Rajkowska_Wechterowi.. - Society of Ecological Chemistry and

E C O L O G I C A L C H E M I S T RY A N D E N G I N E E R I N G
A
Vol. 15, No. 1–2
2008
Monika RAJKOWSKA, Zuzanna WECHTEROWICZ,
Magdalena LIDWIN-KAŹMIERKIEWICZ,
Kamila POKORSKA and Mikołaj PROTASOWICKI*
ACCUMULATION OF SELECTED METALS IN ROACH
(Rutilus
utilus rutilus L.) FROM WEST POMERANIAN LAKES
AKUMULACJA WYBRANYCH METALI W PŁOCI (Rutilus
(Rutilus rutilus L.)
Z JEZIOR POMORZA ZACHODNIEGO
Summary: The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the kidney, liver, gill and muscle of roach ((Rutilus
Rutilus rutilus L.) from four lakes of West Pomerania in Poland. Serious
individual variability of metal accumulation in roach organs was observed within groups collected from each
lake. For that reason, metal concentrations in organs of roach from different lakes in most cases did not differ
considerably. Metal concentrations in roach tissues [μg/g wet weight] were within the range of: 1.5–120 (Fe),
6–195 (Zn), 0.1–10.7 (Mn), 0.2–10.2 (Cu), 0.01–0.23 (Pb) and 0.002–0.085 (Cd). Metal concentrations in the
muscle tissue were on a low level – similar or lower than reported for roach by other authors. In all the
organs, the two most toxic metals (Cd and Pb) were found in the smallest concentrations. We assume, that
no significant metal pollution impacted on the roach habitats.
Keywords: metals, roach, Rutilus rutilus L.
L.,, lakes
Over the last few decades there has been a growing interest in heavy metal pollution
of aquatic environment. Attention has also been drawn to determine contamination level of public food supplies, particularly fish. Heavy metals are known to accumulate in
tissues of aquatic animals. Tissue concentrations of metals can reflect previous exposures. They can also be reasonable indicators for public health standards, as well as
indicators of animal health condition.
The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of six metals (Fe, Mn, Zn,
Cu, Pb and Cd) in the kidney, liver, gill and muscle of roach ((Rutilus
Rutilus rutilus L.) from
four lakes of West Pomerania (north-western Poland). All these lakes receive relatively
small loads of contaminants, introduced directly and via rivers, and for that reason are
* Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Toxicology, Agricultural University of Szczecin,
ul. Papieża Pawła VI 3, 71-459 Szczecin, email: [email protected].
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M. Rajkowska, Z. Wechterowicz, M. Lidwin-Kaźmierkiewicz, K. Pokorska and M. Protasowicki
supposed to be safe sources of fish for human consumption. However, as emission of
metals to the environment increases due to industrial development, a question should be
raised if higher polluted precipitation and surface runoff would contribute to higher accumulation of metals in freshwater fish.
Materials and methods
Roach (80 individuals from each lake) were collected from four West Pomeranian
lakes: Ińsko, Wisola, Mętno, Będgoszcz (Fig. 1), during commercial fishing in years
2001–2005.
Fig. 1. The location of examined lakes in the West Pomeranian Province, Poland; 1– Lake Ińsko, 2 – Lake
Wisola, 3 – Lake Będgoszcz, 4 – Lake Mętno
Accumulation of Selected Metals in Roach ((Rutilus
Rutilus rutilus L.) from West Pomeranian Lakes
121
Chemical assays were performed on the samples of kidney, liver, gill lamellae and
muscles. Fish samples were digested in a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 (in ratio 4:1) using heating blocks. In all samples, Cd and Pb were determined with Graphite Furnace
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS) and Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu – with Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The accuracy of the
applied analytical procedure was tested using certified reference material (DOLT-2).
This CRM was prepared and analyzed in the same manner as the samples. The accuracies performed were: 89 % for Fe, 86 % for Zn, 87 % for Mn, 84 % for Cu, 105 %
for Pb and 90 % for Cd.
Statistical analysis of the results was carried out using STATISTICA 7.1 software.
The analysis involved the Duncan’s test at the significance level p ≤ 0.05.
Results and discussion
In all the roach examined, mean tissue concentrations of metals [μg/g wet weight]
were within the range of: 1.5–120 for Fe, 6–195 for Zn, 0.1–10.7 for Mn, 0.2–10.2
for Cu, 0.01–0.23 for Pb and 0.002–0.085 for Cd (Fig. 2). Serious individual variability
of metal accumulation in organs was observed within groups collected from each lake.
For that reason metal concentrations in organs of roach from different lakes in most
cases did not differ considerably. Statistical analysis revealed only several significant
differences. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Fe were the highest in the gills of
roach from Lake Będgoszcz, while Mn concentrations – in the gills of fish from Lake
Wisola. However this pattern was not clearly reflected by metal concentrations in the
muscles. The highest concentrations of Fe, Zn and Mn in that tissue were detected in
roach from Lake Wisola, the one to which purified municipal sewage are discharged.
Various metals showed different affinity to various organs, and were accumulated within
them in different amounts. Generally, most of Fe and Cu was accumulated in the liver,
Cd showed the highest affinity to the kidney, Pb and Mn accumulated mostly in the gills,
while Zn accumulation was similar in the kidney and gills. The lowest concentrations
of all the examined metals were always detected in the muscle tissue. These observations
seem to be in agreement with a wide literature review on heavy metals in fish by Jezierska
and Witeska [1]. We conclude, that the muscle tissue of fish is well protected by the
other organs, so that only trace amounts of the metals accumulate in it. This mechanism
makes fish muscles safe for human consumption. The concentrations of toxic metals
(Cd, Pb) detected in the muscle tissue of roach from all the examined lakes were within
the limits for fish and fishery products specified by Polish Legislation [2].
In roach kidneys, metal concentrations were arranged in the order: Zn > Fe > Cu ≥
Mn > Cd > Pb. In livers, the sequence was: Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cd. Gills accumulated mostly Zn, while the other metal concentrations were in the order: Fe > Mn >
Cu > Pb > Cd. In muscles, metal concentrations decreased: Zn > Fe > Cu ≈ Mn > Pb > Cd.
In all the roach organs, the two most toxic metals (Cd and Pb) were found in the
smallest concentrations. This may indicate, that indeed no significant metal pollution
influenced the roach habitats. Especially that metal concentrations found in the muscle
122
M. Rajkowska, Z. Wechterowicz, M. Lidwin-Kaźmierkiewicz, K. Pokorska and M. Protasowicki
Fig. 2. Metal concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) in organs of roach ((Rutilus
Rutilus rutilus L.) from four
lakes of West Pomerania, Poland; n = 80; w.w. – wet weight
tissue of the roach examined were on a low level – similar or lower than reported for
roach by other authors [3–11].
Conclusions
The results indicate that only trace amounts of the metals: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd
accumulated in the muscle tissue of roach from West Pomeranian lakes. The other organs contained higher concentrations of metals, but also on a low level.
Toxic metals (Cd, Pb) detected in the muscle tissue of roach were within the limits
for fish and fishery products.
Accumulation of Selected Metals in Roach ((Rutilus
Rutilus rutilus L.) from West Pomeranian Lakes
123
References
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[2] Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 30 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie maksymalnych poziomów
zanieczyszczeń chemicznych i biologicznych, które mogą znajdować się w żywności, składnikach
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na powierzchni żywności. Dz.U. 2004, Nr 120, poz. 1257.
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AKUMULACJA WYBRANYCH METALI W PŁOCI (Rutilus
( utilus rutilus L.)
Z JEZIOR POMORZA ZACHODNIEGO
St r es zczenie
Celem badań było oznaczenie zawartości Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb i Cd w nerkach, wątrobach, skrzelach oraz
mięśniach płoci ((Rutilus
Rutilus rutilus L.) z czterech jezior zachodniopomorskich. Zaobserwowano dużą zmienność
osobniczą w kumulowaniu metali w narządach wśród ryb pobranych z tego samego jeziora. Stąd zawartości
metali w narządach płoci z różnych jezior zwykle nie różniły się istotnie. Stężenia metali w narządach płoci
[μg/g mokrej masy] mieściły się w zakresie: 1,5–120 (Fe), 6–195 (Zn), 0,1–10.7 (Mn), 0,2–10,2 (Cu), 0,01–
0,23 (Pb ) i 0,002–0,085 (Cd). Mięśnie kumulowały niewiele metali – na poziomie podobnym lub niższym,
niż podawany przez innych autorów u płoci. We wszystkich narządach najmniej było dwóch najbardziej toksycznych metali (Cd i Pb), co potwierdza, że na środowisko życia tych ryb nie oddziałują żadne znaczące
zanieczyszczenia metalami.
Słowa kluczowe: metale, płoć, Rutilus rutilus L.
L.,, jeziora