Czasowniki modalne

Czasowniki modalne
 nie posiadają żadnych końcówek charakterystycznych dla czasów gramatycznych
He can dance.
 pytania i przeczenia tworzą bez użycia operatora
Can he dance?
He can`t dance.
 po nich zawsze występuje “łysy” bezokolicznik (bez „to”)
I can to dance.
Wyjątek!! „have to”
He has to work hard.
Does he have to work hard?
He doesn`t have to work hard.
CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO – móc, umieć, potrafić
- do wyrażania umiejętności
I can ride a horse.
I could read when I was four.
I will be able to swim next month.
Past
I could swim when I was
four.
I was able to swim and I won
the competition.
Present
I can swim.
Future
--------------
=
I am able to swim.
I will be able to swim.
could ≠ was able to
could – umiejętność ogólna w przeszłości
I could swim when I was four.
Was able to – umiejętność, możliwość w danej sytuacji – „być w stanie”
I was able to win the competition.
The show was very popular, but luckily I was able to get tickets.
The test was very difficult, but I was able to answer all the questions.
- w pytaniach grzecznościowych
Can/Could you open the window, please?
can – nieformalne
could – bardziej formalne
!!! EGZAMIN!!!
Could you open the door?
Yes, I can. / Not a problem. / Of course.
HAVE TO / MUST – “musieć”
Have to
przymus zewnętrzny, muszę bo ktoś mi
każe lub taka jest konieczność
Must
przymus wewnętrzny, muszę bo chcę
I have to clean my room everyday. (My mum
tells me to do it).
Do you have to clean….?
I don`t have to clean…
I must clean my room today. My friends are
coming to visit me.
Must I clean my room?
I needn`t clean my room.
- dobra rada
You must see this film, I know you`ll like it.
You must take these tablets everyday.
-
silna reguła / zasada
You must stop.
Have to / must w czasie przeszłym  had to
I had to go to the dentist`s yesterday.
MUSTN`T – nie wolno!
You musn`t smoke here.
SHOULD / SHOULDN`T – powinieneś, nie powinieneś
- do udzielania rad
You should go on a diet.
You shouldn`t eat fast food.
MAY / MIGHT / BE ALLOWED TO – móc, mieć pozwolenie
- do wyrażania przypuszczeń
It may rain today.
- w pytaniach grzecznościowych (may / might = can / could)
May / Might I use your pen?
-
do wyrażania pozwoleń
Past
--------You were allowed to go.
Present
You may / might go to the
disco.
You are allowed to go.
Future
---------You will be allowed to go.
!!! EGZAMIN!!
Czasownik modalny
can / be allowed to / may / might
can`t / may not / might not / not be allowed
to
mustn`t
must
have to
don`t have to
Wyrażenie / czasownik zwykły
you have permission
You don`t have permission
It`s forbidden.
That`s the rule.
You are obliged.
It`s necessary.
It`s not necessary.