Article

POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
(Pol. J. Ecol.)
60
4
855–587
2012
Research Note
Stanislaw RAKUSA-SUSZCZEWSKI
02–535 Warsaw, Poland, Łowicka 51 m 55; e-mail: [email protected]
HOW OLD POLAR EXPEDITIONS DISTRIBUTED SPECIES
IN THE PACIFIC BASIN?
ABSTRACT: Introductions of new species by
polar expeditions to Antarctica, and to the Arctic,
had started by the turn of 19th century, with old
polar expedition of Cook, Lisianskij, Bellingshausen, Kotzebue. Place and species were listed.
KEY WORDS: Pacific islands, introduced
species
“Aliens in Antarctica” was an IPY project conducted during 2007–2008. This was
the first project to provide a comprehensive
insight into the extent of propagules (e.g.,
spores, seeds, eggs) unintentionally imported
by persons entering a new region (either for
scientific reasons, or as tourists). New species are now evident in areas they have not
previously been seen. For example, the grass,
Poa sp., has been growing for several years
at Henryk Arctowski station (King George
Is.), while green peas accidentally scattered
during ship unloading operations germinated on the beach on 26th February 1998
(R akus a-Suszcze wsk i 2003). Propagule
dispersal also occurs naturally; 17 species
of birds observed at Arctowski station have
been of foreign origin, and arrived sporadically, while only 13 species breed in the area
(Anony mous 2002). Genetic analysis en-
journal 32.indb 855
ables the origin of some introduced species
to be determined, e.g., as in the case of Poa
sp. (C hwe d or z e w sk a 2008). Unintentional
introductions of new species by polar expeditions to Antarctica, and to the Arctic, had
started by the turn of 19th century, with Forste r 1777 (1772–1775), L is i ansk ij 2008
(1803–1806), Kot z ebu e 1821 (1815–1826),
and B el l i ng shaus e n 1831 (1819–1821).
Conversely, intentionally introduced species
in the Pacific islands include radish, turnip,
rooted turnip, cabbage, carrot, onion, parsley, pea, bean, potato, water melon, pumpkin, wheat, broad bean, taro, yam, and animals such as boar, chicken, goats, and sheep.
Some, such as potatoes in New Zealand, have
adapted very easily adapted to their new environment (T homs on 1922). If the species
introduced to Pacific islands about 200 years
ago have survived, they may be of interest for
comparison with species still in their native
sites; they may also provide a valuable ‘store’
of genetic material long since lost by commercial varieties.
G. Forster, 1772 (Furneaux), Cannibal
Bay, South New Zealand: pigs.
G. Forster, 1772 (Ship Cove), Queen
Charlotte Sound Hippah Rock, Motu-Aro
New Zealand: radish, turnip, cabbage onion,
2012-12-14 08:26:46
856
Stanislaw Rakusa-Suszczewski
carrot, parsley, pea and bean - eaten by rats,
potatoes.
G. Forster, 1772, Bay of Grass, Goobaia,
New Zealand: 2 goats - eaten by aborigines.
Cook, March-May 1773, Dusky Sound,
New Zealand: geese (from Cape of Good
Hope).
G. Forster, 22nd Nov 1773, East Bay, South
New Zealand: two sows and one boar.
G. Forster, Oct-Nov 1773, Cook Passage,
Terra-witee bay, New Zealand: 2 pairs of
chickens.
G. Forster, April 1774, (Furneaux), Tahiti:
one goat.
G. Forster, July-Aug 1774, Malikolo: 2
dogs from Society Island.
G. Forster, July-Aug 1774, Balabeea Is.,
New Caledonia: 2 pigs.
I.F. Lisianskij, 11th May 1804, Taiohae
Markiz: pair of chickens.
I.F. Lisianskij, 12–14 May 1804, NukuHivy: duck and drake.
I.F. Lisianskij, 16 May 1804, Nuku-Hivy:
many European seeds.
I.F. Lisianskij, 1804, Kodiak Alaska info.
Cultivate potatoes, radish, turnip, turniprooted, cabbage, garlic, barley, after Russians
arrived (1750–1800): chickens, goats, pigs.
I.F. Lisianski, 23rd June 1804, Novoarchangielsk (Sitka) cultivate turnips, cabbage,
lettuce, cows, 3 bulls, 2 calves, sheep, 3 goats
(from California), many pigs and chickens.
O. Kotzebue, 7th Jan 1817, Ratak Chain,
Marshall Atoll, Rumiancev Iss. Kozi Is.: 6
goats (one goat died), cock, hen, different
seeds, water melon and yam.
O. Kotzebue, Andrue Waltera before
1817, 3°48’N,159°15’W, Fanning Is. Polynesia: 2 goats.
O. Kotzebue, 22–26 Jan 1817, Otdia Is.
9º28’9’’N, 170º16’15’’W: water melon, pumpkin, wheat, bean, pea, yam, lemon tree seeds,
cock, hen, two pigs.
O. Kotzebue, 18 Aug 1817: plant and animals. He wanted to transport from Sandwich
to Radak.
O. Kotzebue, 1st Nov 1817, Otdii Is.- Radak: orange trees, grape, potatoes, taro, yam,
seeds of water melon, 3 cats, 5 goats, 3 chicken (all from Hawaii).
O. Kotzebue, 2–3Nov 1817, Ormed Is.:
few pigs and dogs. Beginning of agriculture
and protection by local people.
journal 32.indb 856
F.G.T von Bellingshausen 3rd June 1820,
Queen Charlotte Sound: confirmation of potatoes growing, given by J. Cook 47 years ago.
He gave to local people: turnip, carrot, pea,
broad bean, pumpkin.
F.G.T von Bellingshausen, 8th Aug 1820,
Rakahanga Is. Cook Archipelag: 2 chickens.
F.G.T von Bellingshausen, 22nd Aug 1820,.
Tongatapu, Tonga: orange seeds.
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Received after revision August 2012
journal 32.indb 857
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