Jakub Banasiak Wbudowane pozycje argumentowe a intensjonalna

Transkrypt

Slavia Meridionalis 10 - Summaries
Jakub Banasiak
Wbudowane pozycje argumentowe a intensjonalna zupełność propozycji
Built in argument positions and the propositions intensional ompleteness
The paper discusses issues concerning the potential influence of built in argument positions on the propositions intensional completeness. According to the chosen scientific approach the distribution of determiners is a reflex of the propositions
completeness, there seem to exist however such structures in which one of the argument positions is blocked due to being built into the predicate. The intensional value
of such positions may vary and theoretically reflect the propositions definiteness /
indefiniteness (intensional completeness). Predicates such as: търся implicate a locative argument position, which is inherently indefinite, but does not seem to reflect
the distribution of determiners.
Key words: semantic category, predicate, argument, proposition, definiteness /
indefiniteness.
Słowa kluczowe: kategoria semantyczna, predykat, argument, propozycja, określoność / nieokreśloność.
Maria Cichońska
Badania w zakresie lingwistyki tekstu
w lingwistyce chorwackiej i serbskiej
Croatian and Serbian text linguistics
This work reviews the actual state of research in the area of textual criticism.
The monographic works of Croatian and Serbian linguists were investigated in view
of the subject and the methodology being used as well as the contribution that they
make to the Slavonic and non-Slavonic text linguistics.
Included are the work dated from 1984 (the beginning of the text structure research in different styles of language), till the last publication in 2008.
They show multidirectional approaches that were taken in studies, varing from
the strictly grammatical analysis of the text that were typical to Croatian linguists,
up to the more interdisciplinary ones – psycholinguistic and pragmatic present in
the analysis of colloquial discurs in works of Serbian linguists.
Key words: text linguistics, text grammar, Croatian language, Serbian language.
Słowa kluczowe: lingwistyka tekstu, gramatyka tekstu, język chorwacki, język
serbski.
Maciej Czerwiński
Życie znaków w sieci kodów – czyli o semiotycznie zorientowanych
badaniach dyskursu i stylu (na przykładzie znaku „naród chorwacki”)
A life of signs in the network of codes.
On semiotically-oriented studies of discourse and style
(an analysis of the sign “Croatian nation”)
In the article a semiotic theory of style and discourse is developed. According
to some author’s previous research and theories by Bakhtin, Eco and Uspienski, the
idea of overlapping of signs and codes is discussed. The sign-vehicle “Croatian nation” is taken into consideration in various contexts and various interlocutors (from
Croatian literature, press and scholarly books). The result of such an investigation is
aimed to empirically prove to what extent usual semantic interpretation deprives the
whole meaning of texts.
Key words: a semiotic theory of style and discourse, signs and codes, semiosis in
language and culture, sign “Croatian nation”.
Słowa kluczowe: semiotyczna teoria stylu i dyskursu, znaki i kody, semioza w systemie języka i kultury, znak „naród chorwacki”.
Karolina Dargiel
Sylaba w gwarze Moravy e Epërme
Syllable pattern in Morava e Epërme local dialect of Albanian
This article summarizes the first part of a research on syllable pattern in Kosovo dialects. It attempts to answer the question, whether Kosovo dialects have
onepeak syllable pattern, twopeak syllable pattern or maybe some other type. Facing many theories about the syllabic unit, that have been created until now, for our
study we choose the sonority theory, which is a very comfortable model for formulating distributional rules of speech sounds.
Standard Albanian language is untypical against other European languages.
This is due to the fact that it tolerates twopeak homorganic consonant clusters [NO]
in word initial position (mb, mp, nd, ŋg, nʣ, ɲɟ). Twopeak clusters in word final position are not accepted; consonants are always separated by vowel [ә]. What we observe in Standard Albanian is rather onepeak syllable pattern, where the hierarchy
of sonority in the syllable is obeyed, but the least sonorous nasal sonorants should
be classified to the distributional group of obstruents. And how does it look like in
other Albanian dialects?
For our study we have chosen several Kosovo dialects, which seem the most
relevant for the examined problems. In this article I deal with the local dialect of
Morava e Epërme, where I have studied the following issues:
– [SO] initial clusters (including clusters with liquids l and rr),
– *[OS] final clusters,
– Clusters [OSO] with an interobstruental sonorant,
– Consonantal proclitics on strong morphological borders (t’, m’, n’, s’),
– Occurences of vowel [ә]. Does it have phoneme status in this local diAlect?
– Can sonorants and obstruents be syllabic?
Our study has proved, that [NO] initial clusters have tendency for reduction:
[mbyt], [ŋuʃt] instead of [mbyt], [ŋguʃt, whereas sporadic occurence of the twopeak
initial clusters lO, rrO is phonetically conditioned (it means that this form occurs
only after vowels [m‿ka‿ʎʃu:], [mu‿Rʣu:]).
Final *[OS] clusters in Morava e Epërme, as in the standard Albanian, are completely extinct (they are usually split by vowel [ә]: [vetәm ktu], [natәn], [θupәr]). The
same referes to the clusters [OSO], which usually occur with the syllabic sonorant or
inserted vowel schwa [ә].
Dialect of Morava e Epërme tolerates syllabic sonorants and in some contexts
also syllabic obstruents.
The vowel [ә] appears very often, but never in unmotivated position. Therefore
we can conclude that this sound does not have the phoneme status in this dialect.
Dialect of Morava e Epërme neither has the typical onepeak syllable pattern (it
tolerates twopeak initial clusters), nor it has a twopeak syllable model (it does not tolerate twopeak final clusters). This local dialect can be classified, the same as standard
Albanian, as a one with onepeak syllable pattern, where, however, nasal sonorants
should be distributionally classified as obstruents (and not as sonorants).
Key words: syllable pattern, Albanian, Kosovo dialects, homorganic clusters, vowel
schwa.
Słowa kluczowe: model sylaby, język albański, dialekty Kosowa, grupy homorganiczne, samogłoska szwa.
Natalia Długosz
Composita wewnątrzwspólnotowe – wyrazy złożone z cząstką евро
w języku bułgarskim
Intracommunitary compositas – compounds with евро particle
in Bulgarian
From the observation of a contemporary Bulgarian word formation system results that the number of compounds which significant part is developed basing on
new productive models is constantly increasing. Therefore the subject of this article
constitute Bulgarian compounds with a disintegrated particle евро that are thematically connected with the process of European Integration. I begin the analysis from
the description of compositas’ word formation construction. Then I go to semantic
dissertation (I make an attempt to classify all mentioned structures thematically
and I create a dictionary definition of the евро particle) and on to stylistic ones (I
pay special attention to the functioning of the discussed units both in a text, and in
a lexical system).
Key words: word formation of a Bulgarian language, compounds with a particle
евро.
Słowa kluczowe: słowotwórstwo języka bułgarskiego, wyrazy złożone z cząstką
евро-.
Jacek Duda
Kibice, polityka, wojna – wydarzenia na stadionie Maksimir w Zagrzebiu
w relacjach prasy jugosłowiańskiej
Fans, politics and war – the events on the Maksimir stadium in Zagreb
seen by the Yugoslavian newspapers
The article is the analysis of the press coverage of the incidents before the football match between Dinamo Zagreb and Crvena Zvezda Belgrade on May 13th, 1990.
It emphasizes the significant outburst of the Serbian and Croatian nationalism in the
newspapers after the events. According to many, this was considered one of the crucial moments when the façade of official “brotherhood and unity” ideology started
to erode leading to the collapse of Yugoslavia. This analysis focuses on language
characteristics of the press articles as well as on the social context and impact of the
events themselves and the discussion about them.
Key words: press, language, Serbia, Croatia, Yugoslavia, politics, football.
Słowa kluczowe: prasa, język, Serbia, Chorwacja, Jugosławia, polityka, piłka
nożna.
Marcin Grygiel
Kwantyfikacyjne i egzystencjalne wykładniki afirmacji na przykładzie
języka serbskiego
Quantifiers and existentials as markers of affirmation in Serbian
In the paper I argue that quantifiers understood as numerical language expressions and the verb ‘to be’ are used to express and intensify affirmation in Serbian and
other Slavic languages. I focus on two types of quantifiers: the universal quantifier,
represented in Serbian by the lexeme svi and its derivatives, and the existential quantifier associated with the numeral jedan and the verb ‘to be’. Both types of quantifiers
in analyzed contexts acquire secondary functions of affirmation markers. However,
the scope of this type of affirmation marking is quite limited as very often the same
words may be used in negative contexts. As a consequence, it is impossible to describe this function referring to any strict logical rules, but it is better to regard it as
a metaphorical extension. Thus, the use of universal quantifier as a marker or intensifier of affirmation is believed to be best described as being based on the conceptual
metaphor AFFIRMATION IS COMPLETENESS and the intensification of affirmation in the case of existential quantifier and the verb ‘to be’ relies on the metaphor
AFFIRMATION IS EXISTENCE.
Key words: quantifiers, existentials, affirmation, negation, conceptual metaphor,
grammaticalization, embodied meaning.
Słowa kluczowe: kwantyfikatory, wykładniki egzystencjalne, afirmacja, negacja,
metafora konceptualna, gramatykalizacja, znaczenie ucieleśnione.
Милка Ивић
О информативном потенцијалу просте реченице
On the informational capacity of a noncomplex sentence structure
This study aims to complement the theoretical and descriptive literature on the
problem concerning the amount of information that can be packeged within a single
noncomplex sentence structure. The author points to various circumstances which
provoque the rising of its informational capacity.
Key words: syntax, Serbian language, single noncomplex sentence, implicature.
Słowa kluczowe: składnia, język serbski, zdanie proste, implikatura.
Artur Karasiński
Albańskie odczasownikowe derywaty przymiotnikowe
Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs
The aim of this article is the analysis of the Albanian adjective derivatives which
are derived from verbs. The main assumption made by the author is the existence of
structural isomorphism (parallelism in language elements system in which structuring of one level parallels or is made to parallel that of another) between the structure of the derivative and the structure of the sentence. The proposed model of the
analysis is directed from content to form. All examined adjective derivatives derived
from verbs are being analyzed with their noun context which displays their semantic
structure. Nominal phrases containing adjective derivatives are interpreted as the
representation of predicateargument structures. The kind of relation between defined noun and derivational base of the adjective is a criterion of the division of Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs. These main types of relations are:
1. relation in which the base of an adjective represents basic predicate;
2. relation in which the base of an adjective represents additional predicate.
Classes which are the results of the main division are the subject to detailed
description.
Key words: Albanian language, word formation (derivation), adjective derivatives,
adjective derived from verbs, argument categories, predicate categories.
Słowa kluczowe: język albański, słowotwórstwo przymiotników, derywat odczasownikowy, kategoria argumentowa, kategoria predykatowa.
Małgorzata Korytkowska
Odmianki znaczeniowe czasowników w opisie semantyczno
syntaktycznym i w praktyce leksykograficznej
(na przykładzie języka bułgarskiego)
The exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness
and a certain type of expressive expressions in Bulgarian and Polish
The paper focuses on the functions of the pronoun exponents of the semantic
category of definiteness / indefiniteness in Bulgarian examples of the following type:
Свършихме я. Тънко я преда. Свърши се вашата., etc. Their reference to sentences
such as Свършихме я тази работа. allows interpreting the function of the phrase
as thematic. This type of sentences was confronted with examples such as Тя му я
изтърси една… И ти ми ги говориш едни… The features of intonation and the semantic features of the double object phrase indicate its rhematic nature. Specific formal traits of such sentences, including the usage of the exponents of the category of
definiteness / indefiniteness, are related with their expressive markedness.
Key words: semantics, syntax, lexicography, homonymy, dictionary entry, Bulgarian language.
Słowa kluczowe: semantyka, składnia, leksykografia, homonimia, artykuł słownikowy, język bułgarski.
Violetta Koseska Toszewa
Wielotomowa gramatyka konfrontatywna
języka bułgarskiego i polskiego
Multi-volume Polish-Bulgarian Confrontative Grammar
PolishBulgarian Confrontative Grammar (GKBP) is the first and so far the only
expanded attempt to make the semantic confrontation with the gradually developed
interlanguage. GKBP consists of 9 volumes which were published in 12 volumen. It
was decided to arrange the description of Polish-Bulgarian confrontative grammar
in the direction from the contents to the form. The semantic interlanguage enabled
the emergence of two equivalent grammars: the grammar of the modern Bulgarian
language and the grammar of the modern Polish language. The analysis of semantic
categories, which was applied in GKBP, ensures the coherent confrontative description, irrespective of whether the described languages have grammatical exponent
of meanings or not. GKBP falls into the stream of modern theoretical confrontative
research based on the logical theory of quantification, on the modern theory of processes titled „Petri nets”, and on the theory of logical predicate-argument structures.
Our research removes the exact division into grammatical and lexical levels, thanks
to which our research has introduced a lot of new observations of the examined phenomena. Universal semantic linguistic categories such as the time, the modality, the
definiteness / the indefiniteness and the semantic case – which are essential for the
language description, but have not yet been examined and have not been sufficiently
described in the academic grammars of the Polish and Bulgarian languages – have
been selected. The sequence of description in this synthesis was established not on
the basis of order of developed volumes of GKBP, but on the basis of the generally accepted order of elements of the semantic structure of the sentence. The most external
in the semantic structure of the sentence is its modal characteristics. Thereafter, the
time, quantifiers and their order in the semantic structure of the sentence as well as
the predicate-argument items are placed. Therefore, it is not an abbreviated summary of the issues analyzed in GKBP volumes. It is the description of selected semantic
categories organized in accordance with the semantic order of the semantic structure of the Polish and Bulgarian sentences.
Key words: Bulgarian language, Polish language, confrontative grammar, tertium
comparationis, semantics, interlanguage.
Słowa kluczowe: język bułgarski, język polski, gramatyka konfrontatywna, tertium
comprationis, semantyka, język pośrednik.
Barbara Kryżan-Stanojević
Synonim – pojęcie zapomniane. O dżokeryzacji współczesnego języka
Forgetting synonyms: on the “jokerization” of everyday language
The democratization of social relations can bring about linguistic liberalization,
where the effectiveness and speed of transmitting information are of utmost importance. Wherever possible, information is presented in a condensed form, as an icon
or a gesture. When speaking, we increasingly rely on a limited vocabulary, using
very polysemous and broad terms. Such terms undergo jokerization – they begin
functioning as wild cards in a card game, being able to represent any other cards depending on the current needs (Kryżan-Stanojević 1998).
In addition to internationalisms, which appear as jokers as a matter of course
(e.g. Polish super ‘great’ and ekstra ‘great’), native words may also be used as jokers.
In this case, in addition to their core meaning, they develop a new joker meaning
signaled by new formal features, such as loss of inflections (cf. Croatian mrak lit.
‘dark’, joker ‘great’; guba lit. ‘leprosy’, joker ‘great’). When used in this way, they may
form new derivational chains, becoming, in a way, less universal and resisting analytic tendencies. By the same token, derivational morphemes may also acquire joker
meanings (e.g. the Croatian naj-; Kryżan-Stanojević 2008a).
Jokerization, which is based on replacing a synonym chain with a single allencompassing word, does not prevent communication, but does impoverish it. It is
an intermediate stage between verbal and non-verbal communication. This process,
common in spoken language, is examined, and illustrations are drawn from computer blogs and forums.
Key words: innovation, joker word, synonym chains, derivation, Polish, Croatian.
Słowa kluczowe: innowacja, słowo-dżoker, ciągi synonimiczne, derywacja, język
polski, język chorwacki.
Tomasz Kwoka
Dzieje i pochodzenie zapożyczeń słownictwa z zakresu życia społecznego
w Serbii i Czarnogórze do początku XX wieku
History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary
of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th century
The article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed
the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and
encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till
the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political,
military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members, officers
as well as administration units have been included in the social vocabulary. Except
the example of ways such borrowings were included into the Serbian language the
article also presents history and politics background and socio-cultural conditioning in which the contacts and inter-language meetings took place. Some medieval
borrowings from roman languages (Latin, Dalmatian dialects, and then Romanian)
and GreekByzantine, and Turkish have been presented. We have tried to describe a
wide stream of Turkish influence (with limited Italian and Albanian influence. Later
periods were characterized by: German, Hungarian, Russian and later French. The
work constitutes sort of supplement to the article of P. Ivić (Domaći i strani elementi
u terminologiјi društvenog, ekonomskog i pravnog života u srednjovekovnoј Srbiјi
as well as Razvoј terminologiјe u јeziku srednjovekovnikh Srba) which describe the
influence of examined lexemes on social lexis, the ways of their adaptation and geography in the Serbian language area including especially history as well as socio
political background.
Key words: Serbian language, history of Serbian language, social vocabulary, language borrowings
Słowa kluczowe: język serbski, historia języka serbskiego, słownictwo społeczne,
zapożyczenia
Соња Миленковска
Линеаризација на именските синтаг¬ми во простата реченица на
македонскиот јазик наспрема останатите словенски јазици
(теорија и методи на опис)
Linearization of NP in simple sentences in Macedonian compared with
other Slavic languages
This article focuses on the possible marked variants of the unmarked word order
SVO (Subject, Verb, Object) in simple sentences in Macedonian (as an analytic language)
compared with simple sentences in the predominant part of the Slavic languages (with
synthetic declension).
It also presents theories used as a basis for the analysis of the order of sentence
components (represented by NPs), as well as methods applied in course of the collection and analysis of the relevant examples.
Key words: word order, simple sentence, Macedonian language, Slavic languages,
theories, methods.
Słowa kluczowe: porządek słów, zdanie proste, język macedoński, języki słowiańskie, teorie, metody.
Jerzy Molas
Strelica je pogodila grješnika – o pewnym problemie pisowni chorwackiej
w świetle danych komputerowego korpusu języka
Strelica je pogodila grješnika – a certain issue of the Croatian
orthography in light of the Croatian National Corpus data
Based on the Croatian National Corpus data the author presents inconsistencies
in the spelling rules regarding words like str(j)elica, gr(j)ešnik which are described
in Croatian orthographic dictionaries. The paper addresses also the discrepancies
between orthographic norm and how it is reflected in the real Croatian texts, as well
as the ideological reasons for these differences.
Key words: Croatian language, orthography, corpus linguistics.
Słowa kluczowe: język chorwacki, ortografia, lingwistyka korpusowa.
Nives Opačić
Jezični imperijalizam i politička korektnost
Language imperialism and political correctness
In the times of general globalization, in its part that considers languages, especially the so-called small languages, we can talk not only about an uncontrolled
inroad of mainly English words into all walks of life within a society, but also about
elements of linguistic imperialism.
That imperialism has come about through technology, not by arms and blazing swords, as was mostly the case in history. In addition, the USA – the exporting country of the above mentioned language-imperialistic phenomena around the
world, is considered to be the cradle of the much advocated political correctness,
which should include basic human rights, one of which is undoubtedly the right to
a proper name.
It could be argued whether this right is always respected: I will show some examples of proper names of immigrants who had to/wanted to renounce their names
in order to be Americanized (‘’cooked in the American melting pot’’). Thus, the Croatian Krešo became Chris, Eva is spelled Eve on the other side of the pond (pronounced /I:v/), and in the global (American) news Michael Stich, a German, is pronounced /majkl stits/, and so on.
I will also provide an example of political correctness which is not far from
sheer stupidity.
Political correctness itself changes with time, which will be illustrated by the
Croatian example Ciganin – Rom (Gipsy – Roma(ny)).
Key words: Croatian language, linguistic imperialism, globalization, political
correctness.
Słowa kluczowe: język chorwacki, imperializm językowy, globalizacja, poprawność
polityczna.
Ангелина Панчевска
Заменките во словенски и балкански контекст
Pronouns in Slavic and Balkan context
This paper will present the approach of elaboration of the pronouns as a word
class. The method of collecting the corpus of examples will also be taken into consideration because the subject of interest are the pronouns in different language situations. The method of elaboration of that material will be examined, too. The pronominal system in the Macedonian language is put in correlation with the other Slavic as
well as Balkan languages for better understanding of its contemporary situation.
Key words: pronouns, Macedonian language, Slavic languages, Balkan languages.
Słowa kluczowe: zaimki, język macedoński, języki słowiańskie, języki bałkańskie.
Neda Pintarić
Określenia mężczyzny w żargonie zagrzebskim
Man in Argot of Zagreb
The paper deals with the pragmasemantic classification of 879 masculin noun
pragmems in Zagrebian argot. The author compares those pragmatic units by using
formal, semantic and pragmatic criteria of classification.
Key words: argot, pragmatics, semantics, grammar, linguistic world of man.
Słowa kluczowe: żargon, pragmatyka językowa, semantyka, gramatyka, językowy
obraz mężczyzny.
Darija Skubic
Jezikovno in nejezikovno izražanje v pedagoškem pristopu Reggio Emilia
Language and non-language expression in Reggio Emilia pedagogical
approach
In the first part of the article the author describes the importance of language
awareness and non-language expression in the pre-school period. The author points
out the importance of the usage of all the senses (visual, aural, kinethestic etc.),
space and time, and picture images in all 100 languages which are not current only
in Reggio Emilia pedagogical approach but also successfully implemented in the Slovenian Preschool Curriculum.
All these elements are part of communicative skills (i.e. speaking, listening,
writing and reading) and are prerequisites for developing themes (describing, narrating, explaining, argumenting).
In addition, the author mentions questioning strategies as one of the most important factors in developing children’s thaughts. She continues with the Slovene
language as a second/foreign language which has become an unavoidable and valuable constant in our globally influenced life. The above mentioned elements have
been included in the research study which are discussed in the second part of the
article.
In the conclusion the author discusses the research findings and some other
considerations which may lead to the further research and are derived from the existing knowledge and the current cognition.
Key words: Reggio Emilia, pedagogical approach, language and non-language
strategies, Slovene as a second/foreign language.
Słowa kluczowe: Reggio Emilia, pedagogika, strategie językowe i pozajęzykowe,
język słoweński jako obcy/drugi.
Zuzanna Topolińska
Patrząc przez cudze okulary (infinitivus ~ subiunctivus)
Infinitivus ~ subiunctivus
The author proposes a new terminological regulation. She sees the infinitive as a
positional variant of the subjunctive. Such a solution allows an objective contrastive
analysis of systems with a different zone of use of these two constructions.
Key words: infinitive, subjunctive, Balkan languages.
Słowa kluczowe: infinitivus, subiunctivus, języki bałkańskie.
Zuzanna Topolińska
Konfrontacja vs typologia
Linguistic Confrontation vs Linguistic Typology
Linguistic confrontation – it seems – belongs to the larger field of linguistic
typology. Linguistic confrontation supplies to linguistic typology richer and better
documented data than those found in the descriptive grammars of particular languages. Linguistic confrontation requires from the researcher thorough knowledge
of the confronted linguistic codes, while in case of typology these requirements are
– unfortunately – not so thorough... In my paper I have formulated some remarks on
the contribution of the confrontative analyses to the process of up-dating and deepening our knowledge on typological differentiation of Slavic languages.
Key words: linguistic typology, linguistic confrontation, Slavic languages.
Słowa kluczowe: konfrontacja, typologia, języki słowiańskie.

Jakub Banasiak Wbudowane pozycje argumentowe a intensjonalna

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