Wzor A,B

Editor-in-chief of the publications of the Institute of Archaeology UW:
Kazimierz Lewartowski
Światowit
Annual of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw
Editor: Franciszek M. Stępniowski ([email protected])
Managing editor: Andrzej Maciałowicz ([email protected])
Editorial Council:
Wojciech Nowakowski (Chairman)
Elżbieta Jastrzębowska
Kazimierz Lewartowski
Tadeusz Sarnowski
Tomasz Scholl
Karol Szymczak
All rights reserved
© 2011 Institute of Archaeology UW
ISSN 0082-044X
ISBN 978-83-61376-927
Cover design: Joanna Kalita
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Printed by: Janusz Bieszczad, Warszawa, ul. Moszczenicka 2
Editorial address: Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw,
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Contents
Spis treści
Fascicle A
MEdITErrANEAN ANd NoN-EUroPEAN ArChAEoLoGy
Fascykuł A
ArChEoLoGIA ŚrÓdZIEMNoMorSKA I PoZAEUroPEJSKA
EdITorIAL ....................................................................................................................................................................................7
Studies and Materials
Jerzy Żelazowski, Monika Rekowska-Ruszkowska,
Zofia Kowarska, Szymon Lenarczyk, Krzysztof Chmielewski,
Elżbieta Rosłaniec, Piotr Jaworski, Krzysztof Misiewicz,
Kazimierz Lewartowski, George Yacoub, Miron Bogacki,
Wiesław Małkowski, Zbigniew Polak
PoLISh ArChAEoLoGICAL rESEArCh IN PToLEMAIS (LIByA) IN 2007–2009.
PrELIMINAry rEPorT (PLS. 1–33) ....................................................................................................................................9
Polskie badania archeologiczne w Ptolemais (Libia) 2007–2009. raport wstępny ......................................................28
Krzysztof Misiewicz
NoN-INvASIvE SUrvEy oF ChrISTIAN BASILICAS AT PToLEMAIS
– GEoPhySICAL ProSPECTIoN (PLS. 34–51)............................................................................................................31
Nieinwazyjne badania chrześcijańskich bazylik w Ptolemais – prospekcja geofizyczna ................................................37
Jakub Kaniszewski
NoN-INvASIvE INvESTIGATIoN oF ThE WESTErN BASILICA
AT PToLEMAIS (PLS. 52–57) ................................................................................................................................................41
Nieinwazyjne badania Bazyliki Zachodniej w Ptolemais ......................................................................................................44
Miron Bogacki, Wiesław Małkowski
ToPoGrAPhICAL SUrvEy IN ThE ArEA oF TWo ChrISTIAN BUILdINGS
oUTSIdE ThE CITy WALLS oF PToLEMAIS (CyrENAICA, LIByA) (PLS. 58–59) ..................................45
Badania topograficzne w obrębie dwóch budowli chrześcijańskich
położonych poza murami Ptolemais (Cyrenajka, Libia) ........................................................................................................50
Ewa Wipszycka
ThE BASILICAS AT PToLEMAIS: A hISTorIAN’S CoMMENTAry
oN ThE rESULTS oF ArChAEoLoGICAL EXPLorATIoN............................................................................51
Kościoły w Ptolemais: komentarz historyka do wyników badań archeologicznych ........................................................67
Тaтяна М. Арсеньева, Томаш Шолль, Марцин Матера,
Светлана А. Науменко, Александра Ровиньскa
ИсследованИя в Западном городском районе ТанаИса в 2008 г.
(раскоп XXv) (PLS. 60–115)..............................................................................................................................................69
Badania w zachodnim, miejskim rejonie Tanais w 2008 roku (wykop XXv) ..................................................................85
Тaтяна М. Арсеньева, Томаш Шолль, Марцин Матера,
Светлана А. Науменко, Александра Ровиньскa
ИсследованИя в Западном городском районе ТанаИса в 2009 г.
(раскоп XXv) (PLS. 116–164)............................................................................................................................................87
Badania w zachodnim, miejskim rejonie Tanais w 2009 roku (wykop XXv)................................................................106
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
ShorT INTrodUCTIoN To ThE BIoArChAEoLoGICAL STUdIES
AT TELL BArrI (PL. 165) ......................................................................................................................................................107
Krótkie wprowadzenie do badań bioarcheologicznych na Tell Barri................................................................................112
Dariusz Szeląg
TWo ovENS FroM ThE FIrST hALF oF ThE 3rd MILLENNIUM BC AT TELL ArBId.
EvIdENCE For GrAIN ProCESSING? (PLS. 166–172) ........................................................................................113
dwa piece z pierwszej połowy III tys. p.n.e. z Tell Arbid.
Instalacje do prażenia ziarna? ....................................................................................................................................................120
Nazar Buławka
dECorATIvE MoTIFS oF ThE EArLy IroN AGE (yAZ I) PoTTEry
IN SoUThErN TUrKMENISTAN..................................................................................................................................121
Motywy dekoracyjne ceramiki wczesnej epoki żelaza (yaz I)
w południowym Turkmenistanie ..............................................................................................................................................131
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
ThE GATES oF dUr-ŠArrUKIN....................................................................................................................................133
Bramy dur-Szarrukin ..................................................................................................................................................................137
Agnieszka Tomas
rEAdING GENdEr ANd SoCIAL LIFE IN MILITAry SPACES (PLS. 173–175) ........................................139
odczytywanie płci i życia społecznego w przestrzeni wojskowej ......................................................................................152
Elżbieta Jastrzębowska
NEW TESTAMENT ANGELS IN EArLy ChrISTIAN ArT :
orIGIN ANd SoUrCES (PLS. 176–185) ........................................................................................................................153
Anioły z Nowego Testamentu w sztuce wczesnochrześcijańskiej: pochodzenie i źródła..............................................164
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, Arnold Lebeuf
PohUALLI 1.01. A CoMPUTEr SIMULATIoN oF MESoAMErICAN
CALENdAr SySTEMS ..........................................................................................................................................................165
Pohualli 1.01. Komputerowa symulacja mezoamerykańskich kalendarzy ......................................................................167
Chronicle of Excavations
Roksana Chowaniec
PALAZZoLo ACrEIdE, ANCIENT AcrAe, SICILy, ITALy, 2009–2010 (PLS. 186–187) ..........................169
Palazzolo Acreide, starożytne Acrae, Sycylia, Włochy, 2009–2010 ..................................................................................171
Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, Oleg Â. Savelâ
IN ThE hEArT oF A roMAN ForT IN CrIMEA. EXCAvATIoNS IN BALAKLAvA
(SEvASToPoL, UKrAINE). SEASoN 2009–2010 (PLS. 188–189) ........................................................................173
Wykopaliska fortu rzymskiego w Bałakławie-Kadykovce (Sewastopol, Ukraina).
Sezon 2009–2010 ........................................................................................................................................................................175
Тадеуш Сарновски, Людмила А. Ковалевская
сельская округа Херсонеса ТаврИческого (крым).
усадьба 343 (PLS. 190–192) ..............................................................................................................................................177
Wiejskie terytorium Chersonezu Taurydzkiego (Krym). Farma Nr 343 ........................................................................179
Людмила А. Ковалевская, Тадеуш Сарновски
сельская округа Херсонеса ТаврИческого (крым).
усадьба 363 (PLS. 193–194) ..............................................................................................................................................181
Wiejskie terytorium Chersonezu Taurydzkiego (Krym). Farma Nr 363 ........................................................................183
Tadeusz Sarnowski, Agnieszka Tomas
NovAE. ThE roMAN LEGIoNAry dEFENCES.
EXCAvATIoNS oF 2009 ANd 2010 (PLS. 195–196) ..................................................................................................185
Novae. Fortyfikacje obozu. Wykopaliska 2009 i 2010 r. ....................................................................................................186
Tadeusz Sarnowski, Ludmiła A. Kovalevskaja
NovAE. hEAdqUArTErS BUILdING oF ThE roMAN LEGIoNAry BASE.
EXCAvATIoNS oF 2010 (PLS. 197–198) ........................................................................................................................187
Novae. Budowla komendantury w obozie rzymskiego legionu. Wykopaliska 2010 r. ..................................................189
Martin Lemke
FIELdWorK AT NovAE (BULGArIA) IN 2009 ANd 2010 (PLS. 199–201)....................................................191
Badania wykopaliskowe w Novae (Bułgaria) w latach 2009–2010 ..................................................................................194
Zofia Kowarska, Szymon Lenarczyk,
Kazimierz Lewartowski, Krzysztof Misiewicz
PToLEMAIS, LIByA, 2010 (PLS. 202–203) ......................................................................................................................195
Ptolemais, Libia, 2010 ................................................................................................................................................................197
Tomasz Kowal
FIELdWorK AT rISAN, SEASoN 2009–2010 (PLS. 204–207) ..............................................................................199
Badania w risan, sezon 2009–2010 ........................................................................................................................................202
Tomasz Scholl
TANAIS – EXCAvATIoNS IN 2010 (PLS. 208–209) ....................................................................................................203
Tanais – wykopaliska sezonu 2010 ..........................................................................................................................................204
Andrzej Niwiński
INForMATIoN ABoUT ThE CLIFF MISSIoN AT dEIr EL-BAhArI,
EGyPT, IN 2009 (PLS. 210–212)............................................................................................................................................205
Informacja o pracach Misji Skalnej w deir el-Bahari, Egipt, w 2009 r. ............................................................................206
Barbara Kaim
ThE FIrST SEASoN oF EXCAvATIoN AT GUrUKLy dEPE,
SoUThErN TUrKMENISTAN, 2010 (PLS. 213–215) ..............................................................................................207
Pierwszy sezon wykopalisk na Gurukly depe w południowym Turkmenistanie, 2010 r.............................................208
Marcin Wagner
ThE FIrST SEASoN oF EXCAvATIoNS AT ToPAZ GALA dEPE IN ThE SArAKhS oASIS,
SoUThErN TUrKMENISTAN (PLS. 216–218) ..........................................................................................................209
Pierwszy sezon wykopalisk na Topaz Gala depe w oazie Sarakhs
w południowym Turkmenistanie ..............................................................................................................................................210
PLATES..........................................................................................................................................................................................211
ŚWIAToWIT • vIII (XLIX)/A • 2009–2010
MArTIN LEMKE
FiELDWORK AT NOvAE (BuLGARiA) iN 2009 AND 2010
(PLS. 199–201)
N
ovae was a roman legionary fortress and
town, located in modern day Bulgaria, to the east of
Svishtov on the banks of the danube. The site has been
continually excavated since 1960 by a joint Polish-Bulgarian team and the results have been published
thoroughly.1 Today, there are three Polish teams excavating
at Novae, one of which is from the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe research Centre.2 The Centre3 carries out
fieldwork within Sector Iv, mostly renowned for its military hospital (valetudinarium). Novae was the home and
the headquarters for the 1st Italic legion (Legio I Italica) in
the province of Moesia Inferior for nearly its entire period
of occupation as an important roman military base (as
a military castra), but still underwent a number of significant changes through the years. With the valetudinarium
having been completely excavated by 2006,4 the Centre has
since then worked on establishing the layout of the earlier
structure below – the baths of the castra legionis. They
functioned here approximately in 70–101 Ad, until
Trajan’s dacian wars required a large military hospital to be
built and the thermae were moved towards the centre of
the fortress, west of the principia. The location of the first
thermae in the praetentura in the scamnum closest to the
northern wall of the fortress (and hence the danube) is
somewhat peculiar but can be explained by logistical reasons. heavy building material for the baths (in a time when
most parts of the castra, excluding the principia, were made
of wood) was predominantly transported on the danube.
Thus, the stones could be directly heaved onto the construction site. Additionally, huge amounts of sewage could
easily be disposed of on the river bank. The thermae were
explored by trial trenches; 2009 and 2010 were scheduled
to be the final seasons.
2009 (3.08–4.09)
Altogether, a surface of c. 250 m2 was uncovered in
2009 by trenching. The structural remains of the baths occur usually 2 m underneath the level of the valetudinarium
but in some cases a depth of more than 8 m below the surface was reached. The main issues for this campaign were:
the layout of the caldaria; to locate the wall between the
caldaria and the tepidarium; to find the praefurnia of both
installations and the entrance to the basilica thermarum
itself; to define the nature of a structure with an opus spicatum floor first noticed in 2008 and the extent of the southern part of the thermae with its boundary wall and the
palestra; lastly, to gain more information regarding the two
chronological phases of the baths, which as we knew from
previous fieldwork suffered destruction from fire after an
earthquake and were subsequently remodelled.
1
T. dErdA, P. dyCZEK, J. KoLENdo (eds.), Novae. Legionary
Fortress and Late Antique Town, vol. I: A companion on the Study
of Novae, Warsaw 2009 (2008) – includes a complete bibliography for the years 1726–2008. Annual reports are published in
“Archeologia” (Warsaw). See also: T. SArNoWSKI, The Name of
Novae in Lower Moesia, “Archeologia” (Warsaw) LvIII (2007),
2009, 15–23; A. Biernacki (ed.), Novae. Studies and Materials,
I–III, Poznań 1995–2008.
2
our research is kindly supported by the University of Warsaw
and the Ministry of Science and higher Education.
3
Under the direction of Prof. Piotr dyczek.
For this and the first trial trenches see: P. dyCZEK, Novae –
Western Sector (section IV), 2002–2006. Preliminary report on the
excavations of the center for research on the Antiquity of
Southeastern europe, Warsaw University, “Archeologia” (Warsaw)
LvII (2006), 2007, 129–142; P. dyCZEK, Archaeological
excavations at Novae. A History of research with Special
consideration of Sector IV (Legionary Baths, valetudinarium, Late
Architecture), (in:) T. derda, P. dyczek, J. Kolendo (eds.),
Novae…, 31–70.
4
191
MArTIN LEMKE
A stratigraphic analysis in the caldarium revealed
that the baths possessed – apart from the tepidarium – three
heated rooms with apses, one of those built along an east-west axis, and the other two with a north-south orientation. At least one of those rooms served as a caldarium. In
one of the basins remains of hydraulic lime mortar5 were
found, while the bottom layer of opus caementicium revealed imprints of wooden beams used during its construction.
While investigating the partition wall between the caldaria
and the tepidarium, a heating system found in 2008 was
further uncovered. The hypocaust was built with pilae of
stacked up bessales measuring 23×23 cm or 28×28 cm.
A crack in its western wall is a further proof for the earthquake which partially destroyed the thermae.
The entrance to the basilica thermarum was located on the eastern side of the building and approached from
the via praetoria. The entrance was flanked by two short
walls and provided with a high threshold to avoid flooding
by rainwater. The adjacent room was adorned with wall
painting. The construction with an opus spicatum floor
(Fig. 1) first discovered in 2008 was identified to be a basin
measuring 16×9 m. The floor consisted of small bricks laid
on hydraulic mortar. Traces of calcite suggest that the floor
was exposed to water over a long time. on the southern
side, a wall limiting the floor was found, along with an
aqueduct. one of the clay tubes bore a planta pedis stamp,
stating the producer’s name ArrIvS (Fig. 2). obviously,
the opus spicatum was the adorned floor of a natatio basin
lying in the northern part of the palestra.
The southern boundary wall of the baths was
found to be located merely half a meter north of the
exterior wall of the later valetudinarium. Its foundations
had a width of 120 cm, and the wall itself measured 90 cm.
The shift in placement resulted from technical requirements during the construction of the valetudinarium,
where a number of small rooms was built, taking up additional space towards the south. It would have been difficult to merge the partition walls with the existing exterior
boundary wall and too dangerous to just lean them against
it.
Analysing the architecture, the changes undertaken after the earthquake become visible. The hypocaust of
the tepidarium was remodelled, resulting in a partial
deconstruction of the entire system. The tile floor in the
basilica thermarum was repaired, the layout of the caldaria
was shaped anew, a number of praefurnia was closed, and
the course of some sewage channels changed. during the
excavations a number of significant finds was unearthed,
among them a series of early 1st c. coins (Augustus, Tiberius,
Claudius), retrieved from the destruction layer after the
earthquake, pottery including terra sigillata and glass vessels from the thermae. From the hospital level, an interestingly shaped clay altar (Fig. 3) and a bone sheath pommel
are noteworthy.
5
et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the XVIIIth International congress of
roman Frontier Studies, held in Amman, Jordan (September
2000), Limes 18, BAr International Series 1084, oxford 2002,
649–662.
2010 (2.08–9.09)
during the closing campaign, the eastern, the
northern and the western wings of the baths were in the
centre of attention. Also, attempts were made to distinguish the two phases of the building and to understand
architectural details. In 2010, practical possibilities for
investigating the thermae via probing trenches were
exhausted. A number of walls of the valetudinarium stand
on the earlier walls belonging to the baths and the general
completeness of the hospital structures renders large parts
below it inaccessible.
The baths required an entire scamnum within the
praetentura of the fortress. It was built by soldiers of the
1st Italic legion, whose brick stamps occur on many structural elements made of clay. There is a further proof that
the thermae were damaged by an earthquake. More traces
of the tectonic rupture, which ran through the hypocaust
systems and the basin in the frigidarium were discovered.
As a consequence of the catastrophe, the hypocaust ovens
burst and the baths were partially burned down. The reconstruction was apparently done hastily, employing all
sorts of substitute materials, such as clay tube sherds or
bessales of varying size to serve as pilae. The mortar used
for the new floor in the hypocaust cellars was of inferior
quality and the wall paintings were repaired with little care.
The overall plan of the Flavian baths at Novae
(Fig. 4) differs in some ways from other baths known within the provinces, including the succeeding thermae built at
Novae west of the principia,6 after their original location
had been taken over by the valetudinarium. The Flavian
baths were large (claiming a surface of almost one hectare).
Their layout resembles elaborate civil bathhouses rather
than modest and practical military installations and shows
influences of Italic civilian architecture. The baths were
uncommonly richly decorated with stucco and wall paintings; some door frames and wall adornments were made of
white and polychromatic marble.
Opus signinum; see: M. BIErNACKA-LUBAńSKA, Zaprawy hydrauliczne w wodociągach z Novae, “Novensia” 7–8, 1995, 19–26.
6
For the 2nd c. thermae at Novae see: A. BIErNACKI, The roman
Legionary Bath of the 2nd century AD in Novae, (in:) Ph. Freeman
192
FIELdWorK AT NovAE (BULGArIA) IN 2009 ANd 2010
Each wing in the building had a distinct function.
The southern part was occupied by the palestra surrounded
on three sides by a portico, whose walls were painted with
geometric and floral ornaments. on its northern side was
the aforementioned natatio basin with its opus spicatum
floor. The eastern part, running along the via praetoria, held
a number of small rooms, probably for storage. A taberna
was also located here. The northern wing was the most
sophisticated, as it held the actual baths. The far east served
as an apodyterium and basilica thermarum. This was also
where the main entrance from the via praetoria was located. The roof was held by a number of stone pillars, while
the walls of the basilica were also decorated with stucco.
From here, the sudatorium to the south or the frigidarium
with two cold water basins could be reached. Interestingly,
constructional details became visible: the remains of wooden formwork where once the opus caementicium was filled
in. The structure of the wood is well visible, and the planks
had a width of 10–15 cm. The western wall of the frigidarium had niches for labra. The floor was made of interlaced
terra cotta tiles and opus spicatum, and along the walls ran
a stripe of white mosaic. The adjoining room was a tepidarium, which could also be accessed directly from the
palestra.
Interesting features were discovered within the
caldarium of the baths. here, three basins for hot water
were located: two in apses facing west and heated by a common, big praefurnium and a rectangular one, heated separately. To acquire a maximally large heated space, the architects had devised a single room with a surface of more than
400 m2. Such measurements required the use of structural
pillars for the roof – not an easy task considering the suspended floor of the caldarium. Therefore, square brick
pedestals (0,9×0,9 m) were erected on stone foundations
among the suspensura (Fig. 5). on them, pillars (probably
made of bricks) were set. The reconstructed diameter of
these pillars measured slightly above 30 cm, just as the
columns in the palestra. The suspensurae were made solidly
of standardised bessales. The height of the cellar was c. 1 m.
Within the walls of the tepidarium and caldarium, various
tubulatio heating systems were used.
In the western wing there seem to have been reception rooms, as deduced from finds of luxury glass vessels,
terra sigillata, and fine lamps.
A number of clay pipe aqueducts ran up to the
thermae. one filled the natatio, others the basins of the
frigidarium and caldarium. The enormous amount of
water7 required by the thermae was disposed of by a complex sewage network (Fig. 6). A total of six channels were
found, made of stone and mortar. The sewers ran below the
western part of the building, as a result of the general layout as well as terrain properties. After the earthquake, the
channels were not fixed, but instead equipped with bypasses to avoid the leaking parts.
during the 2010 campaign, traces of a brief presence of the 8th Augustan legion during the 1st c. Ad were
found.8 Below the western wing, a series of wide but shallow pits filled with pottery sherds and charcoal were unearthed. Also a rare stone construction of this period was
found (albeit dismantled) – probably a cistern or a basin,
with a bottom laid out with small tiles and mortar.
Among more interesting finds of the campaign
there are a number of volute lamps, various small elements
of lorica segmentata armour, a cheek plate from an iron
helm (Fig. 7), as well as terra sigillata, and glass vessels.
7
of the seventh century AD), Tutrakan 2007, 217–226.
8
See: E. GENčEvA, Le premier camp militaire à Novae, “Novensia”
14, 2003, 21–37.
Mgr Martin Lemke
Antiquity of Southeastern Europe research Centre
University of Warsaw
[email protected]
I. TSArov, Water Supply in the Legionary camps Oescus, Novae
and Durostorum (Moesia Inferior), (in:) L. vagalinski (ed.), The
Lower Danube in Antiquity (the fifth century Bc – the beginning
193
MArTIN LEMKE
BADANIA WYKOPALISKOWE W N OVAE (BUŁGARIA) W LATACH 2009–2010
L
ata 2009 i 2010 to ostatnie sezony badań łaźni
flawijskich obozu legionowego Novae w dzisiejszej Bułgarii,
prowadzonych przez ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej. Ustalono funkcje poszczególnych części budowli i zrekonstruowano jej plan (Ryc. 4).
Część południową zajmowała palestra otoczona z trzech
stron portykiem, wyposażona w basen natatio, którego dno
wyłożono opus spicatum (Ryc. 1). W skrzydle wschodnim,
biegnącym wzdłuż via praetoria, umieszczono szereg niewielkich magazynów. W skrzydle północnym znajdowały
się właściwe pomieszczenia łaziebne. Skrajnie wschodnie
wnętrze pełniło funkcję apodyterium i basilica thermarum.
Tutaj także znajdowało się główne wejście do łaźni od
strony via praetoria. dalsze pomieszczenia to sudatorium
i frigidarium. odkryto tutaj dwa baseny na zimną wodę.
Najciekawsze rozwiązanie zastosowano w ostatnim z pomieszczeń łaziebnych, caldarium. Znajdowały się tu trzy
baseny na gorącą wodę. Aby uzyskać jak największą ogrzewaną przestrzeń, architekci zaplanowali jedno duże
wnętrze o powierzchni ponad 400 m2. Takie rozwiązanie
wymusiło zastosowanie podpór, utrudnione przez system
hypokaustyczny pod całym caldarium. Na kamiennym fundamencie znajdującym się poniżej podłogi piwnicy hypokaustycznej, wzniesiono z cegieł kwadratowe postumenty
(Ryc. 5). Na nich ustawiono kolumny. W skrzydle zachodnim zlokalizowano prawdopodobnie pomieszczenia recepcyjne. do łaźni prowadziło szereg wodociągów z rur ceramicznych, które niekiedy nosiły stemple producenta (Ryc.
2). Jedne zaopatrywały basen natatio, inne – basenowe frigidarium i caldarium. Wielkie ilości wody wpływające do
łaźni były odprowadzane siecią kanałów (Ryc. 6). odkryte
pozostałości architektoniczne sugerują częściowe zniszczenie łaźni przez trzęsienie ziemi i jej późniejszą odbudowę.
Podczas kampanii w 2009 i 2010 roku odsłonięto także
kolejne pozostałości po budowlach związanych z pobytem
w Novae, od 45 r. n.e., legionu VIII Augusta.
W czasie omawianych kampanii odkryto wiele
ciekawych zabytków ruchomych, w tym zachowane w całości lampy wolutowe, ołtarzyk gliniany (Ryc. 3), elementy
brązowe lorica segmentata, napolicznik hełmu (Ryc. 7),
a także naczynia terra sigllata i szklane.
194
MArTIN LEMKE
PLATE 199
Fig. 1. Novae 2009. Basin with opus spicatum floor
(Photo J. recław).
ryc. 1. Novae 2009. Basen z podłogą wyłożoną opus
spicatum.
Fig. 2. Novae 2009. Potter’s stamp in planta pedis on a terra
cotta water pipe (Photo M. Bogacki).
ryc. 2. Novae 2009. Stempel producenta in planta pedis na
terakotowej rurze.
Fig. 3. Novae 2009. Clay altar (Photo J. recław).
ryc. 3. Novae 2009. Gliniany ołtarzyk.
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PLATE 200
Fig. 4. Flavian baths, overall plan (by T. Słowik).
ryc. 4. Łaźnie flawijskie, plan ogólny.
Fig. 7. Novae 2010. Iron helm cheek
plate (Photo J. recław).
ryc. 7. Novae 2010. Żelazny napolicznik hełmu.
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PLATE 201
Fig.5. Novae 2010. hypocaust with a structural
pedestal (Photo J. recław).
ryc.5. Novae 2010. hypocaustum z ceglanym
podestem.
Fig. 6. Novae 2010. Sewage channels (Photo
J. recław).
ryc. 6. Novae 2010. Kanały odpływowe.