Dosimetry of the electromagnetic fields of the GSM/UMTS/WLAN band

Transkrypt

European Journal of Medical Technology • 1(10) 2016
Dosimetry of the
electromagnetic fields of the
GSM/UMTS/WLAN band
Paweł A. Mazurek1,
Bartosz Boś, Artur Wdowiak2,
Oleksandr M. Naumchuk3
European Journal
of Medical Technologies
2016; 1(10): 15-24
Institute of Electrical Engineering ane Electrotechnologies,
Lublin University of Technology, Poland
1
Copyright © 2016 by ISASDMT
All rights reserved
www. medical-technologies.eu
Published online 22.03.2016
7.00 scores MNiSW
Diagnostic Techniques Unit, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
2
National University of Water Management
and Nature Resources Use, Ukraine
3
Corresponding address:
dr inż. Paweł A. Mazurek
Institute of Electrical Engineering ane Electrotechnologies Lublin University of Technology
Poland, 20-418 Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 38A, [email protected]
inż. Bartosz Boś
[email protected]
dr n. med. Artur Wdowiak
Diagnostic Techniques Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University in Lublin,
Poland, 20-081 Lublin, Staszica 4-6, [email protected]
Oleksandr M. Naumchuk
11 Soborna vul., Rivne, 33028, Ukraine, [email protected]
Abstract
The article addresses monitoring the levels of electromagnetic emissions in
the human environment. The surrounding telecommunication systems use the
propagation of electromagnetic waves as a transmission medium. These fields
affect humans and nature. Using the ESM-140 personal dosemeter of electromagnetic emission makes it possible to determine the distribution of changes
in the intensity of the phenomenon to which people are exposed.
15
Key words:
electromagnetic
field dosemeter,
high-frequency
electromagnetic
emission, SAR
Introduction
The quality of human life in the environment is associated with functional, health, aesthetic, ecological, economic and environmental aspects. The quality of the environment, assessed from the point of
view of living and habitation, is largely dependent
on the state of buildings and technical infrastructure, in particular electrotechnology, transport and
telecommunications.
Exposure to electromagnetic field of high frequency is common, since the fields are produced intentionally or unintentionally by all electrical equipment
and systems for wireless data transmission, such as
radio, TV or mobile telephony [3-6,17-20,22,25]. In
today's era of mobile communication (GSM) and
wireless communications (Bluetooth, WiFi, IEEE
802) it is increasingly important to monitor and
measure the electromagnetic fields generated by devices operating at communication frequencies. The
main system of cellular telephony is the digital mobile telephone system GSM (Global System of Mobile
Communications).
The transmission in the GSM system takes place
in a duplex mode, and it is therefore necessary to use
a dual transmission channel. In the GSM 900 MHz
a transmission channel frequency band is isolated
separately from a mobile station (of the telephone) to
the base station, a so-called “up” channel = “uplink”
(880-915 MHz), and a separate bandwidth to create
“down” channels = “downlink” (935-960 MHz), i.e.
from the base stations to the mobile station (of the
telephone). The transmission channel is created not
only by frequency division, but also the allocation
of time slots. The transmission in the GSM 900 system is pulsatory and occurs via one of the 124 dualfrequency channels. However, in the GSM 1800 system 374 (double) frequency channels are separated.
When you initiate transmission in the GSM system,
simultaneous sending and receiving takes place of
an electromagnetic wave signal, impulse-modulated
and digitally coded [2].
Development of the network entails the construction of an increasing number of base stations, allowing the user to connect to a given network. Each base
station emits electromagnetic field (EMF) via the
(usually sector) antenna system. The magnetic field
in a digital system is characterised by the fact that
at a certain time an impulse signal is transmitted of
greater amplitude than the analog system. Thus, the
environment and the people are exposed to abrupt
changes in the electromagnetic signals. Depending
on the requirements of the designers of the network
structure and the field conditions, the number of stations, antennas and their characteristics are suitably
chosen to cover the area and maintain the telecommunication parameters allowing to establish and
maintain transmission.
The use of mobile phones has rapidly been increasing in recent years. Alongside, there has been a growing concern about the possible negative health effects
caused by mobile telecommunications networks. Research is conducted by various government agencies,
but also by scientific centers [3-6,17-20,22,25]. The
conclusions of the tests are not definitive, but usually
no statistically significant relationship is found between exposure and chronic or acute symptoms of ill
health. However, all the conclusions of the research
have a common area: it is showing the need for carrying out further dosimetric research. Studies of electromagnetic field in the environment are conducted
in order to identify its source and assess the level of
exposure of humans and the environment.
Electromagnetic
impact on people
Analysis of environmental conditions in terms of intensity of electromagnetic field is legally conditioned
at European and national level. Worthy of note is the
fact that national laws are stricter in relation to European ones. According to the legal acts [23,24] rules
are set out for the protection of the environment
from inadvertent exposure in the vicinity of sources
of electromagnetic fields. Among the principles acceptable levels of non-ionizing radiation are defined
in the form of limit values of physical quantities,
which should not be exceeded in places accessible to
people. Acceptable levels of high-frequency electric
and magnetic fields in force in the country are summarised in the table 1.
16
Table 1.
The frequency range of electromagnetic fields for which physical parameters are set characterising their impact on the
environment for places accessible to the public, and the levels of electromagnetic fields characterised by limits of physical parameters for places accessible to the public (Dz. U., i.e. Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, No. 192/03 of 14
November 2003., pos. 1883).
Physical parameter
Electric component
Magnetic
component
Power density
Electromagnetic field frequency range
1
0 Hz
10 kV/m
2.500 A/m
-
2
from 0 Hz to 0,5 Hz
-
2.500 A/m
-
3
from 0,5 Hz to 50 Hz
10 kV/m
60 A/m
-
4
from 0,05 kHz to 1 kHz
-
3/f A/m
-
5
from 0,001 MHz to 3 MHz
20 V/m
3 A/m
-
6
from 3 MHz to 300 MHz
7 V/m
-
-
7
from 300 MHz to 300 GHz
7 V/m
-
0.1 W/m2
In the course of research on the effects of electromagnetic fields many different phenomena have been
observed which may affect the health of humans and
other living organisms, including inductive currents
to flowing through the body, or thermal and nonthermal biological effects. The flow of the induced
current through the body can cause stimulation of
nerve and muscle tissue, including the impact on
cardiac arrhythmia. This flow is however essential in
the case of frequencies below 100 MHz. In bands of
higher frequency of vital importance may be thermal
effects associated with the heating of individual tissues and body fluids of living organisms under the
influence of energy absorbed by the electromagnetic
field effects and non-thermal effects, occurring at
much lower field intensity than thermal effects, without noticeable temperature increase of individual tissues [3,18,19,21,25].
At low power levels where thermal effects are unimportant, EMR still maintains the ability to affect
cells. Radiation in the very high-energy gamma-ray
frequency range, for example, can directly induce
ionisation and lead to radical formation. While this
has clear implications for biology, the energy associated with the visible region and down to the radio
frequency is not sufficient to remove electrons from
atomic or molecular orbitals, i.e. they are not ionising radiations. For example, radiofrequency EMR,
at the gigahertz frequencies used in mobile phone
communications, can be considered to be a stream of
particles, or photons, with energies one million times
lower than the energies required to directly alter the
chemistry of molecules.
There are many hypotheses which may explain
the effect of RF EMR in living organism. It may be
presumed that, basically, all possible mechanisms
concerning the coherence, resonance, signal averaging, heterogeneity of the magnetic field in heterogenous dielectric structures and non-linear effects,
generate signals of power much lower than magnetic
fields related with normal physiological functions of
physiological healing of wounds, stimulation of the
muscles and functioning of the nervous system [26].
Challis recognised one probable non-thermal process: formation of free radicals in biomolecules with
large hypersubtle structures and rapid magnetic relaxation [27]. Energy from an external signal may be
concentrated in this process, when the electromagnetic wavelength is equal to the difference between
energy levels in the molecule, which leads to an increase in signal strength forcing. However, the force
of signal strengthening decreases with the loss within
the system. The majority of ions are bonded to water;
therefore, the dispersion of energy while hitting water particles increases the loss of the system with radio frequencies, limiting the degree of strengthening
which might be achieved in the resonance systems.
One of the concepts frequently used to justify the
effect exerted by radio waves on the cells is the induction of additional potentials on cellular membranes,
17
which interfere with the transport of ions [28]. The
change of ions transport via the cellular membrane
is possible, but only in the case of fields with a voltage of several hundred micro-volts, considerably
higher than the voltages generated physiologically by
the membranes of organelles, such as mitochondria.
Exposure to non-physiological voltage of whole cell
organelles showed that when the membrane of a given structure is thicker than the cellular membrane
and organelles contain higher concentrations of ions,
more energy passes through the organelle membrane
than through the cellular membrane [28].
The subsequent concept often used to justify the
effect of radio waves on cells is the induction of
changes in molecular bonds, which may affect the
activity of protein enzymes [29]. According to Cotgreave, the structure of cellular proteins is diverse, and
it may be expected that exposure to RF will be able to
exert an effect according to the structure of protein
[29]. In addition, many proteins are electrostatically
bound, thus RF EMR may affect the protein structures
within a cell. Scientific studies demonstrated that the
denaturation, aggregation and stability of proteins are
susceptible to the effect of radio waves [30, 31]. In fact,
the efficacy of protein as an enzyme depends on its
structure. Some side chains of amino acids in proteins
are polar, and will behave differently during exposure
to the EMR. Experiments with high levels of radiation (for the frequency band from 1.95 GHz) showed
an effect on the packaging of proteins [32]. Thus, the
possible physical models suggest that the interaction
between charge and dipols in each protein structure
change the level of barrier for the processes of protein
packaging in metabolic pathways [32].
In order to determine the appropriate influence of
the electromagnetic field, various parameters have
been introduced describing the properties of both
the field and the energy-absorbing properties of the
tissue. These parameters can be divided into dosimetric quantities, which are measures of the impact
of electromagnetic fields on humans and the living
environment, as well as the volume of derivatives
describing only the size of the individual components of the electromagnetic field [18,19,21]. Among
them we can distinguish specific absorption, absorbency (increase in the energy absorbed), the induced
current density and touch current. Impact of high
electromagnetic fields in mobile telephony is limited mainly to the energy absorption by the various
tissues of the living organism and converting it into
heat energy.
Specific absorption is used to determine the
amount of energy absorbed by a given tissue or the
whole body of a given mass, a certain density and
volume. In order to accurately determine the size of
the energy absorbed by a given mass, use is made of
the information characterising the electrical properties of the tissue of a living organism. Using the
conductivity of tissue, which measures the ability
of a material to conduct electrical current, σ [S/m],
an effective value of electric field intensity in the
tissue, E [V/m] and the density of the target tissue,
ρ [kg/m3], the specific absorption rate (SAR) parameter is determined from the formula [18,19,21]:
σ ⋅ E2
SAR =
ρ
[W/kg]
SAR lower than 4 W/kg is unable to raise the temperature of the body tissues by more than 1°C. On
this basis, it is assumed that the conditions of occupational exposure should not result in SAR exceeding
0.4 W/kg. For environmental exposure an additional
safety factor is used and SAR is determined up to 0.08
W/kg. Using this information, suitable numerical dosimetry can be performed.
The electromagnetic waves emitted by cellular
phones belong to microwaves, as their frequency is
in the range of 300 MHz – 300 GHz (GSM 800, 900,
1800, 1900 MHz). Test reports and scientific publications on the impact of strong electromagnetic fields on
living organisms distinguish overall thermal effect. In
terms of radio frequency, threshold values can cause
noticeable effects in excitable tissues –the intensity of
the absorption of electromagnetic energy by the body
increases and a thermal effect appears. The effect of
field penetration into the human body is increase in
tissue temperature. The temperature rise depends on
many factors, among others on frequencies, electrical
parameters of the tissue, field intensity and the individual characteristics of the person subject to exposure. These disorders are mainly short-term in nature,
but some of them can lead to ailments and diseases.
18
Mass coexistence of electrical and electronic devices, as well as installations, means that as a result
of emission superposition of multiple devices, fields
overlap with one another to form a magnetic field at
a measurable value over large areas. Risk arising from
exposure to electromagnetic fields depends on the intensity of the generated fields and electromagnetic immunity of objects exposed to these fields. Most often
mentioned are the following effects observed in users
of mobile phones: headache, dizziness, insomnia, increased blood pressure, impaired memory (short term
memory loss), impaired vision and hearing disorders.
In the case of effects on reproductive processes the
influence of electromagnetic field can be considered
in terms of the effect on male and female reproductive system, and the developing embryo and fetus
[1,3,9-16,19]. Such knowledge is still evolving and
all the conditions of human reproduction are still not
known. It is also suspected that electromagnetic waves
have a negative impact on human reproduction and
may contribute as one of many environmental factors to the negative natural growth observed in many
European countries. That is why among the many
preventive measures there are recommendations that
pregnant women limit the use of cell phones. Existing
natural fields did not constitute until now a threat to
humans, but with the advent of artificial sources but
rather adverse effects can be expected, especially at
higher values. The existing scientific evidence is insufficient, so it is important to continuously monitor
the field strengths.
The existing scientific reports on the impact of electromagnetic fields on semen are contradictory. Some
have a beneficial effect on sperm motion parameters,
while others the opposite effect [1,11,12,13,15,16]. It
can be expected that it depends on the quantity and
quality of transmitted energy, but also the balance in
Fig. 1.
ESM 140 dosemeter and the manner of its position during
the tests
the oxidoreduction system of semen. This balance is
shaped by many factors influencing individual antioxidant activity in the body, but also by the composition of
the media used in the preparation of semen [7,9,10,14].
Electromagnetic
field dosemeter
At the foundation of assessing the potential risks of
exposure to electromagnetic influence in a particular
place, every time the actual monitoring of electromagnetic fields must be performed on an on-going basis.
In order to control the effects of the field, a device for
monitoring and measuring the it can be used, such as
the ESM 140 dosemeter produced by Maschek. In this
study, a dosemeter lent by Astat Ltd was used [2].
The electromagnetic field dosemeter used in the
study is a metric device measuring electromagnetic
field in real time. It is an innovative device which records the field frequency within people’s close proximity, produced by wireless communication devices.
This meter measures the value of electric field intensity levels for each frequency (GSM 900 and GSM
1800 frequencies and for DECT, UMTS, WLAN) [2].
ESM 140 has a USB port for data transfer; a big advantage of the device is the GRAPH ESM 140 software specially written for it, which works with a with
Windows™ environment computer. The dosemeter
starts measurements automatically, the end point is
also registered in the time domain and the measurement time is set to the second. The signals are simultaneously measured in 8 channels and recorded in
memory (Fig. 1, Table 2).
Dosimetric studies
The actual level of electromagnetic emission depends
on the saturation of installations and electrical equipment of the region; industrialised areas usually have
higher levels than rural ones (agricultural, forestry)
[17,18,20,22]. We can estimate that, apart from the
closest regions surrounding large radio and television
transmission or energy units, high field strengths occur in large urban areas, where one should distinguish extensive infrastructure for mobile networks,
19
radio and television stations, industry, infrastructure,
railway, tram or trolleybus.
Using the ESM-140 dosemeter, tests were carried
out in Lublin in October 2015. Measurements were
made on the campus of the Lublin University of
Technology (LUT) near the student residence block
No. 3 and in the close neighbourhood (along Nadbystrzycka, Narutowicza and Głęboka streets).
The first measurement was made in the students’
residence block of flats No. 3 (LUT) [8]. This place
was chosen because there is a large concentration of
electronic and communications installations, and
on the roof of the dormitory there are antennas of
a GSM base station. The measurement was started
on the top floor of the dormitory. The device fastened to the shoulder of the person measuring was
carried through the corridors of the students’ home
for about 3 minutes on each floor. At the end of the
measurement, the researcher went outside and made
measurements around the dorm. The results obtained
were dropped into the software and are presented as
mean values both in the electric field strength and
SAR. The measurement lasted about 30 minutes. In
both graphs (Fig. 2, 3) a marked increase in the measured values outside the building can be seen. The
table 3 shows the basic statistics of the results.
The second measurement was made during a walk
between the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science of the Lublin University of Technology along Narutowicza Street and the building of
the University of Life Sciences in Lublin at Głęboka
Street [8]. The route along which the measurements
were made was chosen because of a high concentration of elements emitting electromagnetic field. The
results were similarly dropped into the software and
are presented as mean values in two scales. The measurement lasted about 20 minutes. The graphs show
(Fig. 4, 5) a distinct change in intensities arising
Table 2.
Selected technical data of ESM-140 dosemeter [2]
Measurement range
0.010 V/m-70 V/m
Frequency range
GSM900 (900 MHz uplink, 935 MHz downlink)
GSM1800 (1750MHz uplink 1850MHz downlink)
DECT (1895MHz up and downlink)
UMTS (1950MHz uplink 2140MHz downlink)
Precision
±2dB In free field
±4dB with a dosemeter carried on a shoulder
Table. 3.
Statistics of the measurement values gathered at the students’ home with an ESM-140 dosemeter
E (ICNIRP)
mV/m
Percentile
25%
mV/m
Percentile
50%
mV/m
Percentile
75%
mV/m
Percentile
95%
mV/m
GSM900 Uplink
31,8
3,4
8,4
17,7
36,8
GSM900 Downlink
170,0
41,2
64,2
120,0
230,0
GSM1800 Uplink
12,6
0,2
0,2
0,2
3,8
GSM1800 Downlink
93,4
15,1
31,2
60,2
120,0
UMTS Uplink
13,7
0,0
0,0
0,2
8,0
UMTS Downlink
97,7
10,2
24,6
61,3
120,0
DECT
43,0
0,2
2,5
7,6
23,9
WLAN
62,1
0,0
0,3
14,0
61,4
Number of records 559
Averaging according to ICNIRP
20
Fig. 2.
The values of the electric field measured at the students’ home using an ESM-140 dosemeter
Fig. 3.
SAR values: a numerical simulation in Graph ESM-140 of the values measured in the students’ home using
an ESM-140 dosemeter
Fig. 4.
Electric field values measured along the Narutowicza-Głęboka route, using an ESM-140 dosemeter
21
Fig. 5.
SAR values: numerical simulation in Graph ESM-140 of the values measured along the Narutowicza-Głęboka route, using
an ESM-140 dosemeter
from local interactions of sources passed during the
entire route. The table 4 shows the basic statistics of
the results.
Both tables present the statistics realised by the
dosemeter management software. A centile system is
used here, measuring the concentration of units in
terms of percentage, dividing the community into
100 equal parts and used for large samples. With
this measure, for any observation number of an ordered community one can determine the percentage of communities located above or below this observation. Taking into account the results obtained,
the largest exposure was observed in the "downlink"
bands, and 5% of the results obtained exceed the value of 120 mV/m.
Summary
Electromagnetic fields of high intensity can cause
negative effects on the human body. Especially high
frequency bands should be examined, as it is in them
that thermal effects associated with energy-absorption take place.
Table 4.
Statistics of the values measured in the students’ home with an ESM-140 dosemeter
E (ICNIRP)
mV/m
Percentile
25%
mV/m
Percentile
50%
mV/m
Percentile
75%
mV/m
Percentile
95%
mV/m
GSM900 Uplink
31,8
7,9
14,2
25,9
45,1
GSM900 Downlink
170,0
52,8
94,1
0,15 V/m
240,0
GSM1800 Uplink
12,6
0,0
0,2
0,2
23,4
GSM1800 Downlink
93,4
22,0
45,5
72,0
110,0
UMTS Uplink
5,6
0,0
0,0
0,2
8,5
UMTS Downlink
97,7
15,6
54,8
72,7
120,0
DECT
22,0
0,2
5,6
15,4
27,4
WLAN
62,1
0,0
0,2
33,6
82,0
Number of records 233
Averaging according to ICNIRP
22
Monitoring electromagnetic fields allows to carry
out analysis of the impact of electromagnetic fields,
but this requires the use of specialised metrology
equipment. Research and analysis can be conducted
with an electromagnetic field dosemeter.
The material presented here shows the results of
tests obtained using an ESM-140 dosemeter. The values measured do not exceed permissible limits. Similar tests are done in other centres, often with longer
exposure time. By using this type of dosemeter, research was also conducted on a random population
of 329 adults living in four different cities in Bavaria.
The object of study was the relationship between exposure to mobile telephony frequencies and well-being in adults. No negative impact was detected, and
the total exposure to electromagnetic fields of high
frequency was significantly below the ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation
Protection) reference [25].
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Dosimetry of the electromagnetic fields of the GSM/UMTS/WLAN band

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