język polski

dla czlonków klasy Polish 330 na
BYU z Panią Profesor Kaliszewską
krótki przegląd:
język polski
co to jest?
gramatyka
A quick explanation of grammar
It difficult grammar without follow what to said be to be.
Grammar is the way a language is organized
If words are the meat then grammar is the frying pan that keeps it all inside. And if
all the world is a stage, then every sentence definitely is. Please meet the setence’s
star actors.
The actors (parts) of speech
The noun―person, place or thing. It can act as the subject, object, indirect object,
or object of a preposition.
The verb―the action word. Its only role is to say what’s being done.
The adjective―describes the noun. Just a tag-along which can hook onto any
noun and match up with it in the noun’s role.
The pronoun―stands in for noun. (John went outside. He saw rain.)
The preposition―helpful little words that describe location or relationship. (The
next house is on the hill.)
The actors in their roles
verb
verb
adverb
Peter gave Agnes a small card. She read it eagerly.
noun―as subject
noun―indirect object
pronoun―as subject
noun and adjective―
as object
pronoun―as object
Subjects―the subject is the role for the noun who is doing the action. To find it just
find the verb and ask, who is doing this verb?
Objects―the objects are the nouns being directly acted upon. Find them by finding
the verb and asking, who or what was “acted upon” by the verb.
Indirect objects―words in this role receive the object done by the main verb. (Peter
gave Mary a ring.)
Let the show begin
Why do some people hate grammar? It’s just trying to help. Look for the cool parts
of grammar, and soon you might find your relationship improving. In the following
pages you’ll find a basic review of Polish’s main grammar tools.
To study this material use this top secret, 100% successful method: (1) Write
down the concept in your own words so that you really get the idea behind it; then
(2) work through examples on paper until you can do it pretty well; (3) next move
into working examples in your head, speaking aloud to yourself or another person,
and (4) begin to implement the concept in your everyday SYL. Remember Polish is
mastered one step at a time. Spend an hour/day/week on each principle. Enjoy!
jak się odmienia?
czasownik
There are three main types of verbs
It’s important to first master the pattern, eventually you won’t need it.
Type Ⅰ―ać
1 Drop ć
2 Add new ending
-m
-sz
-
-my
-cie
-ją
np: czekać=
ja czekam, ty czekasz..., oni czekają
Type Ⅱ―ić, yć, or eć
1
2
3
4
Drop full ending (yć etc.) for 1st person singular and 3rd person plural
Drop ć only on all others
Soften last cosonant if not already soft*
Add new endings**
-m
-sz
-
np: robić=
robię, robisz, robi...,robią
np: myśleć=
myślę, myślisz, myśli...myśłą
-my
-cie
-ją
*Change si to sz in 1st-person singular and 3rd-person plural in verbs like prosić
**In verbs ending in eć, if the last cosonant is an rz, ź, cz or sz the the e is replaced iwth a y. If the last cosonant is
something else the e is replaced with an i.
Type Ⅲ― (a) ować, ywać (b) pić, bić, żyć, etc.
1 Drop (a) ować, ywać or (b) ć
2 Add (a) new ending with u (b) add new ending without u
np: odpokutować=
ja odpokutuję...,oni odpokutują
np: żyć=
ja żyję...,oni żyją
-uję
-ujemy
-uje
-ują
-ujesz -ujecie
The other types
There exist many other verb families including -ąć, -ieć, -awać and many more.
Exceptions also exist in abundance as do irregular, stand-alone verbs. Check out
301 Verbs to learn the weird ones.
gramatyka
jak się odmienia?
Verb essentials: Two for the price of one
Polish verbs come in sets of two: aspekt niedokanany and aspect dokonany. Their
meanings slightly differ. Imperfective (niedokanany) verbs describe actions which are
still in progress, extending over a period of time, or habitual. Perfective (dokonany)
verbs on the other hand describe finished or one-time actions. (Learn more about
verb “aspects” in Dana Bielec.)
Prefixes
Perfective verbs sometimes look like imperfective verbs with an additional prefix in
front (czytać/przeczytać). But when it comes to Polish verbs, prefixes do a lot more
than signify whether something is perfective or imperfective. By adding a prefix to
a verb one can give the old verb an added shade of meaning. np: przez (through)
+iść (walk) = przejść (cross). Sometimes adding a prefix changes the words meaning entirely. np: na (on) + mówić (talk) = namówić (persuade)
Lista prefiksów*
do - to, toward
na- on, upon, in, or completing
nad - above, near
o-,ob/e/ - of, about, around
o-od/e/ - away, from, back, off
po - over, through, after or doing
for a time
pod - under, below; up to, toward
prze/d/ - in front of, before
prze/z/- through, across, over
przy - at, near, close to, by
roz/e/ - dis-, un-, or enlarging
u - off; on
w/e/- in
ws - up
wy - out
za - behind or completing
*See 301 Verbs page xli and Dana Bielec page 74 for more examples of prefixes combined with verbs
The secrets of motion verbs
Polish motion verbs, however, threw out the traditional rules of regular imperfective/
perfective and wrote new ones. Motion verbs are divided into aspekt nieokreśłony
(indeterminate) and askpet określony (determinate). Additionally, each determinante
motion verb has its own perfective sidekick. Here are the main motion verbs:
Indeterminate
chodzić
Determinate
habitual action,
back-and-forth
Indeterminate
jeżdzić
latać
pływać
nosić
wodzić
wozić
iść
Determinate’s Perfective
pójść
go on foot
specific action in
progress, one-way
Determinate
jechać
lecieć
płynąć
nieść
wieść
wieżć
gramatyka
Determinate’s Perfective
pojechać
polecieć
popłynąć
zanieść
powieść
powieżć
go by vehicle
fly, rush
swim, sail
carry, wear
lead, conduct
transport
Some more new words
jak się odmienia?
Prefixes can be combined with motion verbs as well to produce entirely new words.
When you place a prefix in front of a indeterminate motion verb it becomes a regular
imperfective verb. Likewise, when a determinante motion verb gets a prefix it becomes a perfective verb.
Imperfective/Perfective
dochodzić/dojść - go as far as, reach,
attain
dojeżdżać/dojechać- arrive at, commute
nadchodzić/nadejść - approach,
come, arrive
obchodzić/obejść - to walk around,
go around
przynosić/przynieść - to bring, fetch
przychodzić/przyjść - to come, arrive /
on foot/
schodzić/zejść - to go down, descend
uchodzić/ujść - to escape
wchodzić/wejść - to ascend, enter in
wnosić/wnieść - to bring, contribute
wychodzić/wyjść - to go out, come out
on foot
Past, Present, and Future
There are essentially five Polish tenses. (There are actually only three but because
both past and present have an imperfective and perfective version, there are basically five.)
przeczytałem
Perfective past
czytałem
Imperfective Past
“I read it.” (finished)
“I was reading”. czytam
będę czytać
przeczytam
Present
Imperfective Future
Perfective Future
“I read”
“I will be reading” “I will read it” (specific)
“I am reading”
“I have been and still
am reading”
Past tense
Both perfective and imperfective past tenses are easy.
1 Just drop the ć at the end of the verb
2 And then add the new ending
Present and perfective future
Both present and the perfective future tenses are
made by simply conjugating the verb in present tense.
Imperfective verbs at present tense=present tense.
Perfective verbs at present tense=perfective future.
-łem/
-łam
-liśmy/
-łyśmy
-łeś/
-łaś
-liście/
-łyście
-ł/
-ła/
-ło
-li/
-ły
Imperfective future
Imperfective future tense is made by combining the future form of the to be verb
(być) with either an infinitive verb OR a verb in past tense 3rd-person, matching the
subject in both number and gender.
1
będę
będziemy
będziesz
będziecie
będzie
będą
+
gramatyka
2
czytać (or) czytał
jak się odmienia?
rzeczownik i przymiotnik
The properties of a Polish noun
Polish nouns come in four genders: Masculine Personal, Masculine, Feminine, and
Neuter. You can identify a noun’s gender based on its last letter. Nouns that end in a
or ość are Feminine. Nouns that end in o, e, ę, and um are Neuter. Masculine nouns
end in consonants. Masculine Personal nouns also end in cosonants and must be
living things.
Adjectives, on the other hand, do not have inherent gender. They match whatever
noun they’re describing.
Why cases?
Polish has cases because it has cases. Well that’s the main reason. A secondary
reason is because Polish word order is less rigid than it is in English. Cases provide
a way of tagging a word to show which function it performs in a sentence. All said,
it’s a beautiful system. To relate this system to our earlier theater analogy, a noun,
pronoun, or adjective takes on a case ending the same way an actor puts on a
costume. An actor’s costume informs everyone which role he is playing in the show.
Swoim Duchem, Bóg pomógł matce Stefana
Narzędnik
Mianownik
Celownik
Dopełniacz
by czuła w sercu że On ją kocha.
Miejscownik
Mianownik Biernik
The famous MTC Case Chart. Seeing
it all at once can be intimidating, but it is
completely manageble when bitten off
piece by piece.
gramatyka
jak się odmienia?
The reasons why
The role a word plays in the sentence is the main determiner of case. But certain
verbs, prepositions, and other grammar stuff also affect case. The cross symbol (†)
means to check out the appendix. By each case you’ll find a worksheet space
to fill in the endings and rules for yourself. Create your own “case map” in the
way that best helps you remember the rules. (The first one is done for you.)
Mianownik―The base case
All Polish words are inherently Mianownik. It’s the case all words are in before
they’re in a case. So when you pick up a dictionary expect to find words in their
base―i.e. Mianownik―form.
−Use Mianownik for the subject of each verb.
−Also use Mianownik for all “To jest...” statements.
Soften final consonant. Then if h.s.―y
and if soft―i
No decision notes needed
because Mianownik singular
endings are inherent.
aMP
M
F
N
adj liczba pojedyncza noun
y, i
consonant
y, i
consonant
•if soft and h.s.―e
•if noun of distinction―owie
•if hard―soften, then if h.s. ―y
and if soft―i
adj liczba mnoga noun
*y, *i
*y, *i, owie, e
e
y, e, i
a
a, ość
e
y, e, i
e
e, ię, o um
e
a
•if hard―y
•if soft and h.s.―e
•if k or g―i
†See appendix for list of MP nouns that take -owie
Dopełniacz―The case of all cases
Dopełniacz is used for possesive statements (e.g. Santa’s sleigh or the Sleigh of
Santa). But it is also used for negated direct objects (e.g. I don’t have time). Additionally, Dopełniacz comes in whenever you use a quantifier (e.g. a lot of something)
or a number over five. Finally, certain verbs and preps are specifically Dopełniacz
makers.
−Possesive statements
−Negated direct objects
−Quantifiers
adj liczba mnoga noun
adj liczba pojedyncza noun
−Numbers over five
MP
−Dopełniacz verbs†
M
−Dopełniacz preps†
F
N
Celownik―The give me an Emu case
Celownik is the case you use when referring to an indirect object or talking about
something happening “to someone.” You also use it with certain verbs and preps.
−Indirect objects
adj liczba mnoga noun
adj liczba pojedyncza noun
MP
M
F
N
†See appendix for list of common nouns that take u
gramatyka
jak się odmienia?
Biernik―The direct object case
Most direct objects go into Biernik. If you are using a verb and don’t recognize it as
specifically a verb from another case, chances are it’s a run-of-the-mill Biernik verb.
−The direct objects of most verbs
−Biernik preps†
adj liczba mnoga noun
adj liczba pojedyncza noun
MP
M
F
N
Narzędnik―Is the by-the-means of and renaming case
Narzędnik is most commonly used with the age-old być sandwich. That’s right,
when you have a noun, a “to be” word (być), and then another noun, one half of the
sandwich will be in Narzędnik. This principle is the renaming principle. (np: Polska
jest pięknym krajem.) People also make-by-the-means statements by the means of
Narzędnik. (np: ja studiuję całym sercem.) And of course it’s also used for certain
verbs and certain preps.
−By-the-means of statements
−Renaming principle (być sandwich)
−Narzędnik verbs†
adj liczba mnoga noun
adj liczba pojedyncza noun
−Narzędnik preps†
MP
M
F
N
Miejscownik―The place case
There is only one reason for using Miejscownik: Miejscownik preps. These preps
(na, przy, o, w, po) deal with location and topic.
−Miejscownik preps†
MP
M
F
N
adj liczba pojedyncza noun
gramatyka
adj liczba mnoga noun
jak się odmienia?
liczebnik
There are two types of basic numbers
Cardinal
zero
jeden, jedna, jedno
dwa, dwie, dwa
trzy
cztery
pięć
sześć
siedem
osiem
dziewięć
dziesięć
jedenaście
dwanaście
trzynaście
czternaście
piętnaście
szesnaście
siedemnaście
osiemnaście
dziewiętnaście
dwadzieścia
dwadzieścia jeden etc.
trzydzieści
czterdzieści
pięćdziesiąt
sześćdziesiąt
siedemdziesiąt
osiemdziesiąt
dziewięćdziesiąt
sto
sto jeden etc.
dwieście
trzysta
czterysta
pięćset
sześćset
osiemset
dziewięćset
tysiąc
dziesięć tysięcy
sto tysięcy
milion
Ordinal
pierwszy, pierwsza, pierwsze
drugi, druga, drugie
trzeci, trzecia, trzecie
czwarty, -a, -e
piąty, etc.
szósty
siódmy
ósmy
dziewiąty
dziesiąty
jedenasty
dwunasty
trzynasty
czternasty
piętnasy
szesnasty
siedemnasty
osiemnasty
dziewiętnasty
dwudziesty
dwudziesty pierwszy etc.
trzydziesty
czterdziesty
pięćdziesiąty
sześćdziesiąty
siedemdziesiąty
osiemdziesiąty
dzięwięćdziesiąty
setny
sto pierwszy etc.
dwusetny
trzechsetny
czterechsetny
pięćsetny
siedemsetny
osiemsetny
dziewięćsetny
tysięczny
dziesięciotysięczny
stutysięczny
milionowy
gramatyka
jak się odmienia?
Cardinal numbers decline just like adjectives
mian
dop
cel
bier
narz
miej
mian
dop
cel
bier
narz
trzej
trzy
trzy
trzy
miej
mian
dwaj
dwa
dwie
dwa
bier
narz
miej
miej
narz
bier
cel
cel
dop
jeden
jeden
jedna
jedno
dop
mian
Fill in the rest of the declensions for these basic numbers.
Some examples of how these are used
Jeden Pan
Widzę jedną panią
Dwaj panowie czekają/Dwóch panów czeka
Przyjechali dwaj lekarze/Przyjechało dwóch lekarzy
Dwie dziewczyny siedziały na ławce.
Trzej panowie czekają/Trzech panów czeka.
Trzy dziewczyny pojechały do Polski.
Cztery okna pozostały zamknięte.
Czterej Prezydenci czekają/Czterech Prezydentów czeka
gramatyka
czterej
cztery
cztery
cztery
Five and up are easier
jak się odmienia?
mian
Starting at 5, the declension becomes simpler. Mianownik and Biernik Masculine,
Feminine, and Neuter do not decline. Everything declines identically.
pięciu
pięć
pięć
pięć
dop
pięciu
narz
bier
cel
pięciu
pięciu
pięć
pięć
pięć
pięciu (or)
pięcioma
6-19 declined forms
sześciu
siedmiu
ośmiu
dziewięciu
dziesięciu
jedenastu
dwunastu
trzynastu
czternastu
piętnastu
szesnastu
siedemnastu
osiemnastu
dzięwiętnastu
20-900 declined forms
dwudziestu
trzydziestu
czterdziestu
pięćdziesięciu
sześćdziesięciu
siedemdziesięciu
osiemdziesięciu
dziewięćdziesięciu
stu
dwustu
trzystu
czterystu
pięciuset
sześciuset
siedmiuset
ośmiuset
dziwięciuset
miej
pięciu
Numbers five and up in practice
Numbers five and up are necessarily treated as quantities. Therefore in Mianownik,
Biernik, and Dopełniacz cases they are followed by a Dopełniacz noun and described with a singular verb.
Pięć kobiet idzie na film.
Pięciu panów pojechało na rynek.
Dzięsięć osób bardzo się ucieszyło że byli na obejrzeniu filmu Pana Tadeusza.
gramatyka
jak się mówi?
często popełniane błędy
Imperfective/Perfective
Beginning speakers often use the imperfective and perfective interchangably--but
watch out, because each carries a different meaning. The sentence “Ja jadłem
obiad wczoraj” leaves the listener wondering if you’re still at it. To say that you actually finished your lunch use the perfective zjeść: “Ja zjadłem obiad wczoraj.”
Bad przykład: “Czy czytałeś rozdział 8?” (Were you reading chapter 8?)
Good przykład: “Czy przeczytałeś rozdział 8?” (Did you read (finish) chapter 8?)
Obviously there are many times to use imperfective. Fo instance if you’re telling a
story and want to talk about an action that was ongoing in the past say, “Spokojnie
jadłem obiad i czytałem sobie rozdział 8, kiedy nagle zostałem zaatakowany przez
bandytów.” That said, many more of us make the mistake of frequently overusing
the imperfective as shown above. Using the perfective appropriately will help
your Polish immensely.
Polite commands
Sometimes we make huge grzeczność errors by not using the polite command
form. It turns out asking someone you don’t know to “poczekaj” can be rude. So
soften your commands by always adding proszę. To soften commands further
use the infinitive form of the verb: “Proszę poczekać.” An alternative way to
make something polite is to use the niech form as in “Niech Pan poczeka.” This too
can benefit from a proszę:“Proszę niech Pan poczeka.”
Pan/Pani
Remember, although it usually doesn’t apply with young people, most old Poles
really would be surprised if you referred to them “on the ty.” Make sure you’re using
Pan/Pani and the requisite titles “Szanowny dyrektor” or “Szanowna Pani Profesor”
when you talk to people (most often in Wołacz when you’re speaking to them in
person). Once you understand how much older Poles expect to be treated with respect by younger people, then you will be able to make calls about when it’s better
to talk to someone “on the ty.” We speak to everyone in their own language--which
includes the level of formality they need.
Niż vs. od
Niż can do more than od. Od works great when you are comparing simple nouns.
“On jest starszy ode mnie.” But if you’re venturing a longer comparison you may
need to use niz, as in, “Jego wzrost był wyższy niż przewidywali jego rodzice.”
Nie wiem czy jeśli ma sens
Sometimes begining speakers say jeśłi or jeżeli when czy makes more sense. Don’t
say, “Nie wiem jeżeli to ma sens.” Use czy--it’s a great little word, “Nie wiem czy
wiedziałeś.”
polski
Don’t end tutaj
jak się mówi?
It sounds strange to Polish ears to hear a sentence end with the word “tutaj.” Instead of saying things like “Miło was widzieć w ten śliczny poranek tutaj,” say things
like, “Miło Was tu widzieć w ten piękny poranek.”
Przywilej vs. zaszczyt
Poles use these words slightly differently. Zaszczyt is more along the lines of “it’s an
honor” whereas przywilej fits in more with privilege. Know when to use each one
because they’re often confused.
Dates
Dates and times need to be in Dopełniacz unless a preposition puts them in another
case (i.e. Miejscownik: w roku 1820). Spend some time in the Dana Bielec numbers
chapter to really understand how dates work.
Cieszę się że Ty się cieszysz
It’s incorrect to say “Cieszę się tu widzieć Cię.” You should say, “Cieszę się tu
widząc Cię.” Or, “Cieszę się że tu Cię widzę.” Also if you want to add time onto
this it should not go at the end. Time is in the middle. “Cieszę się że dziś rano Was
widzę.”
Don’t overuse passive voice
Passive voice is used much less frequently in Polish than it is used in English. Instead of saying things like “jeśteśmy nauczani” it’s better to say “[ktoś] nas uczy.” In
the Church we often say things like “byliśmy błogosławieni” but be aware that Poles
will more often say, “Bóg nas błogosławił.”
The Polish Comma
Commas in Polish (przecinki) are placed before który, aż, and że. They are never
placed before i (and) as we do in English when we make lists.
Helpful words to know
“actually” − there are many ways to say this, depending on context. Akurat
however usually always the right answer. It’s more along the lines of precisely.
Rzeczywiście, faktycznie, w rzeczywistości, tak naprawdę or naprawdę are some
good options.
“recently” − ostatnio, niedawno. Also sometimes Americans say “last time” weirdly.
“Ostatnim razem byliśmy w kościele...” is OK in some contexts but a better option
for frequent use is “Ostatnio jak byliśmy w kościele...”
“responsibility” − this is word has a few different translations in Polish. If you want
to express the character trait use odpowiedzialność. That word, however, does not
work when you want to express a particular assignment. To say, “It is my responsibility to care for the goats,” use words like obowiązek powinność, zadanie.
polski
jak to jest?
dodatek
polski
jak się utrzymuje
utrzymywania języka po misji
“To nasze wybory ukazują, kim naprawdę jesteśmy, o wiele
bardziej niż nasze zdolności.”- Albus Dumbledore
It depends on you
If you would like to keep up your Polish after your mission, you can. If you use
it, you won’t lose it. However, keep in mind that the opposite is true: Don’t be
surprised when words and grammar concepts start slipping away when you don’t
make an effort to maintain them.
Set a goal
The same principles of language learning apply after your mission. Review Preach
My Gospel Chapter 7 to keep the basic principles of language learning in your
mind. Setting goals will enable you to stay consistent when you don’t feel like it. Implementing the same sort of study that helped you learn Polish can help you keep
it. Reading the Book of Mormon, Preach My Gospel, and other Church materials is
a powerful way to maintain your language. So set a goal today, and stick with it. A
daily Polish habit could change your life.
Make a plan
If you don’t plan, you plan to fail. Chapter 7 teaches how to create a Language
Study Plan. Why not make a simple plan that will carry you through the next stage
of your life?
I love technology
Keeping your language is 1000x more fun thanks to the Internet. Audiobooki.pl
has some Polish audiobooks available for purchase. Gazeta Wyborcza and Polskie
Radio have good smartphone apps.
Skype and Google Voice
Nothing replaces actual speaking and listening. If you don’t have Poles next-door,
Skype can help you maintain contact. With Google Voice you can call to any domofon in Poland for 2 cents/minute and any cell phone for 10 cents/minute. Talking
is an indespensible part of any language plan. More importantly, a phone call can
mean the world to your friends in Poland.
polski