Freshwater Resources of the Eastern Canadian Arctic

Transkrypt

W. Vincent
Freshwater Resources
Freshwater Resources of the Eastern Canadian Arctic
Project Leader
Warwick Vincent (Université Laval)
Network Investigators
Derek Mueller (Carleton University); Yves Bégin, Isabelle Laurion (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et
Environnement); Luke Copland (University of Ottawa); Connie Lovejoy, Reinhard Pienitz (Université Laval); Kathy Young (York
University)
Collaborators & Research Associates
Antoine Nicault, Denis Sarrazin (Centre d’études nordiques); Joël Guiot (Centre national de recherche scientifique); Luc Perreault (HydroQuébec); Pierre Francus, Thibault Labarre (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Christian Bégin,
Martine M. Savard (Natural Resources Canada - Geological Survey of Canada (Québec)); Daniel Caya, René Roy (Ouranos); Scott
Lamoureux (Queen’s University); Jean-Jacques Boreux (Université de Liège); Michel Allard, Dermot Antoniades, Pierre Galand, AnneDorothee Jungblut, Julie Veillette, Shohei Watanabe (Université Laval); Danielle Laprise (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi); Etienne
Boucher (Université du Québec à Montréal); Dominique Arseneault (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Bernard Laval (University of
British Columbia); Derek Muir (University of Guelph); Hubert Morin (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi); Antonio Quesada
Post-Doctoral Fellows
David Fortin, Paul-Georges Rossi (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Frédéric Bouchard, André
Comeau, Jérôme Comte, Marie Lionard (Université Laval)
PhD Students
Sandy Erni, Maud Naulier, Karita Negandhi, Toni Roiha (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Alex
Matveev (Université du Québec à Montréal); Fabio Gennaretti (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Sophie Crevecoeur, Bethany Deshpande,
Biljana Narancic, Anna Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, Varin Thibault, David Velazquez (Université Laval); Andrew Hamilton (University of
British Columbia); Nicole Schaffer, Laura Thomson, Wesley Van Wychen, Adrienne White (University of Ottawa); Anna Abnizova (York
University)
MSc Students
Anna Crawford, Gregory Lewis-Paley (Carleton University); Anne Beaudoin (Centre d’études nordiques); Cristian Alvarez, Nanie Ayotte,
Paschale Noël Bégin, Yves Bouthillier, Marie-Janick Robitaille, Gabriel Rodrigue (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre
et Environnement); Marie-Josée Girard (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi); Julia Autin (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Sébastien
Bourget, Sophie Charvet, Tommy Harding, Valentin Proult (Université Laval); Tyler de Jong, Miriam Richer McCallum (University of
Ottawa); Elizabeth Miller (York University)
Undergraduates
Catherine Girard, Pénélope Leclerc, Simon Williams (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Manuela
Deifel (University of Guelph)
Technical Staff
Josée Michaud (ArcticNet Inc.); Christine Barnard, Luc Cournoyer, Claudia Zimmermann (Centre détudes nordiques); Taylor Dee
(Georgian College); Marie-Josée Martineau, Marianne Potvin (Université Laval); John Siferd, Valen Steer (York University)
ArcticNet Annual Research Compendium (2012-13)
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Abstract
Lakes and wetlands are major ecological features
of the circumpolar Arctic, and they provide many
essential services including habitats for aquatic
wildlife, drinking water supplies for northern
residents, and water for industrial activities. Inuit
communities and northern scientists have increasingly
observed that these resources are highly vulnerable
to ongoing climate change. This project extends our
observations on lakes and wetlands at key sites in
the eastern Canadian Arctic, to identify and measure
aquatic indicators of environmental change in the
past and present. These studies will allow us to
make assessments of future changes in northern
freshwater ecosystems to help guide the formulation
of environmental management policies. We are
continuing our research on lakes, ice shelves and
contaminants along the northern Ellesmere Island
coastline based out of Ward Hunt Island Observatory,
where we will work with Parks Canada to develop
facilities, indicators and protocols for long term
monitoring. This coastline lies at latitude 83oN, at the
northern limit of Nunavut and thus North America, and
it is characterized by many climate-sensitive aquatic
ecosystems that are highly dependent on ice. We are
extending our research to wetlands by assessing the
snow storage and melt patterns in Polar Bear Pass
on Bathurst Island (75°N). This Wildlife Sanctuary
is composed of a mosaic of lakes and ponds, and
seasonal snowmelt is considered the most important
source of water to this wetland. The resultant models
and understanding should be of broad application
to arctic wetland wildlife habitats that have begun
to respond strongly to climate change. Permafrost
thaw lakes are a prominent component of northern
wetland ecosystems, and we are working at several
sites including Bylot Island (73°N) and Kuujjuarapik
(55°N), to determine the environmental factors that
control their ecosystem metabolism and net production
of greenhouse gases in the present and future. We
are analyzing sediment cores from northern waters
in the Foxe Basin region (65-70°N) to assess the
natural climate variability in arctic and subarctic
Canada, and to identify regional variations in climate
sensitivity. Additionally, we are documenting past
climate changes in the eastern Canadian subarctic
by way of an extensive network of tree-ring analysis
sites. Finally we are developing and applying new
DNA-based techniques to assess the diversity and
function of microscopic life in lakes and wetlands
and to develop state-of-the-art molecular indicators
of climate responses by northern aquatic ecosystems.
We are contributing our findings and expertise on
Canadian arctic water resources to the ArcticNet IRISs
and panArctic climate impact assessments (e.g., the
SWIPA report).
Key Messages
• Ice shelves, glacier tongues and multiyear
landfast sea ice along the northern coast of
Ellesmere Island are continuing their rapid
break-up during this period of climatic and
oceanic warming in the Arctic. Since the
beginning of ArcticNet, Canada’s ice shelves
have lost more than 50 % of their area. The
largest ice shelf, the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf
completely lost its middle section in 2012, and
Disraeli Fjord is now open to the Arctic Ocean,
probably for the first time in millennia.
• Ice islands, large tabular icebergs from ice
shelves and floating glacier tongues, continue
to be more common than they have been
in decades. These ice types are a hazard to
navigation and may threaten infrastructure
both in the eastern and western Arctic. Their
characteristics (thickness, shape and strength)
are poorly known and this makes key processes
(drift, melt and break-up) hard to predict.
• Microbial mats play a major role in many
northern aquatic ecosystems, and often
dominate the total biomass, productivity, and
food availability in shallow water ecosystems
such as Arctic streams and ponds. Our
molecular analyses of High Arctic microbial
mats using advanced high-throughput DNA
analysis showed that they harbour a diverse
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community of organisms, espceally bacteria but
also small animals (micro-invertebrates).
• High Arctic wetlands are critical habitats for
wildlife and depend on snowpack distribution
and dynamics. Our research shows that the
large variation in chemical composition
among wetland ponds, and the dependence
on snowcover receipt and melt. Pond systems
at Polar Bear Pass have two hydrologic
settings: ones which are hydrologically
connected to additional sources of water from
their catchments beyond seasonal inputs of
snowmelt and rainfall, or ponds which fail to
form a link or only have a limited connection
with their surrounding catchments. Intensive
seasonal monitoring of water and carbon
mass balance showed that elevated loads of
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ponds were
mostly of terrestrial origin and occurred in
ponds receiving meltwater from snowbeds and/
or discharge from hillslope creeks.
• In arctic environments snow remains one of the
most important sources of water for a wetland.
At Polar Bear Pass, deep and persistent
snowpacks occur in sheltered areas (incised
stream valleys) and in the lee of slopes adjacent
to the wetland. Exposed areas yield shallow
snowpacks (plateau, pond sites) and they melt
out rapidly in response to favourable weather
conditions. It is expected that the sustainability
of this low-gradient wetland is dependent on
snowmelt contributions from upland sites
• Paleorecords are used to define the potential
responses of northern lakes and their
watersheds to past climate changes, and to
help predict the future impacts of climate
change. An intensive analysis of tree-rings
from submerged wood samples at a network
of subarctic sites is enabling climatic
reconstructions over the last millennium, which
will help understand climate-related variability
in freshwater supply.
Objectives
• Establish a network of Arctic terrestrial
monitoring/research stations with its Science
Community Centre hub at KuujjuarapikWhapmagoostui for knowledge exchange with
northern communities.
• Evaluate the microbial biodiversity and function
of freshwater ecosystems in Northern Canada
using molecular techniques based on DNA
and RNA, HPLC pigment analysis and in situ
methods.
• Estimate thaw lake contribution to atmospheric
greenhouse gases in eastern Canadian Arctic.
• Describe the limnological and biodiversity of
arctic thaw ponds, identify functional microbes,
and determine if specific microbial assemblages
are associated to specific types of aquatic
ecosystems or limnological conditions.
• Determine the source of carbon and its
availability to microbes using 13C, 14C, and
incubation experiments on DOM reactivity to
sunlight and microbial degradation.
• Analyze bio- and lithostratigraphic data and
complete production of illustrations for diatom
publications.
• Interpret and synthesize data within the research
project team, followed by publication of results in
peer-reviewed international journals.
• Contribute to ArcticNet syntheses and
interpretations for the IRIS assessments and
SWIPA.
• Synthesize information on Arctic ice shelves
as extreme habitats for life and as sentinels of
climate change in the Arctic.
• Examine the degradation of Ellesmere Island
ice shelves with respect to changes in thickness
and extent (mass balance) and determine the
climatological (air temperature, precipitation and
solar radiation) and oceanographic (stratification
and mixing of heat and salt) influence on this
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process. Evaluate these changes in the context of
long term variability in ice conditions, over the
last 8000 years.
• Maintain automated weather station for CEN’s
SILA Network in Nunavut (Bylot island; Ward
Hunt Island, Nettilling Lake) and Nunavik, and
improve data access.
• Improve understanding of the seasonal hydrology
of Polar Bear Pass (PBP), an extensive, gradient
wetland; specifically we aim to improve
understanding of: the snowcover and melt
processes of PBP; hydrology of hillslope creeks
draining into the low-lying wetland, including
vegetated vs. bare catchments.
• Document terrestrial carbon and hydrologic
flows, and the soil moisture storage and the
surface energy budget of extensive wetlands.
• Qualify and quantify runoff from PBP and
Alison Inlet (AI), SW Bathurst Island, into arctic
coastal waters. Update climate weather station
instrumentation at PBP; and obtain key climate
information for estimates of snowmelt and
evaporation.
• Describe and quantify the natural biological,
physical and chemical variability of northern
freshwater ecosystems over post-glacial times
(i.e., since the last deglaciation), in order to
provide the necessary framework (background
or baseline) against which to assess future
ecosystem responses and water quality changes
in the context of human-induced warming of the
Arctic.
• Gain insights into the evolution (or “life cycle”)
of these increasingly abundant freshwater
ecosystems through the recovery of sediment
cores that will serve to establish the temporal
framework for the reconstruction of the
limnological conditions over past centuries;
• Determine the present-day limnological
conditions (thermal stratification, oxygen levels
in the hypolimnion, redox conditions at the
sediment-water interface) in the water column.
• Examine the geochemical and isotopic
characteristics of the lake sediments and the lake
waters to better understand their hydrological
settings and behavior.
• Characterize the temporal chemical variations
(including metals) in thermokarst lake sediments
of the Hudson Bay region.
• Examine the distribution of metals in thermokarst
systems (sediments and water column) and their
catchments to estimate their availability to and
bio-accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants.
• Develop an inventory of the different substrate
and habitat types that exist in these small water
bodies to characterize the composition and
biodiversity of their algal (diatom) communities.
• Within the ARCHIVES project contribution
to ArcticNet, study all available proxies
(dendrochronology (isotopes, density, growth),
varves, historical archives) that can be used to
extend the instrumental series toward the past,
to test their representativeness and to reconstruct
key hydroclimatic variables useful for modeling
river and lake hydrographs in the area of
hydroelectric production (present and projected)
in northern Québec for a period exceeding the
last two centuries. Some of these proxies can also
be used later on to expand the study area to the
regions covered by other IRISes of ArcticNet.
Introduction
Lakes, rivers and wetlands are major ecosystem
features of the circumpolar Arctic. These vital
resources provide many essential services including
drinking water supplies for northern residents,
habitats for Arctic char and other aquatic wildlife,
transport routes by boat in summer and surface
vehicles in winter, and water for industries including
hydroelectricity, recreational fishing, eco-tourism
and mining. High latitude freshwater ecosystems are
intrinsically important as rich sites of biodiversity
(including the diverse microscopic life), and they
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also provide records of change in the past and present
that will help guide environmental monitoring and
management. They are also biogeochemical hotspots
in the tundra, and major sources of greenhouse
gases, which may represent a significant positive
feedback mechanism on climate. These diverse
aquatic resources are vulnerable to ongoing climate
change, and changes in water supply and quality
are increasingly observed with concern by Inuit
communities. This project examines the range of
aquatic resources of the eastern subarctic and arctic
Canada, their biodiversity (with emphasis on microbial
communities), ecosystem structure, functioning and
potential ecological responses to climate change.
Additionally this project includes studies of glaciers
and ice shelves of High Arctic Nunavut, which are
sentinels of climate change, and also play a major
role in creating freshwater environments for unique
ecosystems. Finally, via the contribution ARCHIVES,
this project includes studies on the paleohydrology
of high latitude environments, specifically by the use
of tree ring analysis (dendrochronology) from wood
samples retrieved from subarctic lakes.
The interannual variability of water supply has important
consequences for natural ecosystems. Several years of
low water levels may lead to a regressive succession in
the vegetation and to a significant modification of the
interactions between populations of organisms. High
water levels also have consequences, in particular when
they occur in the presence of ice; ice jams have in many
watercourses major impacts on riverbanks. Population
growth in the North, modernization of water supply
using artesian wells, shallow wells, or river intakes, and
channeling of flow in aqueducts and sewers; these factors
call for a management of the water supply and demand.
This is also true for the water used to produce electricity
since the demand is currently only a few percentage
points below the production capacity. These are major
issues in the North where precipitation decrease with
latitude and mostly fall in solid form. Our objective is to
understand the spatial and temporal variability of water
supply within the context of climate change in order to
suggest adaptation strategies for natural and anthropized
systems.
Wetlands are important ecological niches in High
Arctic environments providing habitats for fauna
and migratory birds (Vincent et al. 2012 in the first
ArcticNet IRIS volume). However, these sites are
sensitive to disturbance and can constrain northern
development. To date, the hydrogeomorphology
(Woo and Young 2003) and the hydrology of small
patchy wetlands in polar desert environments are
well documented (e.g., Woo et al. 2006). More recent
studies have started to focus on wetland complexes at
the meso-scale (ca. 20-25 km2) under diverse climatic
conditions (Abnizova and Young 2010) and at the
regional scale (e.g., 100 km2,Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst
Island).
Polar Bear Pass is located in the central part of
Bathurst Island and has been designated a wildlife
sanctuary providing food and shelter for migratory
birds, and grazing caribou and muskox. It is an
important hunting ground for Inuit. Polar bears
den in the pass and often travel through the area
to get to feeding grounds on the western coast of
Bathurst Island. While the biology is well known
(see Nettleship and Smith 1975), its hydrology is less
understood. Detailed hydrology studies initiated in
2007 have sought to improve understanding of the
snowcover and melt patterns of this wetland, seasonal
pond water storage, hillslope-wetland hydrologic
linkages and terrestrial carbon movement. Novel
approaches (e.g., remote sensing imagery, a physicallybased snowmelt model, DOC techniques) have been
employed, and results are starting to emerge which
will help to assess its present hydrology and future
sustainability under a warmer climate (see Young and
Labine 2010, Young et al. 2010, Assini and Young, in
press).
Evidence of rapid climate change at northern latitudes
has focused research efforts on arctic and subarctic
environments. Due to possible feedback mechanisms,
such as snow and sea ice extent (albedo changes),
these regions are particularly sensitive to global
warming. Many studies have already shown that some
arctic areas have undergone major modifications of
their annual thermal budget during the second half of
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the last century. They specifically showed an increase
of surface air temperatures during summer, and a
drastic reduction of winter sea ice cover thickness
and summer extent. On the other hand, regions
surrounding the Foxe Basin, the Hudson Bay, and
the Hudson Strait were so far only slightly affected
by such global warming effects, showing only slight
increases (< 0.5 °C) in mean annual air temperature
over the last 50 years and even a cooling during the
winter season. These contrasting climate scenarios
revealed the necessity to extend our knowledge of past
and present environmental conditions to this important
transition region between the High Arctic and Low
Arctic in order to be able to refine our ability to model
past, present and future environmental changes in the
Canadian North. The main purpose of our research is
to reconstruct past climates using sediment records
from a series of lakes in the Foxe Basin region. Using
biological, chemical and physical data extracted
from these records, we will determine the potential
responses of northern lakes and their watersheds to
past climate changes, in order to predict future impacts
of climate change. We will couple this research to
sampling and analyses of the modern-day limnological
properties of freshwater ecosystems in this little
studied transition region.
Over the last decade there have been substantial
changes to the ice shelves of northern Ellesmere
Island. In 2005, the Ayles Ice Shelf calved away
(Copland et al. 2007), in 2008 the Markham Ice Shelf
was lost (Mueller et al. 2008), in 2010 the Ward Hunt
Ice Shelf calved (Vincent et al. 2011) and the Serson
Ice Shelf is now nearly gone due to calving in 2011.
A lack of regeneration suggests that ice shelf loss is
irreversible (Copland et al. 2007), after being in largely
in place for millennia (Antoniades et al. 2011, England
et al. 2008). Since 2002, ice shelf break-up has led to
the loss of layers of freshwater that have been held in
place between coastal ice and the shore (Mueller et
al. 2003). The Milne Fiord epishelf lake is the last of
its kind, and it is opportune to study the properties of
an intact lake to draw conclusions regarding former
epishelf lakes in the region. Our research focuses on
the past and current state of the ice shelves and the
epishelf lakes and examines the link between their
recent decline and climate as well as oceanographic
warming/change.
The trajectory and distribution of ice islands (large
tabular icebergs) is relevant to the operational
mandate of the Canadian Ice Service (CIS), and this
information is used in turn by industry. Calving rates
of glacier ice tongues and ice shelves are increasing
dramatically (Mueller et al. 2008, Peterson 2005)
at a time of increased Arctic marine traffic creating
an increased demand for ice hazard information.
Operational models of iceberg drift and deterioration
must therefore be extended to the ice island case
with appropriate parameters such as geometric
characteristics and model outputs must be validated
against observations. In order to improve models
and to better understand the ice island deterioration
process, we instrumented several ice islands to follow
their drift and melt.
Activities
Our field program was successfully completed at many
sites throughout the Canadian Eastern Arctic and
Subarctic, and it was also a major year for laboratory
analysis and for writing up (please see the list of
publications for this year; >40 papers published, in
press or submitted). We achieved all of our milestones
as listed in the proposal. The following provides
details for each site.
General:
• We inaugurated our CEN Community Science
Centre at Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui in
June 2012 (Fig. 1). This is on the shores of
Hudson Bay and is the hub for our field stations
and operations throughout Eastern Canada.
The conception and design of this facility
was inspired by the ‘community knowledge
exchange’ philosophy of ArcticNet and CEN.
The inauguration took place immediately after
the ArcticNet Board of Directors meeting at the
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centre, in the presence of most board members
as well as the Mayoress of Kuujjuarapik, the
Chief of the Whapmagoostui First Nation, and
other representatives from both communities.
Our Science Education-Outreach program began
at the centre in September 2012, with a full-time
coordinator based at the centre and working with
both the Inuit and Cree schools.
• We initiated development of a new electronic
journal series – Nordicana-D (D for data or
données) – to make CEN environmental data
available to all ArcticNet and other stakeholders.
This has been inspired by the open access data
and metadata achievements of ArcticNet, and
all Nordicana-D issues will be fully catalogued
and accessible via Polar Data Catalogue, which
was cofounded by ArcticNet and CCIN, with
important input from many other partners
including CEN.
flying weather, no snow survey was conducted at
Alison Inlet (southwest Bathurst Island)
• Snow depth at Polar Bear Pass was monitored
using a new device, a snow magnaprobe, an
instrument which records the exact location of
each point (Fig. 2).
• Detailed streamflow estimates and a stream
channel hydraulic map were made at the eastern
sector outlet of Polar Bear Pass (June-end of
August, 2012).
• A stream hydraulic map was made at the western
sector outlet but only limited streamflow
estimates were made at the western edge (water
level only, June-end of August, 2012).
• Outlet stream water level and limited climate
information (air temperature, precipitation) were
obtained from Alison Inlet (southwest Bathurst
Island)
• We quantified hillslope stream discharge and
monitored representative pond water levels
(linked, unlinked ponds)
• We updated the main Polar Bear Pass Automatic
Weather Station on the Plateau with a new
precipitation gauge, and downloaded video and
climate data from the AWS
Figure 1. Picture of the CEN Community Science Centre at
Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui”
Polar Bear Pass
• As in previous years, we conducted basinwide snow surveys across Polar Bear Pass, late
May to early June 2012, in addition to direct
measurements of snowmelt (surface snow
ablation lines, and photographs of melt pattern
from helicopter surveys, mid-June). Due to poor
Figure 2. Picture of a snow magnaprobe, a new device to
monitor snow depth and to record the exact location of each
point at Polar Bear Pass.
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Bylot Island
• In Sirmilik National Park, Bylot Island, water
samples were collected in a series of permafrost
thaw ponds to measure the oxygen isotopic
signature (18O) in order to determine the main
source of water in theses ponds (rain, snow,
melting ice wedges) and the importance of
evaporation. This is actually analyzed by PhD
student Karita Negandhi in collaboration with
Brent Wolfe from Wilfrid Laurier University.
Ward Hunt region, Nunavut
• We returned to the Ward Hunt Island region in
June-July 2012, with complementary studies on
the shallow freshwater lakes at Resolute Bay. The
team undertook research in limnology, microbial
ecology, climate change and geomorphology,
and also completed the usual environmental
monitoring tasks on Ward Hunt Island and the
northern Ellesmere Island region, as far west as
Milne Fjord.
• Geomorphology of High Arctic catchments.
Michel Paquette, a graduate student from the
University of Montreal, contiued his M.Sc.
under the supervision of D. Fortier and the
co-supervision by W.F. Vincent, on the detailed
geomorphological characterization of periglacial
landforms of the WHI lake watershed .
• We continued the project led by Dr. Marie
Lionard (postdoctoral researcher supervised by
Dr. Vincent), to examine the ecophysiological
characteristics of microbial mats. In many
of the aquatic environments found along the
northern Ellesmere Island coastline, mat-forming
cyanobacteria dominate the total ecosystem
biomass stocks (e.g., Ward Hunt Lake, Bonilla
et al. 2005), as elsewhere in the Arctic. These
communities are complex consortia made up of
a diverse assemblage of microbes (e.g., Bottos
et al. 2008) that live in association with the
cyanobacteria, which we have recently shown
to be genetically distinct ecotypes distributed
throughout the cold biosphere They are also the
food source for microinvertebrates, and even
some some larger invertebrates (e.g., crustaceans
and chironomids), which in turn can be the food
for fish and birds.
• We continued our profiling, coastal ice shelf and
climate station observations (including by CEN
technician Denis Sarrazin) at this furthest-North
environmental monitoring site for Canada (as
synthesized in Vincent et al. 2011). Additional
sampling for microbiological DNA and RNA
analysis was conducted in the meromictic lakes of
Northern Ellesmere Island to detect the signals of
ongoing change. We successfully downloaded the
automated camera installed on Ward Hunt Island
in 2011 to record late season ice shelf dynamics
(2 images per day).
• We undertook a large amount of molecular
(DNA) analysis of the surprising biodiversity of
microscopic life in these waters, and published
the results including in the new, high profile
Nature journal (www.nature.com) Science
Reports.
Ellesmere Island ice shelves and epishelf lakes
• The existing mass balance network on the Milne and
Petersen ice shelves was measured during fieldwork
in May and July 2012, and a transect of three new
automated snow-depth measurement stations was
installed along the length of the Milne Ice Shelf.
• A ~14 m ice core was drilled into the Petersen Ice
Shelf, which enabled the identification of a distinct
boundary between fresh and saline ice near the ice
shelf surface and verification of GPR measurements.
This was the first deep ice core to be drilled into this
ice shelf.
• Very high resolution Radarsat-2 Spotlight (~1 m
resolution) satellite images of the Milne and Petersen
ice shelves were acquired during spring 2012 to
enable the derivation of surface velocity patterns of
tributary glaciers and to improve identification of ice
types.
• A total of four new timelapse cameras were
installed overlooking the Milne and Petersen ice
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shelves to monitor ice shelf breakup patterns and
enable quantification of spring snowmelt patterns
and meltwater inputs.
• An automated snow depth sensor was added to
the existing weather station at Purple Valley,
which provides public access to near real-time
weather information from this location (http://
tinyurl.com/milnewx).
• A 27-instrument mooring that was installed
in Milne Fiord in May 2011 was recovered,
downloaded and reset in May 2012. It was
subsequently removed in July and a scaled-back
mooring (5 instruments) was emplaced.
• Water column profiles (CTD casts) were taken
in a transect from the Milne Glacier grounding
line to the open ocean. CTD casts were taken in a
transect across the fiord as well.
• A bifilar mooring was used to lower a MAVS
current meter into Milne Fiord. Several time
series were recorded at various depths and these
were compared with a 300 kHz ADCP which
recorded currents in the top 50 m of the fiord for
72 hours. The MAVS was also lowered at specific
times for velocity profiles to the bottom of the
fiord.
• Ice thickness was measured using a GPR on the
Milne Glacier, Milne Glacier Ice Tongue and
Milne Ice Shelf.
• Ablation stakes were installed and GPS data were
collected on the Milne Glacier and Milne Glacier
Ice Tongue.
• Water samples were collected for stable istope
analysis, and were measured for dissolved oxygen
and pH.
Nunavik
• We scaled up our studies on permafrost thaw
lakes in the Kuujjuarapik and Umiujaq regions
as a result of the ArcticNet-linked ADAPT
project (Arctic Development and Adaptation
to Permafrost in Transition), with MSc student
Paschale Noël Bégin, focused on limnology,
microzooplankton biodiversity and ecology;
and PhD students Anna Pryztulska, focused on
water quality, sediment characteristics, food web
interactions and cyanobacterial ecology; Bethany
Deshpande on lakewater oxygen dynamics; Alex
Matveev on greenhouse gas production by these
lakes; and Sophie Crevecoeur on the molecular
microbial diversity of these waters. The latter part
of the project is in collaboration with ADAPTArcticNet-EnviroNord postdoc Jérôme Comte.
• Biostratigraphic data were analyzed in short
sediment cores retrieved from limnologically
contrasted thermokarst lakes near KuujjuarapikWhapmagoostui (Nunavik).
• We completed our limnological sampling of 11
thermokarst lakes and ponds located between
Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik and Rivière
Nastapoka (Nunavik), at four different “supersites” distributed across an ecoclimatic gradient;
from site SAS in the South to site NAS in the
North;
• We took sediment cores from thermokarst lakes
and ponds in all 4 “super-sites” and also installed
an automated sediment trap in site BGR-A, all for
the purpose of completing paleolimnological and
sedimentological analyses to better understand
the developmental phases in the “life cycle” of
these aquatic ecosystems;
• The sampling of water samples from a range of
thermokarst lakes and adjacent rivers (total = 20
sites) was completed for δ18O and δ2H analyses
and the analysis of water isotope compositions
and local hydrological parameters at the 4 “supersites”;
• We completed phytoplankton hauls in each
lake and sampled different natural substrates
(submersed shrubs and herbs) along their
shoreline;
• We sampled soils and terrestrial plants (shrubs)
in the catchment of all thermokarst lakes and
installed artificial substrates (1 at each “super9
W. Vincent
site”) in the water column for the collection of
biofilms.
• The ARCHIVES team completed the sampling
of fossil trees in high-boreal and subarctic lakes
used to cross-date 10 thousand-year-old reference
tree-ring series (the distribution of sites is given
in Fig. 3). These chronologies fill an important
gap in data that was revealed in the last IPCC
report which documented the amphi-Atlantic
millennium-scale climate for three continents
excluding North America. Moreover, the team
was able to map fires on more than 300 km
of latitude by relating fire chronology with
dendrochronological climate reconstructions.
Finally, the instrumental monitoring network for
tree growth was completed and it now covers
almost 10 degrees of latitude.
they are multilayered three-dimensional structures
with the filamentous cyanobacteria embedded in a
gel-like matrix (Lionard et al. 2012, Vincent and
Quesada 2012, Quesada and Vincent 2012). Although
early descriptions mentioned the presence of larger
organisms including metazoans, living in the mats,
there have been few studies specifically focused
on the microbial eukaryotes, which are often small
cells with few morphological features suitable for
identification by microscopy. We applied 18S rRNA
gene clone library analysis to identify eukaryotes
in cyanobacterial mat communities from the High
Arctic Nunavut, with comparative analyses with
samples from Antarctica (Jungblut et al. 2012). We
identified diverse taxa within algal and other protist
groups including Chlorophyceae, Prasinophyceae,
Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae,
Chrysophyceae, Ciliophora, and Cercozoa. Fungi
were also recovered, as were 21 metazoan ribotypes.
The eukaryotic taxa appeared habitat-specific with
little overlap between lake, pond, and ice shelf
communities.
Microscopic analysis of the phytoplankton and other
protist communities in High Arctic lakes has shown
that they often contain taxa in the Chrysophyceae, but
little is was known about their relative abundance.
Such studies have been increasingly supported by
pigment analysis using high-performance liquid
Figure 3. Map of the distribution of study sites for the
ARCHIVES project.
Results
The molecular analysis of northern freshwater
ecosystems is beginning to reveal a remarkable
diversity of microscopic life in these Arctic habitats,
both in terms of genetic diversity and in terms of
ecosystem function. Our work on microbial mats
at the base of lakes and ponds have shown that
Figure 4: Picture of the climate station of Lake A (Ellesmere
Island).
10
W. Vincent
chromatography (HPLC) to identify the major algal
groups. However, the use of 18S rRNA gene surveys in
other systems indicates that many protists, especially
small heterotrophs, are underreported or missed by
microscopy and HPLC. In an ArcticNet study (Charvet
et al. 2012) of the late summer protist community
structure of three contrasting lakes in High Arctic
polar desert catchments (Char Lake, the drinking
water supply for Resolute at 740°N; Lake A at 83.0°N
and Ward Hunt Lake at 83.050°N), a combination of
methods was applied: microscopy, pigment analysis
and small subunit 18S ribosomal RNA gene surveys.
All three methods showed that chrysophytes were
especially well represented, and accounted for
50–70 % of total protist community biomass and
25–50 % of total 18S rRNA gene sequences. HPLC
analysis supported these observations by showing
the ubiquitous presence of chrysophyte pigments.
The clone libraries revealed agreater contribution of
heterotrophs to the protist communities than suggested
by microscopy. The flagellate Telonema and ciliates
were common in all three lakes, and one fungal
sequence was recovered from Char Lake.
Our ArcticNet studies on a high arctic meromictic
lake (Lake A, on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, have
allowed an analysis of the effects of ice loss, which
may increase in frequency and duration with ongoing
climate change in the region. Sampling was before
(May) and after (August) the unusual ice-out event
during the warm 2008 summer (Fig. 4), and we
determined the bacterial and archaeal community
composition by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene
tag-pyrosequencing (Comeau et al. 2012). Both
prokaryote communities were stratified by depth and
the Bacteria differed between dates, indicating locally
driven selection processes. We matched taxa to known
taxon-specific biogeochemical functions and found a
close correspondence between the depth of functional
specialists and chemical gradients.
The ArcticNet studies by Mortimer et al. (2012) have
provided the first direct measurements of thinning
for any northern Ellesmere Island ice shelf. Based
on a comparison between ground-penetrating radar
Figure 5: Satellite image of Milne ice shelf with ice shelf front
from 1950 to 2009.
measurements that we made in 2008/2009 with
previous airborne measurements made in 1981, the
ice shelf thinned by an average of 8.1 +- 2.8 m over
this period. This equates to a volume loss of 13 % (1.5
+/- 0.73 km2 water equivalent) over this period, with
total areal losses for the Milne Ice Shelf of 29 % (82
+/- 8.4 km2) between 1950 and 2009. A comparison of
current mass balance measurements with those from
the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf suggests that basal melt is a
key contributor to Milne Ice Shelf thinning (Fig. 5).
An analysis of air photos and satellite imagery of
the Petersen Ice Shelf indicate that it was largely
stable between 1959 and 2005, and only underwent
its first major breakup event in summer 2005. In this
year it lost 8.07 km2 from a total area of almost 50
km2. Since then it has undergone breakups almost
every summer, so that it now has an area of <20 km2,
equating to a loss of >60 % of its 2005 area. Analysis
11
W. Vincent
of backscatter patterns in SAR satellite imagery
indicate that the epishelf lake drained from the rear
of the Petersen Ice Shelf over the period 2005-2006,
most likely through a channel identified on the south
side of the ice shelf in Radarsat imagery from August
2005. The epishelf lake has failed to reform since
then, and the previous lake ice at the rear of the ice
shelf now breaks up almost every summer (including
in 2012).
Speckle tracking of Radarsat-2 ultrafine images
indicate that only two glaciers currently feed ice into
the Petersen Ice Shelf, at surface motion rates of
~10-30 m yr-1. Measurements of ice thicknesses on
Figure 6: Water chemistry at Polar Bear Pass. The piper diagram presents cations, anions, magnesium, sodium and potassium,
sulfate and chloride, calcium and magnesium, carbonate and bicarbonate and, and sulfate.
12
W. Vincent
these glaciers enable estimates of their current fluxes
to the ice shelf, which total 7.11 – 12.2 cm w.e. yr-1
averaged over the ice shelf area. This is far less than
current surface melt rates of 1.07 to 1.28 m yr-1.
Our mooring dataset is the first Northern
Hemisphere epishelf lake continuous timeseries.
The timeseries record shows an abrupt 2+ m
reduction in the freshwater layer that unexpectedly
occurred in mid-winter. Temperature-salinity plots
indicate the presence of a sill underneath the Milne
Ice Shelf.
The loss of ice shelves continued in summer 2012,
with further breakup of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf.
There is now a gap of several kilometres between
its eastern and western portions. The loss of the
Petersen Ice Shelf continued, with ~5.5 km2 area
reduction in summer 2012 (~20 % of remaining
area)
Figure 7: Snow characteristics in pond (d) and in Wet Meadow (e) from Polar Bear Pass.
13
W. Vincent
The intensive seasonal monitoring of water and
carbon mass balance at Polar Bear Pass showed
that elevated loads of dissolved organic carbon
(DOC) in ponds were mostly of terrestrial origin
and occurred in ponds receiving meltwater from
snowbeds and/or discharge from hillslope creeks
and were controlled by changes in precipitation
regimes. The water chemistry and environmental
data showed that waters at PBP are dominated
by calcium and bicarbonate ions that fall on
a common dilution line, however, they have
distinct proportional major ionic variability due
to the location, lithology, and level of waterbedrock interaction (Fig. 6). These dynamics are
controlled by differences in climatic conditions and
hydrologic connectivity.
An analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations
in surface waters during snowmelt was conducted to
provide the first estimates of GHG in ponds at PBP
and to further support interpretation of hydrologic
and carbon dynamics in ponds during the snowmelt
and early post-snowmelt season. The observed snow
characteristics of PBP are summarized in Fig. 7.
Satellite imagery and analysis is starting to show
good promise for regional estimates of greenhouse
gas flux estimation. On Bylot Island, the area covered
by permafrost thaw ponds in the valley adjacent to
C-79 glacier was obtained using satellite imagery,
in order to estimate the GHG fluxes from aquatic
ecosystems at the scale of the valley (Bégin and
Laurion, unpublished data). GHG fluxes vary for
the different types of thaw ponds found at this site
(averages obtained from 2007-2011 for 55 ponds over
low-centered polygons: -8.53 mmol CO2 m2 d-1 and
+0.88 mmol CH4 m2 d-1, and for 75 ponds over ice
wedges: +50.20 mmol CO2 m2 d-1 and +2.55 mmol
CH4 m-2 d-1). In 2010, low-centered polygon ponds
covered a total area of 734 094 m2 and were a global
CO2 sink (-6260 mol d-1), but a CH4 source (+647 mol
d-1). Ice-wedge ponds covered 1 166 787 m2 and were
both CO2 and CH4 sources (+58 569 mol CO2 d-1 and
+2971 mol CH4 d-1). The total area covered by thaw
ponds was thus 1 900 879 m2 and their global GHG
emissions were estimated as 1716 kg of carbon per day
in CO2 equivalent. These emissions could offset the
C sink obtained for the tundra in other regions. More
measurements and upscaling efforts are needed to
estimate this globally for the circumarctic.
Biostratigraphic data were analyzed in short sediment
cores retrieved from limnologically contrasted
thermokarst lakes near Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui
(Nunavik). Fossil diatom and visible near infrared
(VNIR) derivative spectral analyses revealed the
fundamental role of discontinuous peat layers (former
surfaces of permafrost mounds) at early stages of
lake evolution. These organic-rich substrates not
only controlled diatom community composition,
but also likely represented a major source of in
situ dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during lake
inception. This pioneer biostratigraphic study was
published in Boreas (Bouchard et al. 2012), and
complement lithostratigraphic data obtained in the
same thermokarst lakes were published in Journal of
Geophysical Research.
In the ARCHIVES contribution to this project, the
“ring widths” database has been homogenized and
is now functional and accessible. The databases on
densitometry and dendroisotopy are almost complete
and homogenization is underway. The metadata
will be accessible in the public domain through the
Polar Data Catalogue later in 2013. One of the main
objectives of the ARCHIVES project is to obtain a
network of long dendrochronological series enabling
climatic reconstructions over the last millennium. This
network has been created using woody debris found
in the littoral zone of some lakes of the northern taiga.
It is based on the sampling of eight sites selected
for their characteristics favouring the accumulation
and conservation of wood. Sample analysis has
confirmed that it is possible to produce a highly
replicated millennial dendrochronological series for
all eight sites. During this past year, we completed
the establishment of the network and the sampling
of woody debris by collecting more than 800 new
samples.
14
W. Vincent
Discussion
Our analyses of the microbial mats from diverse
sites in the Arctic show that they harbour a rich
diversity of other organisms, including more complex
eukaryotes. There were a few eukaryotic ribotypes
common to both Arctic and Antarctic mats, suggesting
global dispersal of these taxa and similarity in the
environmental filters acting on protist communities.
Many of these eukaryotic taxa likely benefit from
protected, nutrient-rich microhabitats within the
cyanobacterial mat environment.
Our three approaches to analyzing lake plankton
yielded complementary information about the
protist community structure in the three lakes and
underscored the importance of chrysophytes. This is
particularly interesting since this group of organisms
is capable of two modes of nutrition – phototrophy
(plant-like energy capture) and heterotrophy (animallike energy capture). These results indicate that they
are well adapted to cope with the low nutrient supply
and strong seasonality that characterize the High
Arctic environment. The results from meromictic
Lake A further highlighted the rich microbial diversity
of this ecosystem despite the extreme location, with
pronounced vertical structure in taxonomic and
potential functional composition, and with community
shifts during ice-out. Such changes will be important
to follow with ongoing climate change in the region.
indicates that most recent ice shelf breakup events
have occurred during periods of extended open water
conditions in this region. These open water events
were rare prior to 2005, but have become common in
the summers since then, lasting up to a month or more
at a time.
Our water column profiles in both Petersen and
Serson bays showed thin, ephemeral stratification
of freshwater or very little stratification and this
is consistent with our expectations. A cursory
examination reveals that the Radarsat-2 imagery
acquired prior to these profiles are indicative of the
stratification conditions below the ice (cf. Veillette et
al. 2008) although further verification is required. The
Northern Hemisphere’s last epishelf lake (in Milne
Fiord) is changing rapidly. This lake has thinned by
nearly 50 % in the last 3 decades (Mortimer et al.
2012, Hamilton et al. unpublished). The break-up of
its perennial ice cover is unprecedented. This is the
last major fiord along the northern coast of Ellesmere
Island to break-up in the summer.
Calving of ice shelves in 2012 marks the 6th summer
since 2004 with major ice shelf loss (Mueller et al.
2008, Vincent et al. 2011). Only three ice shelves
present today (Milne, Petersen, Ward Hunt), compared
to six in 2005. Their total area has more than halved
in the past 7 years, reducing from ~1043 km2 in early
summer 2005 to ~550 km2 at the end of summer
2012. The central portion of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf
completely broke out in 2012, and Disraeli Fiord
now opens directly to the Arctic Ocean. These drastic
changes are likely to be happening for the first time in
millennia (Antoniades et al. 2011).
Our results from Polar Bear Pass show that while the
snowmelt season continues to contribute the highest
concentrations and stocks of carbon to ponds, the
frequency and duration of rain events can have a
strong control on pond hydrologic connectivity and
increasing rainfall elevates DOC contributions from
terrestrial sources to the ponds. While spring snowmelt
may set initial levels of DOC and DIC in all ponds,
additional connectivity to a hydrologic source affects
subsequent variations in DOC and DIC. Rainfall
events sometimes augment DOC inflows and helps to
determine the variations in concentrations amongst
a range of tundra ponds with relatively high DOC
yields entering the ponds from adjacent wet meadow
catchments. Finally, inter-annual variability in pond
water and carbon budgets points to an increasing need
for extended field season investigations that capture
both the snowmelt period and late season rainfall
events (Abnizova et al. 2012).
An analysis of the occurrence of open water events
along the coastline of northern Ellesmere Island
Our results show that the surface waters at PBP
were strong sources of CO2 to the atmosphere,
15
W. Vincent
with CO2 emissions dramatically increasing at the
beginning of snowmelt and then declining rapidly
during peak snowmelt. The required inputs of
carbon to support CO2 emissions could be explained
by surface or subsurface inflow, mineralization of
organic carbon in the sediment of ponds, and carbon
formed during periods of primary production. CO2
and CH4 effluxes from the ponds varied from 0.0
to 3.2 g CO2 m2 d-1, and 0.1-4.4 mg CH4 m2 d-1. All
surface waters were saturated with CO2 and CH4,
but had negligible concentrations of N2O with the
exception of three study ponds which reported having
increased N2O concentrations. The elevated CO2 and
CH4 concentrations in PBP ponds showed them as
significant GHG sources emphasizing the importance
of small water bodies in the carbon balance of High
Arctic wetland landscapes (Abnizova et al. submitted).
Our pond surveys at PBP showed that the
concentrations of other major cations and anions differ
and are associated with pond hydrological settings
and seasonal differences in climate. The presence or
absence of a hydrologic linkage (i.e. an external water
source) to a pond was used to explain the variability
in properties and gradients of the physico-chemical
properties. Clear differences in the pond levels and
the water chemistry signatures between isolated
ponds and ponds connected to a range of hydrologic
linkages (late-lying snowbeds, hillslope creeks, other
ponds) appear. The high estimates of major ions,
pH, and conductivity in hydrologically connected
ponds were typically evident towards the end of
arctic summer (beginning of August). These patterns
resulted from continuous lateral inflows of surface and
subsurface waters enriched in major ions from bedrock
weathering processes and organic matter from densely
vegetated catchments. These patterns illustrated the
importance of hydrologic linkages to ponds and frost
cracks on a temporal scale. An opposite pattern in
chemical properties was observed for isolated ponds.
Here, maximum concentrations typically occurred
during drought episodes, corresponding with warm air
temperatures. In response to higher evaporation rates,
water tables dropped in these pond types, surface areas
shrunk, and chemical enrichment resulted.
In addition to ArcticNet fieldwork at many sites,
laboratory and writing up, we continued our
commitment of time to update our chapter contribution
(co-authored by Vincent, Laurion, Pienitz, Young,
Bégin et al.) on Freshwater Resources to the ArcticNet
IRIS for Nunavik-Nunatsiavut, and this was published
in November 2012 (Vincent et al. 2012 ). Our
recommendations given in this chapter were discussed
in last year’s annual report, and are reiterated here:
• Nunavik and Nunatsiavut have a rich natural
heritage of lakes, rivers and wetlands that require
ongoing stewardship and protection. Northern
communities and authorities should continue to
develop their leadership and managerial roles in
this process.
• Permafrost thaw lakes (thermokarst ponds)
are a major category of northern freshwater
ecosystems, and they appear to be increasing in
abundance and total surface area in parts of the
circumpolar North, including Nunavik, as the
permafrost continues to warm and degrade. Given
their very active production of greenhouse gases
as well as their importance for aquatic plants
and wildlife, they will require close ongoing
monitoring and research.
• The creation and management of parks is an
effective way to achieve the best possible
protection in the face of climate change and
ongoing development of the North, as well as a
way to stimulate eco-tourism and the associated
economic activity. Research and monitoring
should be essential parts of the strategic
management plan for these northern parks.
• The avoidance and mitigation of chemical
pollution of northern aquatic ecosystems requires
ongoing vigilance. The continuing rise in some
long range contaminants such as mercury requires
surveillance, in partnership and consultation with
northern communities.
• A variety of drinking water problems have
been identified throughout Nunavik, and a set
of recommendations has been communicated
16
W. Vincent
to reduce these problems. Raw water from
rivers, lakes and creeks could be at risk and
should always be boiled before drinking Raw
water stored in plastic containers is frequently
contaminated, containers should be cleaned on a
regular basis and water should always be boiled
before drinking.
• The North continues to offer considerable
potential for hydroelectricity development at
both small and large scales. Such projects will
require close and timely consultation with all
stakeholders, and especially local communities
to assess the environmental and social impacts,
including effects on wilderness values. These
and currently operating hydroelectricity
complexes will also require ongoing research
to project future water supply. These needs
include downscaled, local projections of future
precipitation, evaluation of evaporation scenarios
in the changing northern climate, and analyses
of interannual and other natural fluctuations.
Paleoclimate tools will continue to play a
valuable role in these analyses.
Our ARCHIVES dendrochronological analysis of the
samples for all sites almost complete (2331 woody
debris have been analyzed from the 2822 sampled). We
have been able to date individual tree series in 69 % of
the analyzed samples. For now, the master chronology
comprises 1600 trees and covers 1481 years with a
replication higher than 50 from 903 AD. This series
is the longest continuous series ever produced for the
boreal zone of eastern North America. Moreover, by
cross-dating together some undated samples, we have
produced two highly replicated floating series of 327
and 279 years, respectively, which could eventually
be used to extend the master chronology. The master
chronology shows the strong forest growth that
occurred between 1050 and 1250 AD in the period
commonly called the Medieval Climatic Optimum.
It also shows the abrupt reduction in growth that
occurred early in the 19th century during a period
which corresponds to the final part of the Little Ice
Age.
Conclusion
Our results from the High Arctic continue to
underscore the rich diversity of microbial life
in northern aquatic ecosystems, even in extreme
habitats, and the sensitivity of these ecosystems to
environmental change such as ice out.
Our findings from PBP indicate that both
seasonality and climate conditions must be
considered when interpreting the physico-chemical
characteristics of arctic ponds. Inter-annual
variation is also the norm for snowcover receipt
and melt in the High Arctic owing to local microtopographical and climatic conditions. Snow is an
important source of water to arctic ecosystems,
allowing ponds, lakes, and wet meadows to be
refreshed and recharged. Our results suggest
that snowcover across the low-lying wetland,
which comprises 22 % of the Polar Bear pass
watershed (422 km2), is generally low (ranging
from 4-66 mm) and more typical of wetlands
experiencing a polar oasis-type climate (Woo &
Guan 2006) than a polar desert one (Abnizova and
Young 2010).Hydrologic and carbon monitoring
during the snowmelt season illustrated that DOC
concentrations varied, with maximum levels
occurring during late snowmelt. Catchment
generated inflows of carbon into ponds accounted
for these peaks. Peak CH4 values coincided with
initial pond sediment thaw.
All small surface waters were supersaturated
in CO2 and therefore represent strong sources
of this GHG to the atmosphere. Since ponds at
PBP receive their carbon from predominantly
terrestrial sources, and these levels are the result of
hydrologic linkages of ponds to their catchments,
mineralization of DOC in these ponds most likely
contributes to the strong source of CO2 to the
atmosphere. The estimates of GHG emissions from
our study ponds place them at the same level with
most lakes and reservoirs in the arctic.
17
W. Vincent
While the physico-chemical characteristics of ponds
across the wetland closely resemble the lithology
of bedrock material found on Bathurst Island, the
geochemical trends of the ponds’ waters varied
depending on the hydrological group and seasonal
climatic conditions.
Our greenhouse gas emissions studies at Bylot
Island reinforces the value of remote sensing to help
scaling up GHG emissions from northern lakes,
and our measurements in Nunavik and Nunavut
underscores the need to consider among-lake and
within lake variability in emissions. Methane
ebullition was shown to be highly variable at Bylot
Island and Kuujjuarapik thaw pond sites. Further
efforts to improve our estimations of diffusive
flux, to collect ebullition flux, and to measure gas
exchange in critical periods of the year (spring and
autumn) are necessary to adequately evaluate the
global importance of permafrost thaw ponds as
gas conduits and as a positive feedback on climate
change.
Acknowledgements
We thank NSERC, Canada Research Chair program,
FQRNT, CEN, ArcticNet, Environment Canada,
Northern Student Training Program (NSTP), Polar
Continental Shelf Project, York University, Canadian
Ice Service, Canadian Space Agency SOAR-E and
Parks Canada.
References
Note: The scientific background of this project is
supported by this selection of references.
Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Lafreniere, M. 2012,
Pond hydrology and dissolved carbon dynamics at
Polar Bear Pass wetland, Bathurst Island, Nunavut.
Ecohydrology, accepted.
Abnizova, A., Young, K.L., 2010, Sustainability of
High Arctic ponds in a polar desert environment.
Arctic 63, 1:67-84
Because the “health” of northern freshwaters is of
fundamental importance to native communities,
our lake monitoring program contributes to a better
understanding of the potential social and economic
impacts of global climate change. It also provides
an “early warning system” for northern freshwater
ecosystems that helps guide conservation and
management measures and direct future research
initiatives.
Antoniades, D., Douglas, M.S.V., Smol, J.P., 2003, The
physical and chemical limnology of 24 ponds and one
lake from Isachsen, Ellef Ringnes Island, Canadian
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88:519–538.
There is no sign of a recovery of the Ellesmere
Island ice shelves, and given the continued open
water conditions in this region and record low sea
ice concentrations (e.g., lowest ever Arctic Ocean
sea ice extent was recorded in summer 2012), it is
unlikely that they will survive long into the future.
For example, an analysis of surface mass balance
of the Petersen Ice Shelf indicates that it will be
entirely gone due to surface melt within the next
two decades, but recent disintegration suggests that
total loss will actually well before this.
Bouchard, F., Pienitz, R., Ortiz, J., Francus, P.,
Laurion, I., 2012, Paleolimnological conditions
inferred from fossil diatom assemblages and derivative
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Arctic’s largest ice shelf. Proceedings of the National
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Chrysophytes and Other Protists in High Arctic Lakes:
Molecular Gene Surveys, Pigment Signatures and
Microscopy., Polar Biology, v.35, 733-748.
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Comeau, A. Harding, T., Garland, P.E., Vincent,
W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Vertical Distribution of
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Endrizzi, W. and Marsh, P., 2010, Observations
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Hodgson, D.A. 2011. First synchronous retreat of
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Copland, L., Mueller, D.R., and Weir, L. 2007. Rapid
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Jungblut, J.D. Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012,
Eukaryotes in Arctic and Antarctic Cyanobacterial
Mats., FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 82, 416–428.
Lionard, M., Péquin, B., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent,
W.F., 2012, Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats in the
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Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, since 1950,
Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface,
v.117, no.F4, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002074.
Mueller, D.R., Copland, L., Hamilton, A. and Stern,
D.R., 2008. Examining Arctic ice shelves prior to
Mueller, D.R., et al. 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett.,
30:2031.
Pomeroy, J.W., Gray, D.M. Brown, T., Hedstrom,
N.R., Quinton, W.L., Granger, R.J., and Carey, S.K.,
2007. The cold regions hydrological model: a platform
for basing process representation and model structure
on physical evidence, Hydrological Processes,
21:2650-2667.
Steven, B., G. Briggs, C. P. Mckay, W. H. Pollard, C.
W. Greer, and L. G. Whyte. 2007. Characterization of
the microbial diversity in a permafrost sample from
the Canadian high Arctic using culture-dependent and
culture-independent methods. FEMS Microbiology
Ecology 59: 513-523.
Veillette, J., D. R. Mueller, D. Antoniades, and W.
F. Vincent. 2008. Arctic epishelf lakes as sentinel
ecosystems: Past, present and future. J. Geophys. Res.
Vincent, W.F., Fortier, D., Lévesque, E., BoulangerLapointe, N., Tremblay, B., Sarrazin, D., Antoniades,
D., and Mueller, D.R., 2011, Extreme ecosystems and
geosystems in the Canadian High Arctic: Ward Hunt
Island and vicinity. Écoscience, 18(3) 1-26.
Woo, MK. and Young, K.L., 2004, Modelling arctic
snow distribution and melt at the 1 km grid scale,
Nordic Hydrology, 35, 4: 295-307.
Woo, M.K., Young, K.L., 2003, Hydrogeomorphology
of patchy wetlands in the High Arctic, polar desert
environment. Wetlands, 23, 2:291-309.
Woo, M.K.,Young, K.L., 2004, Modelling arctic snow
distribution and melt at the 1-km grid scale. Nordic
Hydrology, 35, 4:295-307.
19
W. Vincent
Woo, M.K., Young, K.L., Brown, 2006, High Arctic
patchy wetlands: Hydrologic variability and their
sustainability. Physical Geography, 27, 2:1-11.
Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada., American
Geophysical Union AGM, San Francisco, Dec. 3-7,
2012, abstract.
Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A., Miller, E.,
Investigation of snowcover and melt patterns at Polar
Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, in
prepration.
Alvarez, C., Bégin, C. and Savard, M. M., 2012,
Reconstitution des conditions hydroclimatiques dans
le secteur aval du bassin de la rivière Churchill à l’aide
des isotopes stables du C et de l’O dans les cernes de
croissance : Évaluation de la pertinence de l’utilisation
du bois final en comparaison du cerne total., Atelier
du projet ARCHIVES, Institut de recherche d’HydroQuébec (IREQ), Varennes, QC, February 16, 2012.
Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A., Abnizova,
A., De Miranda, 2010 Hydrology of hillslopewetland streams, Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada.
Hydrological Processes, 24, 3345-3358.
Publications
(All ArcticNet refereed publications are available on the
ASTIS website (http://www.aina.ucalgary.ca/arcticnet/).
Abnizova, A. and Young, K.L., 2012, Snowmelt
Hydrology and Carbon Dynamics in Wetland Ponds at
Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada.,
International Polar Year Meeting, Montreal, April 2227, 2012, abstract.
Abnizova, A., Miller, E., Young, K.L. and Shakil,
S., 2012, Seasonal Variability in Hydrological and
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Small Water
Bodies Across Polar Bear Pass, a High Arctic Wetland,
Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada., Arctic, Antarctica
and Alpine Research.
Abnizova, A., Young, K. and Boike, J., 2012,
Snowmelt Hydrology and Carbon Dynamics in
Wetland Ponds at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island,
Nunavut, Canada., Ecoystems.
Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Lafreniere, M., 2012,
Pond Hydrology and Dissolved Carbon Dynamics at
Polar Bear Pass Wetland, Bathurst Island, Nunavut.,
Ecohydrology.
Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Shakil, S.,
2012, Seasonal Variability in hydrological and
physicochemical characteristics of small water
bodies across Polar Bear Pass, a High Arctic wetland,
Alvarez, C., Bégin, C. and Savard, M. M., 2012,
Reconstitution des conditions hydroclimatiques dans
le secteur aval du bassin de la rivière Churchill à l’aide
des isotopes stables du C et de l’O dans les cernes de
croissance : Évaluation de la pertinence de l’utilisation
du bois final en comparaison du cerne total., Journée
des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement, INRSEau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, March, 30,
2012.
Alvarez, C., Bégin, C., Savard, M. M., Marion, J.,
Smirnoff, A. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Reconstruction of
the hydroclimatic conditions in the downstream sector
of the Churchill River basin using stable isotopes of
C and O in tree rings., International Polar Year (IPY)
Conference - From Knowledge to Action, Montréal,
QC, April 22-27, 2012.
Amyot, M., Girard, C., Laurion, I., Chétalat, J., 2012,
Thaw ponds are methylmercury hotspots in Nunavut
and Nunavik (Canada), IPY 2012, Montréal, congress.
Arseneault, D., Dy, B., Gennaretti, F., Autin, J. and
Bégin, Y., 2013, Developing millennial tree ring
chronologies in the fire-prone North American boreal
forest, Journal of Quaternary Science.
Assini, J., and Young, K.L., 2012, Snowcover and
Snowmelt of an Extensive High Arctic wetland:
Spatial and Temporal Seasonal Patterns., Hydrological
Sciences Journal, v. 4, 738-755.
Aznar, J-.C., Gloaguen, E., Tapsoba, D., Hachem, S.,
Caya, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Interpolation of monthly
20
W. Vincent
mean temperatures using cokriging in spherical
coordinates., International Journal of Climatology,
DOI: 10.1002/joc.3468.
Bégin, C., Savard, M.M., Marion, J., Gingras, M.,
Alvarez, C., Naulier, M., Arseneault, D., Smirnoff, A.
and Bégin, Y., 2012, Évaluation dendroisotopique des
conditions hydroclimatiques du dernier millénaire dans
le haut-boréal de la péninsule Québec-Labrador : un
volet du projet ARCHIVES., Séminaire scientifique
Ouranos, Montréal, QC, April 2012.
Bégin, Y., 2012, Le développement hydro-électrique
du Nord du Québec : enjeux énergétiques et
environnementaux., Institut supérieur des hautes
études en développement durable (ISHÉDD), Rabat,
Maroc, October, 2012.
Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, ARCHIVES:
The analysis of past climatic and hydrological
variability at the Subarctic interface., International
Polar Year (IPY) Conference - From Knowledge to
Action, Montréal, QC, April 22-27, 2012.
Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, Le projet
ARCHIVES, Symposium Ouranos, Montréal, QC,
November 2012.
Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012,
Reconstitutions hydro-climatiques en marge de
l’Arctique de l’Est., ArcticNet 8th Annual Science
Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012
(Poster).
Bouchard, F., Pienitz, R., Ortiz, J., Francus, P.,
Laurion, I., 2012, Paleolimnological conditions
inferred from fossil diatom assemblages and derivative
spectral properties of sediments in thermokarst ponds
of subarctic Quebec, Canada, Boreas, DOI 10.1111/
bor.12000.
Boucher, É., Bégin, Y., Arseneault, D. and Ouarda,
T.B.M.J., 2012, Long-term and Large-scale River-ice
Processes in Cold-region Watersheds., Gravel-bed
Rivers: Processes, Tools, Environments. First Edition.,
Chap. 39: 546-554 - DOI: 10.1002/9781119952497.
ch39.
Charvet, S., Comeau, A., Vincent, F.W. and Lovejoy,
C., 2012, Spatial and seasonal variations of protist
communities in a High Arctic meromictic lake.,
International Polar Year Conference “From Knowledge
to Action”, Montréal, Canada, Abstract.
Charvet, S., Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C.L., 2012,
Chrysophytes and Other Protists in High Arctic Lakes:
Molecular Gene Surveys, Pigment Signatures and
Microscopy, Polar Biology, v.35, 733-748.
Charvet, S., Vincent, W.F., Comeau, A. and Lovejoy,
C., 2012, Pyrosequencing Analysis of the Protist
Communities in a High Arctic Meromictic Lake: DNA
Preservation and Change., Frontiers in Microbiology,
v.3, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00422.
Comeau, A. Harding, T., Garland, P.E., Vincent,
W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Vertical Distribution of
Microbial Communities in a Perennially Stratified
Arctic Lake with Saline, Anoxic Bottom Waters,
Scientific Reports, v.2, doi: 10.1038/srep00604.
Comte, J., Matveev, A., Crevecoeur, S., Lovejoy,
C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Linking thermokarst
microbial diversity to methane emissions in Subarctic
Quebec, ADAPT workshop, ArcticNet 8th Annual
Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14,
2012., (Oral).
Comte, J., Matveev, A., Deshpande, B., Crevecoeur,
S., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Archaeal
and bacterial diversity in Nunavik thaw ponds and
implications for greenhouse gas emissions from
permafrost ecosystems in transition, ArcticNet 8th
Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December
10-14, 2012, (Poster).
Crawford A.J., Mueller, D.R., Hamilton, A., Forrest,
A., Schmidt, V., Yeo R., and Braithwaite, L., 2012,
Ice islands of the Canadian Arctic: morphology and
deterioration, First Annual Workshop of the Network
of Expertise on Transportation in Arctic Waters,
Churchill, MB, September 9, 2012, (Oral).
Crawford, A. and Mueller, D., 2012, Influence of
microclimate on surface ablation of a Petermann Ice
Island (2010) fragment in the Eastern Canadian Arctic,
21
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2012 Ottawa-Carleton Student Northern Research
Symposium. University of Ottawa, March 2, 2012,
(Oral).
Crawford, A., Mueller, D.R., Forrest, A.L., Hamilton,
A.K., Schmidt, V. Laval, B.E., Brucker, S., and
Braithwaite, L., 2012, Deterioration patterns of ice
islands adrift in the Canadian Arctic, ArcticNet 8th
10-14, 2012, (Oral).
Crawford, A.J., Mueller, D., Hamilton, A., Forrest, A.
and Braithwaite, L., 2012, Improvements to Iceberg
Drift and Deterioration Models for Use with Ice
Islands in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, International
Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April
22-27, 2012, (Poster).
Daigle, L.-F., Bégin, C., Savard, M.M., Labarre,
T., Bégin, Y., Long, B., Cnudde, V. and Blucke,
J.V.D., 2012, The Use of Numerical Scanners for
Density Measurement in Dendrochronology, CT Scan
Workshop, Development on non-medical environment,
INRS-Eau Terre Environnement and U. Ghent,
Québec, QC, March 6-9, 2012.
Derksen, C., Smith, S.L., Sharp, M., Brown, L.,
Howell, S., Copland, L, Mueller, D., Gauthier,
Y., Fletcher, C., Tivy, A., Bernier, M., Bourgeois,
J., Brown, R., Burn, C., Duguay, C., Kushner, P.,
Langlois, A., Lewkowicz, A.G., Royer, A. and Walker,
A., 2012, Variability and change in the Canadian
cryosphere, Climatic Change, v.115, no.1, 59-88.
Derksen, C., Smith, S.L., Sharp, M., Howell, S.,
Brown, L., Mueller, D., Copland, L., Gauthier, Y.,
Fletcher, C., and Walker, A., 2012, Variability and
Change in the Canadian Cryosphere, International
22-27, 2012, (Oral).
Erni, S., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012,
Reconstruction of severe drought years of the past two
centuries from successive large fires in a fire-prone
landscape of northern Quebec, ArcticNet 8th Annual
2012.
Forrest, A.L., Hamilton, A.K., Schmidt, V., Laval,
B.E., Mueller, D., Crawford, A., Brucker, S., and
Hamilton, T., 2012, Digital terrain mapping of
Petermann Ice Island fragments in the Canadian High
Arctic, 21st IAHR International Symposium on Ice
“Ice Research for a Sustainable Environment”.
Forrest, A.L., Hamilton, A.K., Schmidt, V., Laval,
B.E., Mueller, D.R., Crawford, A., Brucker, S.,
Gagnon, J., Tremblay, J.E., Yeo, R., and Braithwaite,
L., 2012, Observations beneath Petermann Ice
Island-B (PII-B) in the Canadian Arctic, ArcticNet 8th
10-14, 2012, (Oral).
Fortin, D., Francus, P. and ARCHIVES Group, 2012,
Potentiel paléohydrologique des sédiments varvés de
Grand Lake, Labrador., Atelier du groupe ARCHIVES,
Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ),
Varennes, QC, March 16-17, 2012.
Fortin, D., Francus, P. and ARCHIVES group, 2012,
Grand Lake Labrador: Past discharge and recent
limnologic changes.,ArcticNet 8th Annual Science
Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.
Fortin, D., Nicault, A., Francus, P. and ARCHIVES
group, 2012, Hydrological Recontruction from TreeRings and Varved Lake Sediments in the QuébecLabrador Region, GEOTOP student meeting, Forêt
Montmorency, QC, February 3-5, 2012.
Fortin, D., Nicault, A., Francus, P., Bégin, Y. and
ARCHIVES group, 2012, Paleohydrology based on
tree rings and varved lake sediments, International
Francus, P., Fortin, D. and ARCHIVES Group, 2012,
Potentiel des sédiments lacustres annuellement laminés
pour reconstruire les conditions hydroclimatiques au
Québec-Labrador – Projet ARCHIVES, Séminaires
Ouranos, Montréal, QC, April 11, 2012.
Gantner, N., Veillette, J., Michaud, W.K. Bajno
R., Muir, D. Vincent, W.F., Power, M,. Dixon, B.,
Reist,J.D., Hausmann, S. and Pienitz, R., 2012,
Physical and Biological Factors Affecting Mercury and
22
W. Vincent
Perfluorinated Contaminants in Arctic Char (Salvelinus
alpinus) of Pingualuit Crater Lake (Nunavik, Canada),
Arctic, v.65, 195-206.
microdensitometric measuring circumstances of
experimental wood samples, Applied Radiation and
Isotopes.
Gennaretti, F., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, A
network of millenial tree-ring chronologies from the
margin of the eastern Canadian Arctic., International
Herdes, E., Copland, L., Danielson, B. and Sharp, M.,
2012, Relationships between iceberg plumes and seaice conditions on northeast Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut,
Canada, Annals of Glaciology, v. 53, no. 60, 1-9.
Gennaretti, F., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, A
network of millenial tree-ring chronologies from the
margin of the eastern Canadian Arctic, ArcticNet 8th
Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 1014, 2012.
Halliday, E.J., King, A., Bobby, P., Copland, L. and
Mueller, D., 2012, Petermann Ice Island ‘A’ survey results,
offshore Labrador, Proceedings, Arctic Technology
Conference, Houston, USA, doi: 10.4043/23714-MS.
Hamilton, A.K., Laval, B.E., and Mueller, D.R., 2012,
Fjord dynamics and glacio-marine interactions along
northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, ArcticNet 8th Annual
Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012,
(Poster)
Howell, S.E.I., Assini, J., Young, K.L., Abnizova, A.
and Derksen, C., 2012, Snowmelt Variability over
Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada from QuickSCAT:
2000 to 2009, Hydrological Processes, doi:10.1002/
hyp.8365.
Jungblut, J.D. Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012,
Eukaryotes in Arctic and Antarctic Cyanobacterial
Mats., FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 82, 416–428.
Laurion, I., 2012, Canadian thaw ponds under a
warming climate, ASLO, Japan, congress
Lemay, M. and Bégin, Y., 2013, Using ice-scars
as indicators of exposure to physical riparian
disturbances, Corvette Lake, northern Québec, Canada,
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.
Hamilton, A.K., Laval, B.E., and Mueller, D.R., 2012,
Arctic fjord oceanography and glacio-marine interactions
of northern Ellesmere Island, Tidewater Glaciers
Workshop, Svalbard, Norway, August 26-31, 2012,
(Oral).
Lionard, M., Laurion, I. and Vincent, W.F., 2012,
Microbial communities in High Arctic lakes: New
insights from flow cytometry and HPLC pigment
analyses, ISME Symposium, 19-24 Aug. 2012,
Copenhagen, Denmark, (Oral).
Hamilton, A.K., Laval, B.E., Stevens, C., Mueller, D.R.,
Forrest, A.L., and Schmidt, V., 2012, Diving under thick
ice: investigations of glacier-ocean interactions using
an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), Tidewater
Glaciers Workshop, Svalbard, Norway, August 26-31,
2012, (Oral).
W.F., 2012, Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats in the
High Arctic: Multi-layer Structure and Fluorescence
Responses to Osmotic Stress, Frontiers in Aquatic
Microbiology, v.3, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00140.
Hamilton, A.K., Mueller, D., and Laval, B.E., 2012, Fjord
dynamics and glacio-marine interactions on Northern
Ellesmere Island, Canada, American Geophysical Union
Fall Meeting. December 3-7, 2012 San Francisco,
(Poster).
Helama, S., Bégin, Y., Vartiainen, M., Peltola, H.,
Kolström, T. and Meriläinen, J., 2013, Quantifications
of dendrochronological information from contrasting
W.F., 2012, How will cyanobacterial mats in the polar
regions respond to global warming?, International
22-27, 2012, (Poster).
Lovejoy, C., 2012, Cold wet protists, what we know.,
International Symposium on Microbial Ecology
(ISME) 14, Copenhagen, Denmark 19-24 August
2012.
23
W. Vincent
Lovejoy, C., 2012, Biodiversity of Arctic Microbes.,
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program Meeting.
Québec, Canada 9-11 May 2012, Québec, Canada 9-11
May 2012.
McLennan, D., Bell, T., Berteaux, D., Chen, W.,
Copland, L., Fraser, R., Gallant, D., Gauthier, G., Hik,
D., Krebs, C.J., Myers-Smith, I., Olthof, I., Reid, D.,
Sladen, W., Tarnocai, C., Vincent, W., Zhang, Y., 2012,
Recent climate-related terrestrial biodiversity research in
Canada’s Arctic National Parks: review, summary and
management implications, Journal of Biodiversity.
Miller, E.A. and Young, K.L., 2012, Differences in
Snowmelt Patterns of a High Arctic Stream Valley: The
Challenges of Inter-Annual Site Monitoring in the North,
International Polar Year Meeting, Montréal, April 22-27,
2012, abstract.
proxy for northern paleoclimate?, ArcticNet 8th Annual
Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.
Naulier, M., Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Arseneault,
D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Développement de séries
isotopiques millénaires à partir de tiges subfossiles
dans le Nord québécois, Atelier du projet ARCHIVES,
Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ),
Varennes, QC, Februray 16, 2012.
Negandhi, K., Lovejoy, C., Laurion, I., 2012, Bacterial
communities in Arctic thaw ponds: diversity and links
to greenhouse gas emissions, IPY 2012, Montréal,
congress.
Negandhi, K., Lovejoy, C., Whiticar, M.J., Galand,
P.E., Laurion, I., 2012, Microbial assemblages linked
to the methane cycle in Arctic thaw ponds, ISME,
Copenhagen, Denmark, congress.
Mortimer, C., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Volume
and area changes of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere
Island, Nunavut, Canada, since 1950, Journal of
Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, v.117, no.F4, doi:
10.1029/2011JF002074.
Nicault, A., 2012, Analyse de la relation climat/
croissance dans les écosystèmes forestiers du HautBoréal québécois et reconstitution hydrologique à
partir des cernes de croissance, Conférences IMBE,
Aix-en-Provence, France, January, 13, 2012.
Mueller, D.R., Copland, L., White, A. and Wohlleben,
T., 2012, Summer 2011 Ice Shelf Loss, Ellesmere
Island, Nunavut, Canada, International Polar Year: From
knowledge to action, Montréal, April 22-27, 2012.,
(Poster).
Nicault, A., Bégin, Y., Bégin, C., Marion, J., Boucher,
É., Guiot, J., Boreux, J-J., Arseneault, D., DesGranges,
J.-L., Berninger, F., Tapsoba, D. and Wicha, S., 2013,
Spatial analysis of black spruce’s (Picea mariana)
radial growth response to climate in northern Québec,
Canada, Journal of Ecology.
Mueller, D.R., Hamilton, A.K., Forrest, A.L. Laval,
B.E., Schmidt, V., Crawford, A.J., Hamilton, T., and
Braithwaite, L., 2012, The drift, deterioration and demise
of Berghaus: From Petermann ice island fragment to ice
cube, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver,
BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Plenary).
Naulier, M., Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Arseneault,
D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Développement de séries
isotopiques millénaires à partir de tiges subfossiles dans
le Nord québécois, Journée des Sciences de la Terre et
de l’Environnement, INRS-Eau Terre Environnement,
Québec, QC, March 30, 2012.
Naulier, M., Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Arseneault, D. and
Bégin, Y., 2012, Isotopes of lakeshore black spruce as
Olsen, M.S., Callaghan, T.V., Reist, J.D., Reiersen,
L.O., Dahl-Jensen, D., Granskog, M.A., Goodison,
B., Hovelsrud, G.K., Johanasson, M., Kallenbord,
R., Key, J., Klepikov, A., Meler, W., Overland, J.E.,
Prowse, T.D., Sharp, M., Vincent, W.F. and Walsh, J.,
2012, The Changing Arctic Cryosphere and its Likely
Consequences: An Overview, Ambio, v. 40, 111-118.
Paquette, M., Fortier, D., Mueller, D., Sarrazin,
D., and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Temporal monitoring
and complete disappearance of perennial ice-cover
on Canada’s northernmost lake: Ward Hunt Lake,
Nunavut, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting,
Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Poster).
24
W. Vincent
Paquette, M., Fortier, D., Mueller, D.R. and Vincent,
W.F., 2012, Temporal Monitoring and the Complete
Decay of Perennial Ice-cover on Canada Northernmost
Lake, Ward Hunt Island, Nunavut, International Polar
Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April 2227, 2012, (Poster).
Pienitz, R., Lemay, M., Michaud, J., Blasco, K. &
Veillette, J. (eds.), 2012, Impacts of Environmental
Change in the Canadian Coastal Arctic: A
Compendium of Research Conducted During
ArcticNet Phase I (2004-2008), Volume 2, ArcticNet
Inc., Quebec City, Canada., 256 pp.
Pope, S., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Loss
of multiyear landfast sea ice from Yelverton Bay,
Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, Arctic, Antarctic,
and Alpine Research, v.44, no.2, 210-221.
Prowse, T. Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B.,
Duguay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Vincent, W.F.,
Vuglinsky, V., and Weyhenmeyer, G., 2012, Arctic
Freshwater Ice and its Climatic Role., Ambio, v.40,
46–52.
Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B.,
Duguay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Pienitz, R.,
Vincent, W.F., Vuglinsky, V. and Weyhenmeyer, G.A.,
2012, Past and Future Changes in Arctic Lake and
River Ice, Ambio, v. 40, 53-62.
Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal,
B.R., Bowden, W.B., Duguay, C.R., Korhola, A.,
McNamara, J., Vincent, W.F., Vuglinsky, V., Walter
Anthony, K.M., and Weyhenmeyer, G.A., 2012,
Effects of Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice.,
Ambio, v..40, 63–74.
Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, A., 2012, Northern high
latitude lakes, cyanobacterial blooms and the world
water crisis, 2012 ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting.
Lake Biwa, Shiga, Japan, July 9, 2012, (Oral).
Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, A., and Vincent W.F., 2012,
The Role of Planktonic Cyanobacteria in the Food
Webs of Subarctic Freshwater Ecosystems, The
International Polar Year (IPY) 2012 Conference,
Montreal, QC, April 23, 2012, (Poster).
Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, A., and Vincent W.F., 2012,
The effects of warming and nutrient enrichment on
bloom-forming cyanobacteria in subarctic lakes,
ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver,
BC, December 12, 2012, (Oral).
Quesada, A. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Cyanobacteria
in the Cryosphere: Snow, Ice and Extreme Cold, In:
Whitton, B.A. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their
Diversity in Space and Time, 387-399.
Richer-McCallum, M., Copland, L. and Mueller, D.,
2012, A prevalence of open water at the northern coast
of Ellesmere Island, 2012 Ottawa-Carleton Student
Northern Research Symposium. University of Ottawa,
March 2, 2012, (Poster).
Richer-McCallum, M., Copland, L., and Mueller, D.,
2012, Assessment of Increasing Open Water Leads
along Northern Ellesmere Island with Satellite Imagery
and Digital Ice Charts, 33rd Canadian Symposium
on Remote Sensing. Ottawa, ON, June 11-14, 2012,
(Poster).
Richer-McCallum, M., Mueller, D., and Copland, L.,
2012, Factors contributing to the occurrence of open
water leads along the northern coast of Ellesmere
Island, Nunavut, Canada, ArcticNet 8th Annual
2012.,(Poster).
Rossi, P.-G., Laurion, I., Lovejoy, C., 2012,
Distribution and identity of Bacteria in subarctic
permafrost thaw ponds, Aquatic Microbial Ecology,
Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Marion, J., Arseneault, D.
and Bégin, Y., 2013, Evaluating the integrity of C
and O isotopic series in sub-fossil wood deposited in
boreal lakes – Required work for reconstructing long
climatic series, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology
Palaeoecology,
Sylvestre, T., Copland, L., Demuth, M.N. and Sharp,
M., 2012, Spatial patterns of snow accumulation
across Belcher Glacier, Devon Ice Cap, Journal of
25
W. Vincent
Glaciology.
Van Wychen, W., Copland, L., Gray, L., Burgess,
D., Danielson, B. and Sharp, M., 2012, Spatial
and temporal variation of ice motion and ice flux
from Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, Journal of
Glaciology, v.58, no.210, 657-664.
Veillette, J., Muir, D.C.G., Antoniades, D., Small,
J.M., Spencer, C., Loewen, T.N., Babaluk, J.A.,
Reist, J.D. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Perfluorinated
Chemicals in Meromictic Lakes on the Northern
Coast of Ellesmere Island, High Arctic Canada.,
Arctic, v.65, 245-256.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Rapid Changes in the Arctic
Ocean Ecosystem, Pre-ASLO Symposium in
Oceanography, Biwako Hall, Otsu, Japan, 5 mars
2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Data Management: Benefits and
Possibilities, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 7 janvier
2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Arctic Ecosystems, Lac
Léman and the Limnology of Global Change, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, 24
janvier 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Cyanobacteria in the Cold: Our
Blue-Green Polar Regions, National Institute of Polar
Reseach, Tokyo, 2 avril 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Data Management: Benefits and
Possibilities, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 7 janvier
2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Cyanobacterial Dominance
in Lakes and Seas: Earth’s Three Billion Years as
a “Blue-Green Planet, Pre-ASLO Symposium in
Limnology, University of Kyoto, 2 mars 2012.
Projects., Association for Polar Early Career
Scientists Workshop, IPY-Montréal, 22 avril 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Arctic Development and
Adaptation to Permafrost in Transition (ADAPT),
ADAPT workshop, IPY Montreal, 24 avril 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, The CEN Network: A Polar
Observing Network of Terrestrial Stations Across the
Eastern Canadian Subarctic and Arctic Regions, From
Knowledge to Action, IPY-Montreal, 26 avril 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Un portrait du Grand Nord
québécois, Colloque : Mobilisés pour le Nord durable,
Université Laval, Québec, 18 juin, 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Our Changing Mother Earth:
Messages from the Arctic, ASLO Public Symposium,
Otsu, Japan, 8 juillet, 2012
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Accelerated Ecosystem Change
in the Canadian Arctic, International Ecosummit:
Restoring Sustainability, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 1
octobre 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, ADAPTing to Changes in
Permafrost in Canada’s Northern Communities,
Presentation to Senior Federal Department
Representatives, Rideau Club, Ottawa, 15 October
2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Northern Lakes and Wetlands:
Diverse Freshwater Ecosystems in Canada’s FastChanging Arctic, NSERC Event for Senators,
Parliament of Canada, Ottawa, 14 October 2012.
Vincent, W.F., 2013, Aquatic Biodiversity and
Environmental Change in the Arctic, IASC Workshop
on the Forces Shaping Arctic Biodiversity, Reykjavik,
21 January 2013.
Vincent, W.F., 2012, From Lake Biwa to the Polar
Regions: Cyanobacterial Dominance in Lakes and
Seas, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, 11
avril 2012.
Vincent, W.F. and C. Vincent, 2012, Antarctic
Analogues: Microbial Ecosystems and Comparative
Biodiversity in the Canadian High Arctic, SCAR Open
Science Congress, Portland Oregon USA, 19 juillet
2012
Vincent, W.F., 2012, Managing People and Research
Vincent, W.F. and Quesada, A., 2012, Cyanobacteria
26
W. Vincent
in High Latitude Lakes, Rivers and Seas., In: Whitton,
B. A. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in
Space and Time, 371-385.
Vincent, W.F., Callaghan, T.V., Dahl-Jensen, D.,
Johansson, M., Kovacs, K.M., Michel, C., Prowse,
T., Reist, J.D. and Sharp, M., 2012, Ecological
Implications of Changes in the Arctic Cryosphere.,
Ambio, v.40, 87-99.
Vincent, W.F., Martin, D., Pienitz, R., Laurion,
I.,Muir, D. Young, K. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Freshwater
Resources in a Changing Environment, NunavikNunatsiavut Integrated Regional Impact Study, 137155.
Vincent, W.F., Pienitz, R., Laurion, I. and Walter
Anthony, K., 2013, Climate Impacts on Arctic Lakes.,
In: Goldman, C.R., Kumagai, M., Robarts, R.D. (eds).
Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland
Waters: Impacts and Mitigation for Ecosystems and
Societies,
White, A., 2012, Dynamics and Historical Changes of
the Petersen Ice Shelf and Epishelf Lakes, Nunavut,
Canada, Since 1959., MSc thesis, Department of
Geography, University of Ottawa. Co-supervised by
Dr. Luke Copland and Dr. Derek Mueller, 93 pp.
Backscatter Analysis for Determining Recent Changes
to the Petersen Bay Epishelf Lake (1992-2012), 33rd
Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. Ottawa,
ON, June 11-14, 2012, (Poster).
Woo, M.K., and Young, K.L., 2012, Canadian Arctic
Wetlands, Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs, 902914.
Young, K.L., 2012, What Killed the Caribou: A
Caribou Snow Investigation (CSI)., ArcticNet AGM,
Vancouver, B.C. Dec. 11-14, 2012, abstract.
Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A. and Miller, E.,
2012, Snow Cover and Melt Characteristics of Upland/
lowland Terrain: Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island,
Nunavut, Canada, Hydrology Research.
Zdanowicz, C., Smetny-Sowa, A., Fisher, D., Schaffer,
N., Copland, L., Eley, J. and Dupont, F., 2012,
Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island:
Past and recent trends and implications for regional
climate, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth
Surface, v.117, no.F2, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002248.
White, A., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012,
Structure and Thickness of the Petersen Ice Shelf,
Nunavut, International Polar Year: From knowledge to
action, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, (Poster).
White, A., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Physical
Characteristics of Petersen Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island:
Past and Present, 2012 Ottawa-Carleton Student
Northern Research Symposium. University of Ottawa,
March 2, 2012, (Oral).
White, A., Copland, L., and Mueller, D., 2012,
Changes to the Petersen Ice Shelf and Epishelf Lake,
Nothern Ellesmere Island, since 2005, ArcticNet 8th
10-14, 2012, (Oral).
White, A., Copland, L., and Mueller, D., 2012, SAR
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Freshwater Resources of the Eastern Canadian Arctic

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