PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES AND VALIDATION OF THE
Transkrypt
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES AND VALIDATION OF THE
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 2016, tom 21, numer 3, s. 378-393 DZȱŗŖǯŗŚŜśŜȦŘŖŗŜŖřŖŚ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱ Aleksandra Pilarska Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Institute of Psychology, University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznan SummaryǯȱȱȱȬ ȱȱǻǼǰȱȱȱȂȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȂȱ΅ and item-total correlations. The second part of the paper reports further evidence of construct validity. Corȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱsociated to the indicators of a coherent sense of self (i.e., a strong sense of identity ȱȱǼȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯǰȱȱȱȱ ȱĚǼǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱěǯȱȱęings suggest a successful translation of the original scale. Key wordsDZȱȱȬ ǰȱ¢ǰȱȬǰȱ Introduction One of the core ideas underlying many classical theories of personality is that ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşŚśDzȱ ǰȱ ŗşśşDzȱ ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ǻŗşŜŖǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȄȱǻǯȱŘŞŘǼǯȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻǯǯǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȬ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱveloped to measure a temporally integrated understanding of processes within the ȱǻǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱęȱ ȱȬ ȱȃȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱǰȱȬǰȱȓǯǯȱ strona 378 ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ǻǯȱ řşŝǼǯȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱ¡¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǼDzȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŘȱȱȱȱȱȂȱěȱǻŗǼȱȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱǼǰȱǻŘǼȱȱȱ awareness of the self in the present (e.g., Most of the time, I get so involved in what ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǼǰȱȱǻřǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȬȱȱǰȱȱȱȃ¢ȱȄȱǻŖǼȱȱȃ¢ȱȄȱǻŚǼǯȱȱ higher the score, the higher the degree of integrative self-knowledge. The ISK scale ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ The purpose of this article is to report on the translation and validation of the ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱę¢ȱǼǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ǻǰȱ ¢Ùǰȱ ǰȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱŗşŞŝDzȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ǰȱǰȱ£ÚǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱĴ¢ǰȱŗşŞŘDzȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ǰȱ£¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȬĚȱȱǻȱǰȱǰȱŗşşŝDzȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱÚǰȱ ŘŖŗřǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ Psychometric properties Method Participants. The sample included 528 Polish young adults, students in difȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŜŖƖȱȱȱŚŖƖȱǼǰȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŞȱȱ 32 years (M = 21.27, ȱƽȱŗǯŚŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȬ point response scale. They were informed that the participation was voluntary and ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱęǯ Procedure. The Polish version of the ISK scale was developed through transȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ- strona 379 ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ Results Basic statistical description ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ranged from -1.27 to 0.07, and their univariate kurtosis ranged from -1.12 to 1.89, ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱŗşşŞǼǯȱȱȱiate kurtosis of 1.31 indicated that the assumption of multivariate normality was ȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȱěǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱdent Mann-Whitney test was computed comparing the male and female scores. ȱŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ M ISK1 ISK2 ISK3 ISK4 ISK5 ISK6 ISK7 ISK8 ISK9 ISK10 ISK11 ISK12 ISK 2.65 3.04 3.04 1.75 1.86 1.92 1.76 2.12 2.45 2.51 2.57 2.54 2.35 1.12 0.97 0.92 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.28 1.15 1.12 1.14 1.11 1.10 0.63 -0.78 -1.23 -1.27 0.17 0.07 0.17 0.20 -0.12 -0.47 -0.53 -0.56 -0.47 0.07 -0.04 1.33 1.89 -1.04 -1.08 -1.08 -1.12 -0.85 -0.58 -0.50 -0.37 -0.54 0.06 Mwomen women Mmen 2.68 3.08 3.11 1.60 1.76 1.80 1.61 2.01 2.42 2.49 2.61 2.48 2.31 1.09 0.96 0.86 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.26 1.13 1.10 1.12 1.07 1.07 0.60 2.60 2.99 2.93 1.98 2.01 2.11 1.98 2.28 2.49 2.53 2.51 2.64 2.42 men U 1.16 1.00 0.99 1.20 1.24 1.23 1.28 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.17 1.14 0.66 32433.00 31698.50 30521.00 27694.00*** 29780.00* 28839.50** 27979.50*** 28930.00** 32112.00 32654.00 32254.50 30515.50 30458.50 DZȱȱȱ ȱƽȱŖǯŗŗDzȱȱȱȱƽȱŖǯŘŗDzȱȘȱp ǀȱǯŖśDzȱȘȘȱp ǀȱǯŖŗDzȱȘȘȘȱp ǂȱǯŖŖŗ ȱ¢ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱǃȱŗǯŖŖȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ĴȂȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ Λ2ȱ ǻŜŜǼȱ ƽȱ 1816.46, pȱǀȱǯŖŖŗǰȱȱȱȬ¢Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǯŞŘǼǯȱ A three-factor solution emerged, which accounted for 58.69% of the total variance, strona 380 ¢ȱǻȱŗŖƖǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ Řǯŝśǰȱ ŘǯřŞǰȱ ȱ ŗǯşŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯśŝǯȱȱŘȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ Ȭȱ ȱ past-oriented items, the four items of the second factor were present-oriented, and ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȬȱȬ¡ence. ȱŘǯȱȱȱȱ Self-Knowledge items PCA 1 2 ISK1 -.01 .07 ISK2 .28 -.10 ISK3 .20 -.05 ISK4 .03 .75 ISK5 .13 .79 ISK6 .21 .72 ISK7 .29 .64 ISK8 .57 .40 ISK9 .78 .17 ISK10 .76 .18 ISK11 .72 .06 ISK12 .68 .15 3 .79 .75 .80 -.03 -.06 .07 -.04 .07 .04 .15 .15 .19 DZȱ¡ȬȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱę¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱDZȱȬȱǰȱȱ ȱȱŗŘȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ Ȭȱǰȱȱ ȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȬȱȱȬȱȬ¡ȱǻȱŗǰȱŘǰȱřǰȱŗŗǰȱȱŗŘǼǰȱ ȱȱȱŝȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȬ¡ȱǻȱŚǰȱśǰȱŜǰȱŝǰȱŞǰȱşǰȱȱŗŖǼǰȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱǰȱȱ ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱřǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱęĴȱǰȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱȱȱȬȱǰȱ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱΛ2ȱǻśŗǼȱƽȱŗŝşǯŜŞǰȱp < .001. However, ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ ȱ£ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻ£ ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱƽȱǯşśǰȱȱƽȱǯşŚǰȱȱƽȱǯşŚǰȱȱȱƽȱǯşŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱƽȱǯŖŝȱȱȱƽȱǯŖśǼǰȱȱ strona 381 ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯŖŞǯȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱŚǰȱ ȱęȱǻp ǀȱǯŖśǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ1ǯȱǰȱȱȱȬȬęȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱȱȱ Iranian sample. ȱřǯȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱ Model Λ2ȱǻǼ RMSEA SRMR CFI NFI GFI AGFI AIC One factor ŝŖŚǯŞŞȱǻśŚǼ .15 .12 .71 .70 .78 .68 6751.09 Two factors śŞŞǯřřȱǻśřǼ .14 .11 .76 .75 .81 .72 6636.53 Three factors ŗŝşǯŜŞȱǻśŗǼ .07 .05 .95 .94 .94 .92 6231.88 DZȱȱȬȱȱ ȱęȱȱp < .001 ȱŚǯȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱ Factor 1 2 ISK1 ISK2 ISK3 ISK4 .59 ISK5 .73 ISK6 .66 ISK7 .61 ISK8 .61 ISK9 .71 ISK10 .74 ISK11 .62 ISK12 .64 3 .51 .75 .76 DZȱ£ȱȱȱȱ Dzȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱp < .05 Internal consistencies ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǯŝŖǯȱ £ȱ ȂȱȱĜȱ ȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŞŖǰȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝŚǰȱȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝŗǰȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝşǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ1 ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŝȱȱŞȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ Λ2ȱǻŚşǼȱƽȱŗŚŚǯŞřǰȱpȱǀȱǯŖŖŗǰȱȱƽȱǯşśǰȱȱƽȱǯşřǰȱȱƽȱǯŖŜǰȱȱƽȱǯŖŚǯȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDZȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱǯŘśȱǻȱ ŞȱȱȱȱŘǼȱȱǯŗŜȱǻȱŝȱȱȱȱřǼǯ strona 382 ǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŗDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱȬȱtion for the 12 items was ȱ= .44, and the mean corrected item-total correlations for each factor were ȱ= .58, ȱ= .53, and ȱ= .52, respectively. ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ= .33, p ǀȱǯŖŖŗǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ= .45, p < .001. ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęǰȱ = .001, p > .05. Convergent and discriminant validity ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱsion of the ISK scale, correlations with measures of identity, self-coherence, and ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱDZ ƺȱȱ ǰȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǻŗşŚşǼȱǰȱȃȱ person himself needs to have continuous memories, dated in his personal past, if ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱǻdzǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ and we have dissociation, split personalities, fugue stales, and other distortions ȱȱȄȱǻǯȱřŝŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ what it means to have an identity to somehow count oneself as continuous in ȱǻǯǯǰȱǰȱŗşŜřǰȱŗşŜŞDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŗşŞŞDzȱǰȱŗşşŜDzȱȱȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŜDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ to construct a life story that makes sense – integrates interpretations of the past ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǯǯǰȱǰȱŗşŞŞDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱǰȱĴǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ ƺȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ ȱ ȂȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȂȱǻŘŖŗŖǼȱęȱ ȱȱȬ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱĚȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ěȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȬȱȱȱȬěȱtic called need for cognition. It refers to a person's enjoyment and tendency to ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȃ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱǰȱȱĚȱȱȱ information to make sense of stimuli, relationships, and events in their world” ǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŜǰȱǯȱŗşŞǼǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ£¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ¡¢ȱǻǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱȱȱȱ¢strona 383 ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşŜǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ ƺȱȱ ǰȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ and negatively with self-incoherence. This hypothesis considers self-concept as a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon. The notion of the self as plural al ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ȱ ǻǰȱŗşŞŝǼȱȱȬȱěȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşřǼǯȱȬ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱȱ ěȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞŝǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȬǰȱǰȱǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȬ¡¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱěȱǻȬȱǼǯȱȬȱěȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ constructs has pointed on the adaptive value of self-concept consistency and ȱȱȱȬȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻǯǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşřDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱǰȱǰȱȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȂȱǻŗşŜŗǼȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȄȱ ǻǯȱ řşŘǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ěȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȬ£ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşřǼǰȱȬȱ ¢ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŝDzȱǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŗǼȱȱ ȱǻĵǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȬ¡¢ǰȱȱȬ¡¢ȱ does not necessarily mean the opposite of cohesion within the self. Similarly, the ¢ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱ ŘŖŖŚDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ strona 384 Method Participants. ȱȱȱŚŗŚȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŜŚǯŝƖȱȱȱřśǯřƖȱǼǰȱ ȱȱȱȱŗşȱȱ 28 years (M = 21.25, ȱƽȱŗǯřşǼǯȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȬȱȱȱǯȱȱȂȱȱǻ£Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝŞǰȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝŝǰȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝřǰȱȱ ΅ȱƽȱǯŝŗǰȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ M = 2.41 and ȱƽȱŖǯśşǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱěǰȱU=18604.00, p = .41. All participation was voluntary and anonymous. Measures Sense of Identity. To measure a sense of personal identity, understood as ȱȱ ȱȱ ¡ȱ ȬȬǰȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǰȱŘŖŗŚǼȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ę¢ǰȱǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱŚśȱȱǻǯǯǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱ Dzȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȃ¢ȱȦȄȱȱ ȃ¢ȱȦ ¢Ȅǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱȱ£ȱȂȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ΅ = .89. Need for Cognition. Need for cognition was assessed via an adapted version ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱĴ¢ǰȱŗşŞŘDzȱ£ǰȱ£¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱřŜȱȱǻǯǯǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȬȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ Ȅǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ΅ = .91 and ȱƽȱǯŞŜǰȱ¢ȱǻ£ǰȱ£¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȂȱ£ȱ¢ȱĜǰȱ ȱ΅ = .88. ĚǯȱĚȱ ȱȱ ȱȱŞȬȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ¢ȱ ȱǻŗşşŝǼǯȱ¢ȱȱǻǯǯǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȃȄȱǼȱȱȱȱ ȱ ęȬȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȃ¢ȱȄǯȱȱȂȱ£ȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱlated version of this scale was ΅ = .81. Self-Incoherence. ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ¢ȱ ¢Ùǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ȱǻŘŖŗŖǼȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǻŗşŜŗǼȱȱȱȱǯȂȱǻŗşşřǼȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ŝȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ strona 385 ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǯȱȱŝȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢Ùǰȱ ǰȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ferences among the roles, was computed (i.e., the mean standard deviation across Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşřDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŚDzȱ ¢Ùǰȱ ǰȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ¢Ùǰȱ ǰȱȱ£ȱǻŘŖŗŖǼȱȱȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ΅ȱƽȱǯşŖȱȱȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱ= .73. The internal consistency of this ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ Ĝǰȱ ȱ΅ = .81. Self-Complexityǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ǰȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ £Úȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŗşŞŝǼȱȱȱ several minor adaptations. First, the trait adjectives are listed in a sheet given to ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŜŖȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ were asked to from groups of traits, so that each group was descriptive of an aspect ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȬ¡¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ¡¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȬǰȱǰȱȱȱǻŗşşşǼDZȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼǰȱĚȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱDZ OL ƽȱǻ̕iǻ̕jCijǼȦiǼȦȘǻȬŗǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗǼ where Cȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDzȱnȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ i and j vary from 1 to n (i and jȱȱǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ (ȱƽȱȦǼȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗşŞŝǼǯ Results ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱśǯȱ ȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱsults are in line with predictions. Integrative self-knowledge correlated positively ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱĚǰȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ sense of identity, ȱ= .53, p < .001. Moreover, integrative self-knowledge correlated negatively with self-incoherence, ȱ = -.13, p ǀȱ ǯŖŗǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ Ȭ¡¢ǯ strona 386 ȱśǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬlated and cognitive measures GSI NFC REF SIC NSA OL SC P + + + – 0 + 0 .53*** .42*** .28*** -.13** .06 .21*** -.09 Ά .44*** .16*** .20*** .07 .02 .14** -.03 .39 .14 .18 .06 .02 .12 -.02 M 13.77 127.64 26.29 0.97 5.03 0.20 42.40 2.30 17.74 6.16 0.34 1.66 0.13 48.43 DZȱȱƽȱȱȬ Dzȱȱƽȱȱȱȱ¢DzȱȱƽȱȱȱDzȱȱƽȱĚDzȱȱƽȱȬDzȱȱƽȱȱȱȬDzȱƽȱȱDzȱ ȱƽȱȬ¡¢DzȱȱƽȱȱȱǻȃƸȄȱƽȱǰȱȃȮȄȱƽȱǰȱȃŖȄȱƽȱǼDzȱ ** p ǀȱǯŖŗDzȱȘȘȘȱp ǂȱǯŖŖŗ ȱȱ£Ȭȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ£ȱȱĜǼȱȱȱȱȱśǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱtween integrative self-knowledge and self-incoherence2Řǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ǰȱ Άȱ ƽȱ ǯŚŚǰȱ p ǀȱ ǯŖŖŗǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ĚǰȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱΆȱƽȱǯŘŖǰȱΆȱƽȱǯŗŜǰȱȱΆȱƽȱǯŗŚǰȱp < .01, respectively. The regression model, F ǻŝǰȱŚŖŜǼȱƽȱřśǯŘśǰȱp < .001, accounted for 38% of ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱǻŗśǯŗƖǼȱ ȱȱǰȱȱĚȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ Discussion The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and validate the PolȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯśŝDZȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȭȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȭ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱ ¢ȂȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱĚǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǼǯȱȱȱŗŖŖŖȱȬȱȱęȱȱȱşśƖǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱęǰȱȱ= -0.32, 95% CI [-0.465, -0.199]. Inspection ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.127, ȬŖǯŖřŞǾǰȱĚǰȱȱ= -0.05, 95% CI [-0.098, -0.017], and sense of identity, ȱ= -0.18, 95% CI ǽȬŖǯŘşŜǰȱȬŖǯŖŞŚǾǰȱę¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱȱ integrative self-knowledge. 2 strona 387 Ȭ¡ȱǰȱȱȱęȬȱȬȱȱȬȱȬ¡ȱ ǯȱȱę¢ȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱȱȱȱŗŘȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǯȱ Ȃȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ΅ȱƽȱǯŝŗȱǻȬȱȱȬȱȬ¡Ǽȱȱ΅ = .80 (presentȱ Ȭȱ Ȭ¡ǼDzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŝşǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the ISK scale as a whole. The second part of the paper deals with the convergent and discriminant valid¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱ Integrative self-knowledge scores were positively associated with sense of personal ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱĚǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱrelated with self-incoherence. These results are consistent with literature and other ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱĚȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ¡ȱǻǰȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ The data presented here indicate that scores on the Polish version of the ISK ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȬĚȱǯ £ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ£ÚǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱ£ÙČïȱȱ ȱ¿ȱȱDZȱ¢ȱ¢£ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱïȱ ¢ǰȱŜȱǻŗǼǰȱśŝȬŝŜǯ £¢ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ¢ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ and cognitive processes. ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ŚŚȱ ǻřǼǰȱ ŜŚśȬŜśśǰȱ DZȱŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦǯǯŘŖŖŝǯŖşǯŖŘŚ ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŜŗǼǯȱȬ¢ǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ¢¢ǰȱŘśȱǻśǼǰȱřşŘȬŜŞşǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖŚŘşŝş ǰȱǯǯǰȱĴ¢ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŞŘǼǯȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢¢ǰȱŚŘȱǻŗǼǰȱŗŗŜȬŗřŗǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦȦŖŖŘŘȬřśŗŚǯŚŘǯŗǯŗŗŜ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ Ĵ¢ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǯȱ ǻŗşşŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ need for cognition. ¢ȱ ǰȱ ŗŗşȱ ǻŘǼǰȱ ŗşŝȬŘśřǰȱ DZȱ ŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖřřȬ 2909.119.2.197 ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ and its relation to psychological adjustment. ȱȱ¢ǰȱŝŗȱǻŗǼǰȱŗŗśȬ ȬŗŚŖǰȱDZŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦŗŚŜŝȬŜŚşŚǯŖŗȬŗȬŖŖŖŖŘ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǯǰȱĵǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱ ǻŗşşŜǼǯȱ Ȭȱ ¢DZȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŝŖȱǻŗǼǰȱŗŚŗȮŗśŜǰȱDZȱ ŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖŘŘȬřśŗŚǯŝŖǯŗǯŗŚŗ strona 388 ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ . CamDZȱȱ¢ȱǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȁ Ȃȱȱȁ ¢ȂȱȱȱDZȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗŗȱ ǻŚǼǰȱ ŘŘŝȬŘŜŞǰȱ DZȱŗŖǯŗŘŖŝȦŗśřŘŝşŜśŗŗŖŚȏŖŗ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ Ȭȱ ěȱ ȱ the adult life span. ¢¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗŜȱ ǻŚǼǰȱ ŜŚřȬŜśŚǰȱ DZȱ ŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦȦŖŞŞŘȬ 7974.16.4.643 ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşşřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱěǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢, ŜŚȱǻśǼǰȱŞřŚȬŞŚŜǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦȦŖŖŘŘȬřśŗŚǯŜŚǯśǯŞřŚ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ Ȭ¡ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ǰȱǯȱśDZȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢¢ȱǻǯȱŗśşȬŗŞŚǼǯȱ ǰȱDZȱ¢ȱǭȱǯ ǰȱǯ ǯȱǻŗşŜřǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱǻŘȱǯǼǯȱ ȱǰȱDZȱǯǯȱǯ ǰȱǯ ǯȱǻŗşŜŞǼǯȱ¢DZȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱDZȱǯǯȱǯ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱ ȱ ěǵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ and intelligence. ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ǰȱ řŜȱ ǻŗǼǰȱ ŞŘȬşŜǰȱ DZȱ ŗŖǯŗŗŝŝȦŖŗŚŜŗŜŝŘŖşřśŗŞŞŜ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ £ȱ £ȱ £¢ïǯȱ £ DZȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ PWN. ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱDZȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱŗŖŘȱǻŚǼǰȱŜśŘȬŜŝŖǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦȦŖŖřřȬŘşśǯŗŖŘǯŚǯŜśŘ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱtegrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and private self-consciousness in predicting responses to stress in Iran. ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŚśȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŚŝȬ ȬŗśŚǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŖŖŘŖŝśşŖşŖřŚŝřŝŜŞ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȬ ȱ and the harmony of purpose model in Iranian autoimmune patients. ȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŝȱǻŘǼǰȱŗȬŞǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŝŝşŖȦǯŝŘǯŘŘŜ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱĚǯȱȱ ǰȱȱǭȱǰȱŗŜȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŘřȬŗřŝǰȱ DZȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŗřŜŝŚŜŝŜǯŘŖŗŗǯŜŚŝŞŖş ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȬȱȱȱ DZȱȱ ȱȱȬ ǰȱȱǰȱȱligious orientation. ȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱǰȱŘŘȱǻŘǼǰȱ ŗŖŜȬŗŗŞǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŗŖśŖŞŜŗşǯŘŖŗŗǯŜřŞŜŖŗ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ £¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȬ ȱ ȱȱȱDZȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȬǯȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŘşȱǻŘǼǰȱŗřśȬŗŚřǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŝȦŗŘŗŚŚȬŖŗŖȬşŖŝşȬś strona 389 ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȬ ȱDZȱ Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. ȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŗŚŘȱǻŚǼǰȱřşśȬŚŗŘǰȱDZȱŗŖǯřŘŖŖȦ JRPL.142.4.395-412 ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱǯȱDZȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱŝȱǻŗǼǰȱşŝȬŗŖşǰȱDZȱŗŖǯśşŜŚȦǯŝŗǯŗŗŞ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȬǰȱ ȱȱȬȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱǻ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱǯȱ ȱ £DZȱ ĴDZȦȦǯǯ ǯȦȦȏȏȏŘŖŖŚŗŘȏǯ Goth, K., Foelsch, P., Schlüter-Müller, S., Birkhölzer, M., Jung, E., Pick, O., Schmeck, K. ǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȱtionnaire AIDA. ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱŜȱǻŗǼǰȱŘŝǰȱDZȱ ŗŖǯŗŗŞŜȦŗŝśřȬŘŖŖŖȬŜȬŘŝ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŚşǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱŚȱǻşǼǰȱřŝŚȬřŞŘǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖśŞŝŘŞ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşşŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻřȱǯǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱDZȱȱȱǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱȬ¡¢ȱȱȱĴȱǵȱȱview of the literature. ȱȱ¢ǰȱŝŘȱǻŚǼǰȱŝŘŝȬŝŜŖǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦǯŖŖŘŘȬ řśŖŜǯŘŖŖŚǯŖŖŘŝŞǯ¡ ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŚśǼǯȱȬ¢DZȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱDZȱȱǯ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŞŝǼǯȱȬ¡¢ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȬȱness and depression. ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱśŘȱǻŚǼǰȱŜŜřȬŜŝŜǰȱ DZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦȦŖŖŘŘȬřśŗŚǯśŘǯŚǯŜŜř ĵǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱDZȱȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢¢ǰȱŘŘȱǻśǼǰȱśřŝȬśśşǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗśŘŗȦǯŘŘǯśǯśřŝǯŘŘşŘŝ £ǰȱǯǯǰȱ£¢ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ £ȱ£¢ȱ£ȱȮȱȱȱ ¢ęȱ¢£ȱ£¿£ȱ£ȱ¢ ¿ȱ £ £ǯȱ¢ȱÙ£ǰȱŜȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŗřȬŗŘŞǯȱ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşŞŞǼǯȱ ǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱǰȱDZȱȱȱǯ McAdams, D.P., Bauer, J.J., Sakaeda, A.R., Anyidoho, N.A., Machado, M.A., MagriȬǰȱǯǰȱǯǯǯȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱŝŚȱǻśǼǰȱŗřŝŗȬŗŚŖŖǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦǯŗŚŜŝȬŜŚşŚǯŘŖŖŜǯŖŖŚŗŘǯ¡ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢¢ȱǰȱŘȱǻŚǼǰȱŗŜŞśȬŗŝŖŘǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦǯŗŝśŗȬşŖŖŚǯŘŖŖŞǯŖŖŗŘŚǯ¡ strona 390 ǰȱǯǯǰȱĴǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȂȱĴȱǻȱǼȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱ meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. ȱ¢¢ǰȱŚŘȱǻŚǼǰȱŝŗŚȬŝŘŘǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖřŝȦŖŖŗŘȬŗŜŚşǯŚŘǯŚǯŝ ǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ¡¢DZȱȱrelates and antecedents. ȱȱǭȱȱǰȱŗŘȱǻŗǼǰȱŝşȬşŚǰȱDZȱ ŗŖǯŗŗŝŝȦŗřŜŞŚřŖŘŖŞŖşŞŝŝŞȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ identity development. ȱȱȱ¢¢DZȱ¢ȱȱ, 142 ǻŜǼǰȱŜŚśȬŜśśǰȱDZȱŗŖǯřŘŖŖȦǯŗŚŘǯŜǯŜŚśȬŜśś ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ ¢ ¢ȱ £ȱ Čïǯȱ DZȱ ǯǯȱ ǰȱǯȱ £ǰȱ ǯȱ Ù£Úǰȱ ǯȱ £ȱ ǻǯǼǰȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ¢ȱǻǯȱŗŜŝȬŗŞŞǼǯȱ£ÚDZȱ¢ ȱ ȱȱ UAM. ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭǯȱȱ¢¢ǰȱřřǰȱŗřŖȬŗśŚǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖŖŝȦŗŘŗŚŚȬŖŗřȬşŘŖŘȬś ǰȱǯǰȱÚǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱÙ£ȱ £ȱĚ¢ï ǻÙ¢ȱ Ǽǯȱ£ÚDZȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯ ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȬ¡¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱDZȱǯǯȱǰȱ ǯǯȱǰȱǯȱ ȱǻǯǼǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǯȱŗŝŗȬŗşŘǼǯȱ ȱǰȱ DZȱȱȱǯ Ȭǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ Řŝȱ ǻŘǼǰȱ řŚŗȬřśŜǰȱ DZȱ ŗŖǯŗŖŗŜȦŖŗşŗȬŞŞŜşǻşŞǼŖŖŘŚŝȬś ǰȱǯȱǻŗşśşǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱ ǯȱDZȱǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱ¢¢DZȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǯȱřDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ (s. 236ȬŘśŝǼǯȱ ȱǰȱDZȱ ȱ ǯ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱěȱȱȬ¡¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱǰȱŚŜȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŘŝȬŗřŚǰȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŗŗŗȦǯŖŖŘŗȬśřŜŞǯŘŖŖŚǯŖŖŘŚŚǯ¡ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ¢ǰȱ 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