Jaworska_Murowana_ec.. - Society of Ecological Chemistry and

E C O L O G I C A L C H E M I S T RY A N D E N G I N E E R I N G
A
Vol. 15, No. 1–2
2008
Magdalena JAWORSKA
JAWORSKA* and Dorota MUROWANA
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
ON ENTOMOFAUNA OF CITY GARDENS
WPŁYW ZANIECZYSZCZENIA ŚRODOWISKA
NA ENTOMOFAUNĘ ZIELENI MIEJSKIEJ
Summary: It has been found that the hornbeam hedge of a newly constructed garden situated 50 metres from
a busy road was settled in the first year of vegetation by twice the number of sucking insects than the old
garden hedge situated 300 m from the same road. Predatory Col., Carabidae beetles and also Araneida and
Myriapoda occurred in twice smaller numbers in the object located closer to the road. Chemical analysis of
both gardens did not reveal any significant differences in pH or heavy metal pollution. Both gardens, located
close to each other, had similar meteorological conditions. Our observations confirmed the effect of distance
from the road with intensive traffic on plant settlement by sucking pests, plant healthiness and numbers of
beneficial epigeal fauna.
Keywords: aphids, Carabidae
Carabidae,, plant disease, distance from roads
Accumulation of harmful chemical substances in plants and soils along the roads has
been observed for a long time. It was found that the phenomenon grows proportionately
to traffic density but diminishes with the distance from the road. Only at the distance of
between 100 and 150 m emission of heavy metals from petrol fumes is low.
The observations aimed at an identification of possible influence of petrol fumes on
the occurrence of harmful and beneficial entomofauna of city gardens.
Material and methods
Observations on the entomofauna of a hedge of European hornbeam ((Carpinus
Carpinus betulus L.) were conducted in 2004 in two city gardens in Krakow, situated close to each
other by the same busy road, ie in Łobzów garden (over 10-year-old hedge, situated
300 m from the road) and in Michalitów garden (1-year-old hedge, distanced less than
* Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, Agricultural University in Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, tel./fax (012) 6624399, email:[email protected]
72
Magdalena Jaworska and Dorota Murowana
50 m from the road). Entomofauna was monitored from April to October, using Barber’s
traps, yellow tables, Maerick vessels and intravitally. Soil mineral composition, heavy
metal ion concentrations and pH were determined by the Agricultural Chemistry Station
in Krakow. Atmospheric air pollution values in the 2004 season were compiled on the
basis of measurements conducted by the Meteorological and Environment Protection
Station in Krakow.
Results and discussion
The soils of both gardens were characterized by slight acidity. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils of the old Łobzów garden and the newly created Michalitów garden
were similar and according to the IUNG classification, natural for nickel and copper,
elevated for lead, cadmium and zinc (Table 1, 2).
Table 1
Characteristics of soils in Łobzów and Michalitów gardens
Soil mechanical group
Soil characteristics
Garden Łobzów
III
Garden Michalitów
III
6.5
6.9
pH in 1M KCl
Table 2
Nutrient and heavy metal concentrations in soil of Łobzów and Michalitów gardens
Soil chemical element concentration [mg/kg]
P 2O 5
Garden Łobzów
> 300
Garden Michalitów
> 300
K 2O
440
150
Mg
123
96
Cd
0.7
0.5
Ni
10.9
8.9
Cu
18.9
16.5
Zn
194.3
158.4
Pb
52.9
50.4
Permissible norms of air gaseous pollution in the Krakow quarter where both studied gardens are situated were exceeded. The amount of suspended particulate matter
and sulphur dioxide exceeded the standard value in September. The amount of ozone
exceeded the standard value in June, September and October.
Sucking insects prevailed among the hornbeam entomofauna. Their number was
twice higher on young hornbeam plants in the first year after planting close to (50 m)
a busy street (Michalitów garden). Leaf chewing insects occurred in both gardens in
similar numbers and the degree of leaf damage was similar. Beneficial predatory epigeal
Influence of Environment Pollution on Entomofauna of City Gardens
73
fauna in the newly created Michalitów garden occurred during the vegetation period in 2004 but was half less numerous than in the neighbouring Łobzów garden.
Hedge healthiness was better in the old Łobzów garden, situated 300 m from the road
(Table 3). Insects respond differently to environmental pollution [2]. Our observations
confirmed the stimulation of the sucking insect population by atmospheric air pollution [3]. City gardens situated in close vicinity of busy roads are more prone to diseases
and sucking insects. Worse healthiness of plants growing along busy roads is an indicator of the environment pollution.
Table 3
Entomofauna and mean degree of hornbeam leaf damage from hedges
in city gardens of Krakow in 2004
Fauna and healthiness of hornbeam
Sucking insects [pcs.]
Chewing insects [pcs.]
Hornbeam hedge in
Garden Michalitów
Garden Łobzów
4356
2025
1191
1446
Epigeal fauna [pcs.]
99
191
Mean degree of leaf damage
12
9
Black leaf spot disease [%]
54
46
Erysiphe sp. [%]
62
0
References
[1] Curzydło J. and Kostuch R.: Oddziaływanie autostrady na pola i lasy
lasy.. Nowoczesne rolnictwo, 1996,
(10)
10),, 40–41.
[2] Jaworska M., Ropek D. and Gospodarek J.: Effect of environmental pollution on insects
insects.. Chem. Inż.
Ekol. 2000, 7(11),
(11), 1179–1187.
[3] Cichocka E. and Sahajdak A.: Liczebność i rozwój mszycy jabłoniowej na jabłoniach o różnym stopniu
zanieczyszczenia środowiska
środowiska.. Post. Ochr. Rośl., 1996, 36
36(2),
(2), 354–356.
WPŁYW ZANIECZYSZCZENIA ŚRODOWISKA NA ENTOMOFAUNĘ ZIELENI MIEJSKIEJ
St r es zczenie
Stwierdzono, że żywopłot z grabu nowoutworzonego ogrodu położonego 50 metrów od ruchliwej drogi, został zasiedlony w pierwszym roku wegetacji przez dwukrotnie większą liczbę owadów kłująco-ssących
w porównaniu ze starym żywopłotem ogrodu, którego odległość od tej samej drogi wynosiła 300 m. Drapieżne chrząszcze z rodziny biegaczowate ((Col.,
Col., Carabidae
Carabidae),
), a także pajęczaki ((Araneida
Araneida)) i wije ((Myriapoda
Myriapoda))
wystąpiły w ilości dwukrotnie mniejszej na obiekcie bliższym drogi. Jak wykazała analiza chemiczna gleb
obu ogrodów, nie stwierdzono znaczących różnic pod względem pH i zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi.
Oba ogrody położone blisko siebie miały podobne warunki meteorologiczne. Nasze obserwacje potwierdziły
wpływ odległości od drogi z intensywnym ruchem samochodowym na zasiedlanie roślin przez szkodniki kłująco-ssące, na zmniejszoną zdrowotność roślin oraz liczebność pożytecznej fauny naziemnej.
Słowa kluczowe: mszyce, biegaczowate, choroby roślin, odległość od ulicy