topoclimatic mapping on 1:50 000 scale. the map sheet of bytom

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TOPOCLIMATIC MAPPING ON 1:50 000 SCALE. THE MAP SHEET OF BYTOM
*Jolanta Radosz, **Andrzej Kaminski
University of Silesia, Poland
Abstract
Main aim of this paper is to present the distribution of the topoclimate types within the topographic map sheet on
scale of 1:50 000 (Bytom). The separation was made using classification of types of energy exchange between
atmosphere boundary layer and its substratum, worked out by J. Paszynski (1980), six basic types and more than
ten subtypes of topoclimate were divided and areas occupied by them were calculated. Basing on such
constructed map these separations and general characteristics of topoclimate in area investigated were
generalised. It allowed distinguishing two active surfaces within presented map sheet – of evaporation and strong
convection types.
Key words: topoclimate, topoclimatic thematic map, Bytom
1. INTRODUCTION
Researches on topoclimate have been carried out in the Department of Physical Geography as well as
Meteorological Observatory and Laboratory of Geographical Environment Dynamics of University of Silesia for
many years. Within realisation of undertaken tasks the spatial differentiation of topoclimatic units, their temporalspatial variability was stated as well as the estimation of existing topoclimatic conditions was made. Initially the
research included geographical regions and administrative units within the province and next – on increased scale
of elaborations – the objects of investigations were landscape parks and urban areas (Kaminski & Radosz, 1991;
1992; 2000; 20001a; 20001b; 2002).
Different approach to the notion topoclimate forces to cite general definition of topoclimate as a climate of place,
object, which can be described in a topographic way and which refers to geographical units of the lowest order,
does not exist independently as well as the climate of individual objects, but of so small spatial size, that they are
presented in topography on increased spatial scale or in a form of symbols without exact outlining (Okolowicz,
1969). Above-presented expression and its interpretation agrees with definition by C. W. Thorntwhaite (1964), J.
Paszynski (1980) and T. Bartkowski (1986).
2. Aim and object of investigation
Aim of this elaboration is to present topoclimatic differentiation of terrain located within topographic map sheet on
scale 1:50 000, occupying the area of about 329 km2. Investigations were concentrated on the example sheet of
Bytom, being the part of Silesian Upland. The criterion to select terrain was its localisation in above-mentioned
geographical unit, being the object of interests of both authors for many years. The several hundred years
influence of anthropogenic factors, which could be reflected in the topoclimate structure, was also taken into
account. Within map sheet Bytom are located three towns from more than ten towns, situated within the largest
urban-industrial conurbation in Poland. Considering the location of selected map sheet in relation to the adjacent
areas it can be treated as representative for Upper Silesian Industrial Region.
3. Method of investigation
In paper was applied non-instrumental method based on topoclimatic mapping as J. Paszynski (1980) proposed.
It consists in delimiting factors, which decidedly influence the structure of heat balance in area discussed. To
distinguish areas, which can be characterized by rather homogenous features of topoclimate, the large scale of
elaboration was accepted. It enabled rather precise separation of relief landforms, kinds of substratum, kinds of
vegetation cover and ways of land use. The above-mentioned factors are of essential importance in shaping of
heat balance, structure and radiation balance, which can be described as follows:
_____________________________
Corresponding author address: Jolanta Radosz, Department of Physical Geography, University of Silesia,
Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
Andrzej Kaminski, Meteorological Observatory and Laboratory of Geographical Environment Dynamics, University
of Silesia, Bedzinska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
Q* ± H ± E ± G = 0 (equation of heat balance)
where: Q* - balance of radiation, H – flux of evident heat to or from atmosphere, E – latent heat flux in process of
evaporation or condensation, G – heat flux conducted in substratum.
#
# # #
Q* = K - K + L - L (equation of radiation balance)
#
#
#
#
where: K - total solar radiation, K - reflected solar radiation, L - atmosphere reflexive radiation, L - long-wave
radiation of substratum.
4. Results
Classification of types of energy exchange made by J. Paszynski (1980) on the base of above-presented
components of balance in relation to weather of radiation type and for vegetation period, was applied in
construction of below-presented topoclimatic map. Modifications by T. Bartkowski (1986) and additional
separations proposed by authors were also included. The analysis of map allowed presenting distribution of
different types of topoclimate and stating that within topographic map sheet 1:50 000 (Bytom) topoclimates
numbered among all main types occur. The example of spatial structure of topoclimate of map sheet of Bytom is
presented in fig. 1.
Explanations for figure 1 (simplified):
I. Topoclimate of convex landforms, used in agricultural way of good ventilation with small hazard of
occurrence of local freezes of radiation or radiation-advection type:
0
1 – 1,1 topoclimate of slopes of slope gradient more than 5 and exposure SSE – SSW;
2 – 1,2 topoclimate of unforested convex landforms, except for slopes of N and S exposures of slope
0
gradient more than 5 , so slopes NE-SE and SW – NW, and next slopes SSE-SSW and NNE – NNW of
0
slope gradient less than 5 , as well as small parts of flat-topped hills;
0
3 – 1,3 topoclimate of slopes of slope gradient more than 5 and exposure NNW – NNE;
II Topoclimate of flat landforms except for valley bottoms:
4 – 2,1 topoclimate of flat landforms with substratum characterised by large heat conductivity, with not
porous soils, in general well moistened; there ground temperature inversions can create, but the
decreases in temperature is opposed by the inflow of heat from deeper soil horizons;
5 – 2,2 – topoclimate of flat terrains or with small slope gradient less than 5º elevated over valley bottoms
– on immediately compact soils
6 – 2,3 topoclimate of flat landforms of substratum characterised by bad heat conductivity, of porous and
dry soils or of compact vegetation cover, hindering the heat inflow from substratum, larger degree of
occurrence of hazard of radiation freeze;
III. Topoclimate of concave landforms with frequent air temperature inversions, liable to hazard of freezes of
local origin:
7 – 3,1 topoclimate of valley bottoms with surface waters and low vegetation, ground water table is
shallowly located;
8 – 3,2 topoclimate of valley bottoms with surface waters and high vegetation, ground water level is
shallowly located;
9 – 3,3 topoclimate of valley bottoms with surface waters, without vegetation, ground water table is
shallowly located;
10 – 3,4 topoclimate of valley bottoms without surface streams and without vegetation and woodland
glades;
IV. Topoclimate of tree-covered areas:
11 – 4,2 topoclimate of flat forested areas or located on slopes except for slopes of exposure NNW –
0
NNE or SSW – SSE and gradient more than 5 , ground water table is deeper located;
12 – 4,3 topoclimate of forested flat areas with artificial surface streams;
13 – 4,4 topoclimate of orchards and allotment gardens;
V. 14 – 5 Topoclimate of urbanised and industrialised areas;
VI. 15 – 6 Topoclimate of water reservoirs.
Fig. 1. Topoclimatic mapping on 1:50 000. The map sheet of Bytom
Cartometric analysis allowed calculating areas occupied by particular types of topoclimate (tab.1).
Tab.1. Percentage of areas occupied by particular topoclimate types within map sheet on scale of 1:50 000
(Bytom)
Area
Topoclimate type
km2
% of general area
Topoclimate of convex landforms (1) including:
1,1
1,2
1,3
Topoclimate of flat landforms except for valley bottoms (2) including:
2,1
2,3
Topoclimate of concave landforms (3) including:
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
Topocliamte of forested areas (4) including:
4,2
4,3
4,4
Topoclimate of urbanised and industrialised areas (5)
Topoclimate of water reservoirs (6)
In total
145.864
1.158
143.803
0.903
3.874
0.203
3.671
34.646
18.890
9.53
5.159
1.067
73.481
13.170
50.87
9.441
64.400
6.335
328.600
44.39
0.35
43.76
0.27
1.18
0.06
1,12
10.54
5,75
2,90
1.57
0.32
22.36
4.00
15.48
2.87
19.60
1.93
100
Although such prepared topoclimatic map does not serve the assignation of heat balance structure of different
active surfaces, but it is possible, basing on it and literature consideration (Kedziora, 1995), to generalize
separations and this way to make a sweeping statement of topoclimate of the area discussed. It leads to
distinguishing within map sheet two active surfaces – of evaporation type, to which belong all forest and treecovered areas (4) and water surfaces, using annually from 84 to 100% energy on evaporation and strongly
convectional surfaces – i.e. of all urbanized and industrialized areas as well as areas of convex landforms. To
sum up, it seems that theoretically about 65% of surfaces within map sheet can be located in convectional type
and 35% relatively - in evaporation type.
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