occurrence of sharp eyespot (rhizoctonia cerealis

University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz, Poland
OCCURRENCE OF SHARP EYESPOT
(RHIZOCTONIA CEREALIS) IN WINTER TRITICALE
GROWN IN SOME PROVINCES OF POLAND1
G. Lemańczyk
Abstract
Observations of sharp eyespot occurrence were conducted in 2006–2009, on
commercial plantations of winter triticale, localized in the northern and central Poland. Disease index (DI) and percent of infected stems were evaluated. Significant
differentiation of disease occurrence was noted in particular years. The lowest
mean DI (2.12%) and mean percent of diseased stems (5.6%) was observed in
2006; while the highest one in 2009 (respectively 8.72% and 18.9%). Infected
stem percentage for individual location was up to 53 in 2008 (Wichowo) and DI –
21.8% in 2009 (Mochełek). On some plantations disease symptoms were not observed. Effect of previous crop, fungicide treatment or triticale cultivar on the occurrence of sharp eyespot was not noted. Presence of Rhizoctonia cerealis in damaged
tissue was confirmed by mycological analysis as well as by PCR assay, while
R. solani was sporadically isolated.
Key words: Rhizoctonia cerealis, sharp eyespot, winter triticale, occurrence, PCR
Introduction
Rhizoctonia cerealis is considered the main causin agent of sharp eyespot. Its occurrence on cereals was recorded for the first time by Boerema and Verhoeven
(1977). Based on morphological and cytological differences they found that the
cause of this disease is new fungus species refereed to as R. cerealis (sexual stage of
Ceratobasidium cereale). In Poland, for the first time, Pokacka and Wojtaszek (1977)
reported the occurrence of eyespot caused by R. solani. Species R. cerealis was isoThis work was supported by Grant No PB 0842/P06/2005/28 from the Polish Ministry of Science
and Higher Education.
1
Phytopathologia 56: 27–38
© The Polish Phytopathological Society, Poznań 2010
ISSN 2081-1756
28
G. Lemańczyk
lated from rye stems by Dorenda and Dymitrow (1985) and from wheat by
Truszkowska et al. (1986).
It is generally recorded that sharp eyespot usually occurs at low intensity and
does not cause considerable losses in cereal yield. Currently, however, on some
plantations a higher intensity of the disease occurrence is observed, including also
winter triticale. There are not many data on the occurrence of sharp eyespot, especially in commercial triticale plantations. That is why an attempt was made to determine its severity on this crop.
The aim of the presented studies was to determine the intensity of R. cerealis infection of winter triticale stems, grown under production conditions, depending
on previous crop, fungicide protection and the cultivar.
Materials and methods
Observations of the occurrence of sharp eyespot were carried out in 2006-2009,
on commercial plantations of winter triticale. One hundred and three samples
originating from the plantations located in six provinces were evaluated. Most of
them were located in the Kujawy-Pomerania Province (74) and the Pomerania
Province (23), as well as Wielkopolska (2), the West Pomerania (2), the Mazovia
(1) and Lublin (1) Provinces. Detailed data concerning the origin of plant samples
are shown in Table 1. At the milk stage of grain (GS 75-77; Zadoks et al. 1974), a
sample of 100 randomly selected plants was collected along the diagonal of each
plot. The plants were dug out from soil and pre-cleaned from soil. Under laboratory conditions, after washing and tearing off ear-bearing tillers, the percentage of
stems with symptoms of sharp eyespot (Phot. 1) was evaluated. Then the intensity
degree of the disease was determined, according to the following key, based on
that of Cromey et al. (2002): 0 – no symptoms of sharp eyespot, 1 – one or more lesions on the leaf sheath, or one small spot on the stem, 2 – more lesions girdling in
total less than half of the stem circumference, 3 – one or more lesions girdling in
total at least half of the stem circumference, 4 – one or more lesions girdling in total at least half of the stem circumference and stem weakened at lesions. The degrees of infection were transformed into the disease index (DI) according to the
Townsend and Heuberger’s formula (Wenzel 1948).
The evaluation of the plants’ health status was supplemented by mycological
analysis. Fragments of shoots with sharp eyespot symptoms were randomly cut
out to confirm the presence of disease agent. The isolation was carried out according to generally assumed principles. The material was disinfected in 1% solution of
AgNO3 and placed onto PDA medium with streptomycin. The fungal isolates were
exposed to preliminary determination to genus according to the mycological keys.
In order to determine the Rhizoctonia genus fungi to species, their hyphae were
dyed according to the method by Bandoni (1979).
In order to confirm the species representation of the Rhizoctonia isolates, PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction) with specific SCAR primers Rc2 F/R type for
Occurrence of sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis)...
29
The Kujawy-Pomerania Province
Bielawy
2006
Chrząstowo ‘Sorento’
‘Witon’
R
R
T1
T1
0/0
0/0
Gostycyn
‘Fidelio’
Bs
T2
4/1.0
Gruczno
‘Sorento’
Bs+Ws T1
0/0
Kończewice ‘Witon’
R
T1
3/0.8
Miastowice ‘Witon’
Tw
T2
22/7.8 Rs
Minikowo
‘Magnat’
R
T1
1/0.3
Mochełek
‘Fidelio’
R
Sobiejuchy
‘Grenado’ Ws
‘Moderato’ Ww
T1
T2
13/3.3
11/6.5
Żerniki
‘Tornado’ M
Ww
T1
T2
0/0
2/0.5
U
‘Fidelio’
Ww
‘Hortenso’ Ww
‘Grenado’ Ww
4/1.0
6/2.3
8/2.0
‘Moderato’ Bs
T1
0/0
Brodnica
‘Janko’
O
U
0/0
Ww
T1
5/1.3
U
0/0
Choceń
‘Grenado’ O
Chrząstowo ‘Gniewko’ Bl
T1
7/1.8
Gałęzewo
T1
T1
7/1.8
10/2.5
Bs
T1
18/5.3
Jeleńcz
‘Moderato’ Bs
T1
29/10.3
Kanibród
‘Fidelio’
S
T1
2/0.5
O
U
0/0
‘Fidelio’
Ww
‘Woltario’ Bs
32/13.5 Rc Gościeradz ‘Fidelio’
Kaźmierzewo ‘Pawo’
‘Janko’
M
U
1/0.3
Chrząstowo ‘Witon’
Bl
T1
31/9.5 Rc Kończewice ‘Aliko’
R
T1
3/0.8
Flantrowo
Bs
U
5/1.3
Rc Małocin
U
4/1.0
Kończewice ‘Hewo’
R
T1
5/1.3
Bs
U
10/3.0
Minikowo
‘Sorento’
R
T1
5/1.3
Mochełek
‘Fidelio’
R
U
18/5.0
Rc Mały
‘Fidelio’
Mędromierz
Rc
Minikowo ‘Magnat’
R
T1
2/0.5
Siemoń
‘Fidelio’
Tw
T2
35/14.0 Rc
Sobiejuchy
‘Sorento’
‘Madilo’
‘Grenado’
‘Moderato’
Tw
O
Tw
Bs
T2
T1
T1
T2
6/1.5 Rc
2/0.5
Olszewka
19/5.0
Padniewo
12/3.3
Trutnowo
‘Fidelio’
Bs
T1
3/1.3
Tryszczyn
‘Sorento’
R
U
6/1.5
Ww
U
9/3.5
T1
7/1.8
‘Fidelio’
Wierzchucin ‘Fidelio’
Kęsowo
2008
Aleksandrów ‘Woltario’ Ww
Kujawski
PCR
%/DI
Plant
protection
U
U
U
Biskupin
Brzuchowo ‘Fidelio’
2007
Previous
crop
Cultivar
Location
PCR
%/DI
Plant
protection
Previous
crop
Cultivar
Location
Table 1
Occurrence of sharp eyespot in plantations of winter triticale in 2006–2009
Mochełek
‘Hortenso’ R
‘Tornado’ R
U
0/0
R
T1
0/0
Bs
U
0/0
‘Moderato’ Ww
Bs
‘Fidelio’
Ww
T1
T1
T1
38/14.5
46/21.5
14/4.0
Papowo
Biskupie
‘Moderato’ Ww
T1
20/5.5
Pęchowo
‘Baltiko’
T1
4/1.0
Pląchoty
‘Woltario’ R
U
40/12.5
Płużnica
‘Moderato’ Bs
T1
2/0.5
Nowa Wieś ‘Fidelio’
Rc
‘Marko’
Bs
Rc
Rc
Pręczki
‘Woltario’ Ww
U
0/0
Kończewo
‘Fidelio’
Pruszcz
‘Witon’
Bs
‘Moderato’ Bs
T1
T1
0/0
2/0.5
Leśno
‘Tornado’ M
‘Grenado’
‘Moderato’
‘Modillo’
‘Sorento’
R
O
R
R
T1
T1
T1
T1
11/3.3
8/3.5
13/3.3
7/2.0
Stary
Radziejów
‘Zorro’
Ww
T1
19/6.3
Wichowo
‘Woltario’ Ww
Sobiejuchy
Radostowo ‘Magnat’
P
B
T1
1/0.3
U
16/7.5 Rc
T1
1/0.3
2008
Debrzno
‘Hewo’
‘Baltiko’
O
R
T1
T2
0/0
Rc
15/3.8
Dębina
‘Woltario’ R
‘Magnat’ R
T2
T2
11/2.8 Rs
5/1.3
T1
53/20.8 Rc Jerzkowice
‘Grenado’ O
T1
0/0
Wieszczyce ‘Moderato’ Bs
T1
0/0
Leśno
Wola
Bachorna
‘Woltario’ Ww
T1
3/0.8
‘Tornado’ Bs
M
U
U
16/5.5
4/1.0
Lipienice
‘Magnat’
R
T1
1/0.3
Zamarte
‘Moderato’ Bs
T1
3/0.8
Lubnia
‘Fidelio
Bs
T1
8/2.3
Wolental
Chrząstowo ‘Gniewko’ R
R
U
T1
‘Moderato’ Bs+Ws T1
‘Grenado’ B
U
5/1.3
1/0.5
Minikowo
‘Grenado’ R
T1
35/15.5 Rc
37/15.8
Zielona
Huta
2/0.8
‘Kargo’
‘Fidelio’
16/4.5
7/1.8
Mochełek
‘Tornado’ R
U
40/21.8
Sławkowo
‘Leontino’ P
P
U
T1
12/5.8
13/7.0
Sobiejuchy
‘Grenado’ R
T1
8/2.3
2009
Leśno
G
U
Bs+O T1
2009
‘Tornado’ Tw
U
4/1.0
The Wielkopolska Province (2008)
Witrogoszcz ‘Fidelio’
The Pomerania Province
Milcz
2006
Bs
‘Grenado’ R
T1
2/0.5
T1
0/0
The West Pomerania Province (2008)
Brusy
‘Fidelio’
Bs+O U
2/0.5
Krąpiel
‘Grenado’ Bs
T1
1/0.3
Dębina
‘Sorento’
R
T1
0/0
Suchań
‘Fidelio’
T1
1/0.3
Leśno
‘Tornado’ Tw
Rw
U
U
3/1.3
1/0.5
Bs+O U
2/0.5
‘Fidelio’
Dębina
‘Woltario’ R
T1
4/1.3
M
The Mazovia Province (2008)
Szewce
2007
Brusy
PCR
%/DI
Plant
protection
Previous
crop
Cultivar
Location
PCR
%/DI
Plant
protection
Cultivar
Previous
crop
G. Lemańczyk
Location
30
‘Kazo’
M
T1
9/3.5
The Lublin Province (2006)
Rc
Osiny
‘Woltario’ Ww
T2
1/0.5
% – percentage of stems with sharp eyespot symptoms, DI – disease index (%), PCR – presence of
Rhizoctonia cerealis (Rc) or R. solani (Rs) confirmed by PCR assay.
B – beet, Bl – blue lupine, Bs – spring barley, G – mustard, M – maize, O – oats, P – potato, R – winter
rape, Rw – winter rye, S – serradella, Tw – winter triticale, Ws – spring wheat, Ww – winter wheat.
T1 – fungicide application at 30–31 according to BBCH growth stage scale, T2 – fungicide application at 45–55 according to BBCH growth stage scale, U – untreated (without the fungicide protection).
Occurrence of sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis)...
31
Phot. 1. Symptoms caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis on triticale: a – two-week-old seedling,
b – at the milk stage of grain (photo by G. Lemańczyk)
R. cerealis (Nicholson and Parry 1996) and ITS1/GMRS-3 for R. solani (Johanson et
al. 1998) was carried out. The procedure was applied to selected isolates which, using conventional methods, were identified as R. cerealis or R. solani. The isolation of
total DNA was performed according to the modified Doyle and Doyle method
(1990). PCR reactions were made applying Core Kit (Qiagen).
The obtained data were statistically analyzed with the statistical calculation
package Statistica v. 8 (StatSoft Polska), using the test of single-factor analysis of
variance ANOVA, with random component, at the significance level of = 0.05.
Prior to calculations, the data describing the number of infected treatments, expressed as percentage, were transformed into Bliss angle degree. The occurrence of
the disease was tested depending on the year, previous crop, fungicide protection
and cultivar.
Results
The results pointed at the importance of R. cerealis which was much greater than
commonly believed. A greater intensity of sharp eyespot, however, differed on respective plantations. The maximum infection was observed in the case of one field
in 2008, where 53% of stems were infected (Table 1). Throughout four years of re-
32
G. Lemańczyk
Fig. 1. Sharp eyespot severity in particular years: a – disease index,
b – percentage of stems with sharp eyespot symptoms
search no symptoms of sharp eyespot were observed on 18 plantations only (out of
103 observed).
The research revealed significant differences in sharp eyespot occurrence on
winter triticale in respective years. The greatest number of infected stems was reported in 2009 in which there were on average on 18.9% of infected stems, and the
least in 2006 – 5.6% (Fig. 1).
The occurrence of sharp eyespot was not considerably affected by the level of
agrotechnical practices. There was no significant variation depending on the previous crop, fungicide application or cultivar (Tables 2–4).
Table 2
Occurrence of sharp eyespot depending on previous crop
Previous
crop
n
Cereals
10
Legume
–
Maize
Cruciferous
Root crops
Sum/mean
F-ratio
p-value
2006
%
5.9
DI
n
1
2.16
%
DI
1
31.0 9.50
2
4.5 1.13
–
2
1.0 0.25
1
1.0 0.50
6.0
2.41
17
5.6
2.12 18
ns
2008
–
6
ns
n
9.3 3.21
0.00
–
DI
10.3 3.42 38
0.0
–
%
9
1
–
2007
ns
ns
5
16.0 7.50
4
7.6 2.05 15
10.0 3.25 60
ns
ns
ns
ns
3.8 1.25
8.5 2.38
8.5 2.76
ns
ns
ns
ns
n
1
–
–
5
2
8
2009
%
DI
4.0
1.00
–
–
12.5
6.38
ns
ns
–
–
24.4 11.20
18.9
ns
n
58
6
%
DI
8.8 3.02
5.2 2.08
3 13.3 3.92
31 10.5 3.76
5
8.72 103
ns
Total
5.6 2.75
9.1 3.20
ns
ns
ns
ns
n – number of plantations, % – percentage of stems with sharp eyespot symptoms, DI – disease index (%).
ns – not significant.
Occurrence of sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis)...
33
Occurrence of sharp eyespot depending on fungicide protection
Fungicide
protection
Untreated
Protection in T1
Protection in T2
Sum/mean
F-ratio
p-value
n
2006
%
DI
4
9.8 3.88
5
8.0 3.26
8
17
n
6
2.1 0.53
9
3
5.6 2.12 18
ns
ns
ns
ns
2007
%
DI
2008
n
9.3 3.21 17
7.9 2.28 40
17.7 6.25
ns
ns
ns
DI
6.5 1.96
9.2 3.11
3 10.3 2.58
10.0 3.25 60
ns
%
8.5 2.76
ns
ns
ns
n
2009
%
DI
n
4 22.8 11.00 31
4 15.0 6.25 61
–
Total
%
DI
9.5 3.62
8.4 2.86
–
–
11 11.3 3.89
ns
ns
ns
8 18.9 8.72 103
ns
Table 3
ns
ns
9.1 3.20
ns
ns
ns
n – number of plantations, % – percentage of stems with sharp eyespot symptoms, DI – disease index (%).
T1 – fungicide application at 30–31 according to BBCH growth stage scale, T2 – fungicide application at 45–55 according to BBCH growth stage scale.
ns – not significant.
Occurrence of sharp eyespot depending on cultivar of triticale
Cultivar
‘Aliko’
‘Baltiko’
Number
of plantations
1
2
Percentage of stems with
sharp eyespot symptoms
3.2
9.5 (4–15)
‘Fidelio’
22
‘Grenado’
11
‘Hortenso’
2
‘Kargo’
1
16.0
‘Leontino’
2
12.5 (12–13)
‘Magnat’
6
‘Gniewko’
‘Hewo’
‘Janko’
‘Kazo’
‘Madilo’
‘Marko’
‘Moderato’
‘Pawo’
‘Sorento’
26.3 (7–37)
2
2.5 (0–5)
2
1
1
1
5.0 (4–6)
0.5 (0–1)
9.3
9
2.83 (0.0–14.0)
11.00 ( 1.8–15.8)
1.57 (0.0–5.0)
0.63 (0.0–1.3)
1.63 (1.0–2.3)
0.13 (0.0–0.3)
4.50
3.50
6.38 (5.8–7.0)
0.00
0.0
0.00
8.6 (0–40)
3.88 (0.0–21.8)
5
11.2 (0–31)
1
19.3
In brackets – range value is described.
2.38 (1.0–3.8)
0.0
2.0 (1–5)
3.4 (0–13)
‘Woltario’
0.75
3.25
7
1
Disease index (%)
13.0
13.5 (0–46)
10
‘Zorro’
5.7 (0–19)
13
‘Tornado’
‘Witon’
8.6 (0–35)
3
Table 4
14.3 (0–53)
0.50 (0.3–1.3)
5.23 (0.0–21.5)
0.89 (0.0–3.3)
3.60 (0.0–9.5)
4.75 (0.0–20.8)
6.25
34
G. Lemańczyk
a
Phot. 2. Confirmation of Rhizoctonia cerealis (a) and R. solani (b)
with a PCR assay (photo by G. Lemańczyk)
b
The main causal agent of sharp eyespot was R. cerealis. Its occurrence was confirmed using traditional method, i.e. by isolation of fungi onto artificial media,
where it was sporadically isolated. From stems with symptoms of sharp eyespot
Rhizoctonia spp. were not always isolated. Frequently isolations yielded Fusarium
spp., mainly F. avenaceum and F. culmorum. The infected tissues were also inhabited
by saprotrophic fungi, from such genera as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma.
The PCR reaction with Rc2 F/Rc2 R primers confirmed the classification of selected isolates to R. cerealis, giving the expected amplification product of 850 bp
(Phot. 2). By applying the molecular method, it was confirmed that in 15 randomly
sampled triticale commercial plantations the occurrence of R. cerealis was unquestionable. Besides, the PCR reaction with ITS1/GMRS-3 primers confirmed the occurrence of R. solani in two fields, giving the expected product of amplification,
550 bp.
Discussion
Kurowski and Adamiak (2007), based on the strict experiments, inform that
R. cerealis infects mainly winter cereals. Wachowska (2000) reports on the possibility of infection by the pathogen of triticale as well. According to Kurowski (2002)
triticale is usually less infected by R. cerealis, compared with wheat.
The observed variation in infestation between the years probably was due to
prevailing weather conditions in particular years, which is reported by Żółtańska
(2006) and Gill et al. (2001). According to these authors, on soils with higher
moisture content a lower infection degree of cereals with R. cerealis is observed,
which can result from better conditions for the development of soil saprotrophic
microorganisms. It was not confirmed in our study because there was no clear correlation between the disease severity and the precipitation. The absence of such a
relationship is also indicated by the observations of Daamen and Stol (1990). In
this research it was only noted that in the growing seasons with the highest infestation (2007, 2009), a relatively large amount of rainfall in May and June was re-
Occurrence of sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis)...
35
ported. This is confirmed by Cromey et al. (2005), who observed more sharp
eyespot symptoms on irrigated winter wheat. Wiese (1987) reports that infection
is primarily promoted by humidity near the stem base.
Our studies showed a much greater effect of temperature. Higher level of infestation was observed during cropping seasons, characterized by a relatively warm
autumn and winter. Such conditions promote development of Rhizoctonia mycelium also during this period. Pitt (1964) and Wiese (1987) reported that R. cerealis
could grow even at low temperatures. Thus, the lack of frost prolonged the time in
which infection and development of mycelium in the plant could have occurred. In
the years when more symptoms were observed, also higher temperatures in May
and June were reported. Żółtańska (2005) and Smiley and Uddin (1993) also observed in the field experiments that more sharp eyespot was present in the years of
higher temperature.
No effect of previous crop on the occurrence of the disease in winter cereals, including triticale, was also observed during previous studies (Lemańczyk 2006).
Matusinsky et al. (2008), using PCR methods, also did not find any variability in
the intensity of the R. cerealis occurrence in wheat grown after different previous
crops. According to Żółtańska (2006), the infection with R. cerealis was intensified
by growing cereals after cereals, which corresponded with the reports of Kurowski
(2002) who isolated R. cerealis and R. solani more often when the plants were grown
after the same plant. Non-cereals can be also infected with R. cerealis. Weber and
Zdziebkowski (1989) as well as Wachowska (2000) noted that the pathogen, besides cereals and some grasses, can also infect rape and potato. Priyatmojo et al.
(2001) also indicated the possibility of infecting sugar beet, soybean and bean.
No variation was observed in the infestation intensity between cultivars. Different results were obtained by Daamen and Stol (1990), who reported significant
differences in the intensity of sharp eyespot on winter wheat cultivars. Nicholson
et al. (2002) reported that cultivation of less susceptible cultivars was a basic tool
of limiting the disease caused by R. cerealis.
Both in these studies, and in those by other authors, mainly R. cerealis was isolated from triticale stems with symptoms of sharp eyespot, and much more rarely –
R. solani (Kurowski 2002). Sometimes, despite clear disease symptoms, characteristic of a specific pathogen, other species secondarily infesting the infected tissues,
or saprotrophic fungi are isolated (Bateman and Kwaśna 1999).
Identification of Rhizoctonia species using SCAR-PCR confirms that this is an
effective technique for the identification of these pathogens. Turner et al. (2001)
as well as Matusinsky et al. (2008), applying specific primer type SCAR also confirmed the presence of R. cerealis in plant tissues of cereal plants. Ray et al. (2006)
found that the amount of DNA of the pathogen, as compared with the total DNA
obtained from the plant, increased in wheat at successive development stages.
Nicholson and Parry (1996) also identified the presence of R. cerealis in single
wheat stems, despite of the lack of symptoms, however, they did not always confirm the occurrence of the fungus despite clear disease symptoms.
36
G. Lemańczyk
Conclusions
1. The intensity of sharp eyespot occurrence seems very differentiated.
Number of triticale stems with the disease symptoms in commercial fields were
variable in the study years (the maximum of 53% affected stems occurred, while
in some plantations the disease was not reported at all).
2. Under commercial field conditions there was no significant effect of
the previous crop, fungicide protection or the cultivar on the occurrence of
sharp eyespot in winter triticale.
3. Rhizoctonia cerealis was the main causal agent of sharp eyespot (confirmed both with conventional and molecular method), while R. solani was only
sporadically isolated.
Streszczenie
WYSTĘPOWANIE OSTREJ PLAMISTOŚCI OCZKOWEJ
(RHIZOCTONIA CEREALIS) W PSZENŻYCIE OZIMYM UPRAWIANYM
W WYBRANYCH REJONACH POLSKI
Obserwacje występowania ostrej plamistości oczkowej przeprowadzono w latach 2006–2009, na plantacjach towarowych pszenżyta ozimego, położonych w
północnej i środkowej Polsce. Określono indeks chorobowy (DI) i procent porażonych źdźbeł. Stwierdzono istotne zróżnicowanie nasilenia występowania choroby w poszczególnych latach. Najmniej objawów ostrej plamistości oczkowej obserwowano w 2006 roku, w którym średnio były one widoczne na 5,6% źdźbeł, a
średnia wartość DI wynosiła 2,12%. Najwięcej objawów stwierdzono w roku 2009
– średnio na 18,9% źdźbeł, a wartość DI wynosiła 8,72%. Maksymalnie na jednym
polu porażeniu uległo 53% źdźbeł, co odnotowano w 2008 roku w miejscowości
Wichowo, a największą wartość DI (21,8%) uzyskano w 2009 roku w miejscowości Mochełek. Na niektórych plantacjach nie obserwowano objawów choroby. Nie
stwierdzono istotnego wpływu przedplonu, zastosowanej ochrony fungicydami
ani odmiany pszenżyta na występowanie ostrej plamistości oczkowej. Analiza mikologiczna oraz molekularna (PCR) potwierdziły, iż Rhizoctonia cerealis był głównym sprawcą obserwowanych zmian chorobowych, natomiast znacznie rzadziej –
R. solani.
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Author’s address:
Dr. Grzegorz Lemańczyk, Department of Phytopathology and Molecular
Mycology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, ul. Kordeckiego 20,
85-225 Bydgoszcz, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
Accepted for publication: 5.06.2010