AES after previous dry digestion in a
muffle furnace at 450°C. To precipitate the quartz, dissolved carbonates and
oxides, the samples were flooded with HCl solution (1:1) and evaporated on a sand
bath. The pure ash prepared in this way was dissolved in 10% HCl. Analysed
fractions of phosphorus were separated applying sequential extraction method of
Chang-Jackson with subsequent modifications by Peterson and Corey [7].
Following fractions were separated:
1. P-lab: labile phosphorus – easily soluble compounds extracted using 0.1 M
NH4Cl;
2. P-Al: phosphorus bonded to aluminium phosphates extracted using 0.5 M
NH4F;
3. P-Fe: iron phosphates extracted using 0.1 M NaOH;
4. P-red: reduced form of phosphorus extracted using 0.3 M sodium citrate and
sodium ditionite;
5. P-occl. (occluded): fraction of occluded phosphates adsorbed on a surface of
mineral particles and extracted using 0.1 M NaOH;
6. P-Ca: calcium phosphates extracted using 0.25 M H2SO4.
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
167
When determining above fractions, some modifications were made:
– pH of ammonium fluoride was elevated from pH 7.0 to pH 8.5, because at lower
pH value, soil extracts contained besides P-Al fraction, also great amounts of
iron phosphates: increasing the pH up to 8.5 allowed for selective determination
of those forms [14];
– instead of 17 h shaking the soil with extraction solution, only 5 h long shaking
was applied during iron phosphates separation, then solution was remained
overnight and again shaken for 3 h [14].
These solutions were subjected to the determinations of particular phosphorus
fractions as well as total phosphorus contents by means of ICP-AES technique
[13]. The difference between total phosphorus determined from dry digestion and
the sum of phosphorus fractions from extractions by means of the Chang and
Jackson method with subsequent modifications used for calculating the amount of
phosphorus that was not extracted.
Achieved results were statistically processed using F-Fisher-Snedecor
distribution with F.R. Anal. ver. 4.1 software, and LSD(0.05) values were calculated
according to the Tukey test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chemical composition of waste organic materials used in the pot
experiment and the phosphorus fractions in these materials were presented in
earlier publications [8].
The total phosphorus content in the studied soils depended on the fertilization
applied within the range of 321 to 490 mg P kg-1 of soil (Table 1). Soil, where
chicken litter was used along with the liming, was the most abundant in
phosphorus, while soil that was unlimed and not fertilized with organic fertilizer
was the least abundant.
Levels of extractable phosphorus and its distribution in particular fractions
were significantly differentiated by the organic fertilization applied (Tables 1-3),
which is consistent with studies by Szymañska et al. [15]. The highest contents of
extractable phosphorus (Table 1) were found in non-limed soil fertilized with
chicken litter amounting to 383 mg P kg-1 of soil, which is 78.48% of total
phosphorus amount. The lowest levels of extractable phosphorus (Table 1) were
recorded in limed soil with no organic fertilization (225 mg P kg-1 of soil), which is
65.6% of the total phosphorus content. Considering the percentage of extractable
phosphorus in relation to its total amount, it can be stated that the highest
phosphorus concentration (81.3%) was extracted from soil that was unlimed and
fertilized with sewage sludge from the water treatment plant in Siedlce.
liming
n.s.
organic fertilization 1.109
fractions
1.513
18.7
20.9
LSD(0.05) for:
81.3
79.1
% P extracted
% P non extracted
21.52
78.48
488
34.4
65.6
343
LSD(0.05) for interaction:
23.6
76.4
327
29.2
70.8
490
organic fertilization x liming
liming x organic fertilization
fractions x liming
fractions x organic fertilization
organic fertilization x fractions
27.0
73.0
464
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
30.26
27.16
33.5
66.5
355
236
460
347
321
339
P-total
225
374
254
Sum of the fractions
250
24
131
21
44
4
12
62
179
20
59
8
19
18
194
38
64
3
22
17
114
23
53
3
15
32
137
20
40
4
17
77
198
22
64
3
19
48
208
36
58
4
20
32
138
22
42
3
17
P – lab
P – Al
P – Fe
P – red
P – occl.
P – Ca
383
Brown coal
Chicken litter
Sludge from
Siedlce
Without
fertilization
Brown coal
Chicken litter
Liming according 1 Hh soil
Sludge from
Siedlce
Without liming
Without
fertilization
P fractions
TABLE 1. THE CONTENT OF PHOSPHORUS (mg P kg-1 ) IN THE INVESTIGATED SOIL
168
S. KALEMBASA, B. KUZIEMSKA
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
169
In the analysed soils, fractions of extractable phosphorus compounds were
significantly differentiated due to the organic fertilization applied, as was
previously described by other authors [2]. The average percentage of separated
fractions in the total phosphorus content is as follows:
soil with no liming: P-Al (42.67%) > P-red (12.76%) > P-lab (11.4 %) >
P-Fe (6.33%) > P-Ca (4.68%) > P-occl (0.9 %);
limed soil:
P-Al (37.12%) > P red (13.42%) > P-lab (7.06%) > P-Fe (6.22%) > P-Ca >
P-occl (1.07%).
Liming did not significantly differentiate the contents of particular phosphorus
fractions in the analysed soils; nevertheless, a decrease of the element percentage
in P-Al and P-lab in relation to total phosphorus as well as the increase of P-red
share in relation to its total content occurred due to its application. Bednarek and
Tkaczyk [3] achieved similar results.
The content of labile phosphorus (P-lab) in the studied soils (Table 1) was
between 17 mg kg-1 of soil (limed soil without organic fertilization) and 77 mg kg-1
of soil (unlimed soil fertilized with chicken litter). This fraction (Tables 2 and 3) is
between 3.87 and 15.78% of the total phosphorus, which corresponded to 5.31 and
20.10% of the extractable phosphorus. The content of this form of phosphorus
bonded to aluminium was from 114 mg kg-1 of soil (limed soil without organic
fertilization) to 208 mg kg-1 of soil (unlimed soil fertilized with sludge from the
water treatment plant in Siedlce). The amount of the fraction was 33.25 and
45.22% in relation to total phosphorus, which corresponds to between 50.68 and
57.23% in relation to extractable phosphorus. This fraction dominated in all cases
(Tables 1-3).
The content of phosphorus bonded to the iron was significantly lower in
relation to that bonded to aluminium, amounting from 20 mg kg-1 of soil (unlimed
and limed soil fertilized with chicken litter) to 38 mg kg-1 of soil (limed soil, on
which sludge from Siedlce was applied). This latter fraction was between 4.07 and
8.19% of total phosphorus, which corresponds to between 5.74 and 10.22% in
relation to extractable phosphorus.
The content of the P-red fraction in the studied soil material was within the
range 40 mg P kg-1 of soil (unlimed soil, on which brown coal from Turów was
applied) to 64 mg P kg-1 of soil (unlimed soil, on which chicken litter was applied
and limed soil, on which sewage sludge was applied). This fraction was between
12.04 and 15.45% in relation to total phosphorus, i.e. between 15.51 and 23.55% in
relation to extractable phosphorus, respectively.
Occluded aluminium (P-Al) and iron (P-Fe) phosphates occurred in studied
soils in slight amounts, from 3 to 8 mg P kg-1 of soil, which was a small percentage
both in relation to total and extractable form of phosphorus. This was observed
previously by Czempiñska-Kamiñska [5].
12.61
54.33
8.66
16.53
1.18
6.69
P – lab
P – Al
P – Fe
P – red
P – occl.
P – Ca
12.83
55.62
9.62
15.51
1.07
5.35
Sludge from
Siedlce
Brown
coal
10.17
55.52
8.90
18.64
1.69
5.08
Chicken
litter
17.88
51.59
5.76
17.00
2.30
5.47
Sludge from
Siedlce
5.31
57.23
11.21
18.88
0.88
6.49
Without
fertilization
7.55
50.68
10.22
23.55
1.33
6.67
Brown
coal
12.80
54.80
8.00
16.00
1.60
6.80
20.10
51.71
5.74
16.71
0.78
4.96
Liming according 1 Hh soil
Chicken
litter
Without liming
10.43
45.22
7.82
12.61
0.87
4.35
100
100
P total
Sludge from
Siedlce
9.97
42.99
6.85
13.07
0.93
5.29
Without
fertilization
100
15.78
40.58
4.51
13.11
0.61
3.89
Chicken
litterr
Without liming
P – lab
P – Al
P – Fe
P – red
P – occl.
P – Ca
P fractions
100
9.77
41.90
6.11
12.22
1.21
5.19
Brown
coal
100
4.96
33.25
6.70
15.45
0.87
4.37
Without
fertilization
100
3.87
41.80
8.19
13.78
0.65
4.74
Sludge from
Siedlce
100
12.65
36.53
4.07
12.04
1.63
3.88
Chicken
litter
Liming according 1 Hh soil
100
6.77
36.91
5.91
12.40
1.13
3.39
Brown
coal
TABLE 3. CONTRIBUTION (%) OF FRACTIONS OF PHOSPHORUS IN RELATION TO TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IN INVESTIGATED SOIL
Without
fertilization
P fractions
TABLE 2. CONTRIBUTION (%) OF FRACTIONS OF PHOSPHORUS IN RELATION TO EXTRACTED PHOSPHORUS
170
S. KALEMBASA, B. KUZIEMSKA
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
171
Similar to the case of P-occl and calcium-bonded phosphates, the origin of
organic fertilization was not of significance. The content of the fraction was low
and oscillated between 12 mg P kg-1 of soil (unlimed soil, on which chicken litter
was applied) and 22 mg kg-1 of soil (limed soil fertilized with sludge from Siedlce),
which was between 3.88 and 5.29% of total and 4.96 and 6.69% of extractable
phosphorus.
It can be stated that applied organic fertilization significantly differentiated
both total form of phosphorus in the soil and its share in particular fractions, which
is consistent with other author’s results [6, 10]. The percentage of the extractable
form of phosphorus in the analysed soils has the following sequences:
soils without liming:
– with no organic fertilization and fertilization with sludge from Siedlce
P-Al > P-red > P-lab > P-Fe > P-Ca > P-occl
– fertilization with chicken litter and brown coal
P-Al > P-lab > P-red > P-Fe > P-Ca > P-occl
limed soils:
– with no organic fertilization
P-Al > P-red > P-Fe > P-lab > P-Ca > P-occl
– fertilization with sludge from Siedlce
P-Al > P-red > P-Fe > P-Ca > P-lab > P-occl
– fertilization with chicken litter
P-Al > P-lab > P-red > P-Fe > P-Ca > P-occl
– fertilization with brown coal
P-Al > P-red > P-lab > P-Fe > P-Ca > P-occl.
The above sequences reveal that the aluminium phosphates fraction dominates
in all soils, which was earlier observed by Szymañska et al. [15].
The share of other fractions varies, while the fraction of occluded phosphorus
compounds has the lowest share in the analysed soils.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The waste organic materials applied significantly differentiated the total
phosphorus content and its fractions in the studied soils.
2. The highest total phosphorus content was found in soil fertilized with
chicken litter and sludge from Siedlce, while the lowest occurred in soil on which
no organic fertilization was applied.
3. Phosphorus contained in the aluminium phosphates fraction was the major
part of extractable phosphorus in all studied soils, while the lowest share was
recorded in the occluded phosphates fraction.
172
S. KALEMBASA, B. KUZIEMSKA
REFERENCES
[1] B e d n a r e k W.: Rozpr. Nauk AR Lublin, 114, 1, 1988.
[2] B e d n a r e k W., M a æ k o w i a k C., T k a c z y k P.: Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 467, 331,
1989.
[3] B e d n a r e k W., T k a c z y k P.: Prace Naukowe AE Wroc³aw, 60, 1017, 2004.
[4] B o r o w i e c J.: Ann. UMCS, Sec. E, 26(15), 321, 1971.
[5] C z e m p i ñ s k a - K a m i ñ s k a D.: Rozmieszczenie frakcji zwi¹zków mineralnych fosforu w
profilu gleby p³owej. Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa, 11, 1987.
[6] G r a b o w s k i K., B i e n i e k B., G r z e g o r c z y k S., R ó ¿ a ñ s k a E.: Prace Naukowe AE
Wroc³aw, 124, 888, 2001.
[7] H e s s e P. R.: A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis. John Murray, 1971.
[8] K a l e m b a s a S., K u z i e m s k a B.: Zesz. Probl. Post Nauk. Roln., 512, 297, 2006.
[9] K a l e m b a s a S., K u z i e m s k a B.: Analiza sekwencyjna zwi¹zków fosforu zawartych w
odpadkowych materia³ach organicznych (in print).
[10] K r z y w y E., K r z y w y J., I ¿ e w s k a A.: Prace Naukowe AE Wroc³aw, 221, 10/7, 2004.
[11] M o s k a l S.: Wp³yw nawo¿enia i zmianowania na formy fosforu w glebie. Symp. Nauk., ‘60
lat Statycznych doœwiadczeñ nawozowych na polu doœwiadczalnym SGGW-AR w
Skierniewicach’, 72-78. 1984.
[12] R z e œ n i o w i e c k a - S u l m i e r s k a G., C i e œ l a W., K o p e r J.: Roczn. Glebozn., 34(3), 63,
1983.
[13] S z c z e p a n i a k W.: Metody instrumentalne w analizie chemicznej. Wydaw. Nauk. PWN,
Warszawa, 1996.
[14] S z k o l n i c k a - R o s z y k S.: Roczn. Glebozn., 22(1), 147, 1971.
[15] S z y m a ñ s k a M., K o r c M., £ a b ê t o w i c z J.: Fragmenta Agronomica, 23, 1(85), 320,
2005.
ANALIZA SEKWENCYJNA ZWI¥ZKÓW FOSFORU ZAWARTYCH W UTWORZE
GLEBOWYM NAWO¯ONYM ODPADOWYMI MATERIA£AMI ORGANICZNYMI
Badaniami objêto glebê po zakoñczeniu dwuletniego doœwiadczenia wazonowego, w którym
uwzglêdniono dwa czynniki: I – wapnowanie (bez wapnowania, wapnowanie w dawce wyliczonej
wg 1 Hh w formie CaCO3, II - nawo¿enie organiczne (osad œciekowy z Siedlec, kurzeniec od
brojlerów, wêgiel brunatny z Turowa). Nawo¿enie materia³ami organicznymi stosowano w dawce
wprowadzaj¹cej do gleby 2 g C×kg-1 gleby. Ca³kowit¹ zawartoœæ fosforu oznaczono metod¹
ACP-AES po wczeœniejszej mineralizacji na sucho, a badane frakcje wydzielono stosuj¹c
sekwencyjn¹ metodê ekstrakcji Changa-Jacksona z póŸniejszymi modyfikacjami Petersena i
Coreya. Zastosowane odpadowe materia³y organiczne w sposób istotny ró¿nicowa³y ca³kowit¹
zawartoœæ fosforu oraz jego frakcji w analizowanych utworach glebowych. Najwy¿sz¹ ca³kowit¹
zawartoœæ omawianego pierwiastka stwierdzono w glebie nawo¿onej kurzeñcem i osadem z Siedlec
a najni¿sz¹ w glebie nienawo¿onej. We wszystkich badanych utworach glebowych najwiêksz¹ czêœæ
fosforu ekstrahowalnego stanowi³ fosfor zawarty we frakcji fosforanów glinu a najmniejsz¹ we
frakcji fosforanów okludowanych.