ATMOSPHERE AS A SOURCE OF TRACE METALS INPUT TO THE

ATMOSPHERE AS A SOURCE OF TRACE METALS INPUT TO THE

O c e a n o lo g y N o . 12 (1980)
P L IS S N 9078-3234
ANNA BRZEZIŃSKA
CZESŁAW GARBALEWSKI
In sty tu t of M eteorology and W ater M enagem ent
M aritim e B ranch — Gdynia
ATMOSPHERE AS A SOURCE OF TRACE METALS INPUT TO
THE GDAŃSK BASIN *
C o n t e n t s : 1. Introduction, 2. M aterials and method, 3. Clim atic conditions in
the Gulf of G dańsk, 4. Trace m etals in the air, 5. Trace m etals in precipitation
and dry fallout, 6. The input of trace m etals from the atm osphere into the sea;
Streszczenie; References.
1. IN T R O D U C T IO N
The importance of the atmosphere as a source of trace m etals for
the aquatic environm ent is not generally appreciated. Only in recent
years have papers appeared which take into account the atmosphere
in the budget of trace m etals [7, 22, 23, 26],
This study aimed to determ ine the content of cadmium, copper,
m ercury, lead and zinc in aerosols and flu xes of these m etals in atm os­
pheric precipitation and in dry fallout. The results helped to estim ate
the average annual discharges of these m etals into the Gulf of Gdansk
and the Gdańsk Basin.
2. M A TE R IA L S A N D M ETH OD
Sam ples of aerosols of precipitation and dry fallout w ere collected
at the m eteorological stations in Gdynia and on the Hel peninsula, also
at sea during research cruises from January 1975 to October 1976. Sam ­
pling was carried out according to the recommendations of the World
Meteorological Organization [24] and the designation of the sam ples for
the determ ination of trace m etals. The sam ples of rainfall were preser­
ved by m eans of nitric acid. Air and dry fallout samples collected on
filters w ere acid digested before analyses. Flam eless atomic absorption
was used for all the determinations. Total m ercury and its inorganic
*
This study was for the m ost p art supported by U.S. E nvirom ental Protection
Agency. P roject No. P.R. 05.532.13.
forms w ere determ ined by cold vapour technique [18], The content of
organic m ercury compounds was obtained from the difference betw een
the above two results. Cadmium, copper lead and zinc w ere determined
using electrotherm al atomization [5, 16, 25]. M easurements w ere made on
a Beckman 1272 atomic absorption spectrophotom eter equipped with
a graphite furnace and deuterium backgroud corrector. The optimum
instrum ent conditions were set previously for river waters [1].
The m ethods w ere calibrated w ith a series of inorganic standard
solutions; such working solutions w ere diluted w ith rain water. So far,
no reference m aterials are available for air and atmospheric dry fallout,
therefore it w as difficult to define system atic error of the method. It
was also im possible to establish the accuracy of the w hole analytical
process covering sampling, their storage and the determ inations, as both
the physicochem ical properties of the sam ples and the m etal contents
varied w idely. The precision of spectrophotometric m easurem ents ranged
from 2 to 20% depending on the m etal and the concentration. The de­
tection lim its for the Beckman 1272 atomic absorption spectrophotom eter
are as follow s: 0,2 ng Cd, 10 ng Cu, 2 ng Hg, 5 ng Pb, and 0.2 ng Zn.
3. CLIM ATIC C O N D IT IO N S IN T H E G U L F OF G D A Ń S K
During the research period weather conditions at the two stations
w ere very sim ilar (Figs. 1 and 2). Northerly and w esterly winds w ere
predominant at Hel, w h ile at Gdynia they blew from W, NW and
N [15], The analysis of clim atic conditions over the period 1951— 1975
[14] showed that at both stations winds from W, NW, SW and S domi­
nated. The only difference w as due to the fact that during the research
period the northerly component was predominant, w h ile from 1951—
— 1975, the southerly component was more frequently observed.
The average m onthly wind velocities w ere also alm ost the same.
The average annual wind velocity m easured over m any years was
4.5 m • s_1 at H el and 4.3 m • s-1 at Gdynia [14],
There w as less precipitation than normal during 1975 and 1976
which belonged to the warm years. N evertheless, the clim atic conditions
at this tim e did not substantially deviate from the normal conditions
of the research area. The geografical situation of Gdynia favours forced
convection and convergence of air m asses, which cause strong winds
of varying circulation. Sim ilarly strong winds, though of a different
origin from those in Gdynia blow over open spaces of Hel. Considerable
m ixing of air m asses takes place over the Gulf of Gdańsk and this is
w hy the trace m etals content in the atmosphere at Hel is sim ilar to
that at Gdynia. Both can be .used to calculate the discharge of m etals
from the atmosphere to the sea in the coastal zone.
ATMOSPHERIC METALS INPUT IN GDANSK BASIN
7375
1376
7975
45
7976
Fig. 1. M eteorological conditions at
Hel: (a) to tal w et precipitation, (b)
m onthly m ean w ind velocity, (c) fre ­
quency (%) of w ind directions, (d)
frequency (%) of calm periods
Fig. 2. Meteorological conditions at
Gdynia: (a) to tal w et precipitation,
(b) m onthly m ean w ind velocity, (c)
frequency (%) of w ind directions, (d)
frequency (%) of calm periods
Rye. 1. W arunki m eteorologiczne na
Helu: sum a opadów atm osferycznych
(a), średnia m iesięczna prędkość w ia­
tru (b), częstość (%) w ystępow ania
kierunków w iatru (c), częstość (%)
w ystępow ania ciszy (d)
Rye. 2. W arunki meteorologiczne w
Gdyni: sum a opadów atm osferycz­
nych (a), średnia m iesięczna prędkość
w iatru (b), częstość (%) w ystępow ania
kierunków w iatru (c), częstość (%)
w ystępow ania ciszy (d)
4. T R A C E M E TA L S IN TH E A IR
The trace m etal content in the air is a characteristic feature of the
degree of pollution of the environm ent. Having compared selected data
on trace m etals in the air, it m ay be concluded that the trace m etals
contents in the atmosphere above the Gdańsk Basin (Table 1) are sim ilar
to those found over the North Atlantic and in nonindustrialized parts
of the land (Table 2).
Table 1
Tabela 1
Tracę m etal contents in the atm osphere
Średnie stężenia m etali śladowych w atm osferze
AIR
POWIETRZE
Sam pling area
Rejon poboru
prób
No. of
sam ples
N r próby
Gdynia
Hel
G dańsk Basin
46
41
lag •m—3
21
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
Zn
0.09
0.06
0.07
0.18
0.04
0.17
0.02
0.02
1.50
0.87
1.41
0.03
0.01
0.02
0,02
PRECIPITATION
OPADY ATMOSFERYCZNE
Sam pling area
Rejon poboru
prób
Gdynia
Hel
G dańsk Basin
Sam pling
period
Okres
h
14 416
13 392
1 362
H,g • m—2 h -1
Rain
Deszcz
mm
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
Zn
661
657
41
0.40
0.20
0.07
2.33
2.35
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.36
5.01
4.22
1.76
1.50
1.46
0.59
DRY FALLOUT
SUCHY OSAD
Sam pling area
Rejon poboru
prób
Gdynia
Hel
G dańsk Basin
Sam pling
period
Okres
h
3 780
3 965
294
ji,g • m—2 h~ i
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
Zn
0.69
0.60
0.09
1.23
1.35
0.22
1.31
2.50
0.07
2.64
2.84
0.63
0.67
0.61
0.38
Lead is the exeption. Its higher concentration requires further study,
prim arily of a m ethodological character. At present increasing interest
is being shown in organic lead compounds in the atmosphere. In papers
dealing w ith this problem [5, 9], the proportion of organic lead com­
pounds in the air is said to amount betw een 10 and 20% of the total
lead concentration.
The aerosol component constitutes the original source of m etals
in the atmosphere. They are then washed out b y precipitation and sorbed
Table 2
Tabela 2
Ranges and m ean concentrations of tracę m etals in the near surface layer
of th e atm osphere
Porów nanie zakresów i średnich stężeń m etali w przyziem nej w arstw ie
atm osfery
A rea
Rejon
G dańsk Basin
New York
Bight, wind
NW-NE
New York
Bight, wind
NE-SE
N orthern
A tlantic
Gdynia
Towns in
C entral
Poland
Zn
Source lit.
Źródło
bibl.
1.4
0.02
Table 1
1.4
0.20
0.057
[7]
0.052
0.044
0.032
[7]
0.1—64
0—27
1.5
0.03
^g • m—3
Cd
Cu
Hg
0.074
0.17
0.08
0.03—0.62
0.12—10
0.086
0.18
)*
>
0.023
Pb
0.002—0.05
[5]
Towns of the
European
Com m unity
— villages
— small tow ns
— big cities
— traffic
centres
5—10
Towns in
G reat B ritain
0.4—7.4
0.5
1
2
Belgium
USA Tuxcon
and Arizona
districts
New York City
5.8
Chicago
0.005—0.08
Japan: rise
fields
towns
A ustralia
uninhabited
areas
tow ns
[10]
[10]
0.008
0.003
[6]
Table 1
0.025
P]
0.082—1.15
0.03
[3]
0.001—0.014
0.003—0.039
1.4
310
[7, 17]
[9, 17]
10
15
0.01—2.74
[9, 10]
0.2—0.4
0.5—9.5
[16]
7
by the dry fallout. Under the clim atic conditions of the G ulf of Gdańsk,
w here the total precipitation is quite high, m etals are w ashed out to
a very large extent. The enrichm ent coefficients of rain w ater in m etals
w ith respect to the air calculated on the basis of concentrations given
in units of volum e (Table 3), fall w ithin the range 104 — 106. In order
to calculate these values for dry fallout, it is essential to know the
exact mass of aerosols and dry fallout, and the height of the m ixing
layer. Studies taking into account the variability of this parameter have
been the subject of a number of papers in w hich attem pts have been
made to estim ate the rate of m etal exchange betw een the atmosphere
and the sea in the Gulf at Gdańsk [11— 13].
Table 3
Tabela 3
Trace m etal enrichm ent coefficients in rain fall versus aerosols
W spółczynniki wzbogacania w ody deszczowej w m etale w stosunku
do ich zaw artości w aerozolu atm osferycznym
A rea
Rejon
Gdynia
Hel
G dańsk Basin
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
Zn
1.6 . 10«
6.6 . 10-*
4.5 • 10*
2.4 • 105
1.2 • 106
1.1 • 105
3.2 • 105
1.3 • 10«
3.4 • 10«
1.2 . 105
1.6 • 105
4.9 • 105
1.1 • 105
1.5 • 10«
1.6 . 10«
When calculating input of m etals from the atmosphere to the sea
the aerosol component has been m ostly covered by rainfall and dry
fallout.
5. T R A C E M E T A L S IN P R E C IP IT A T IO N A N D D R Y F A L L O U T
System atic studies of trace m etals in rainfall and dry fallout have
been described in a number of papers, in which m ost attention was
paid to cadmium [3], m ercury [17], lead [4, 10], also natural and artifi­
cial radioisotopes [11, 19].
The flu x of cadmium in the dry fallout over the Gulf of Gdańsk
(Table 1) is approxim ately that found in previous years over Finland,
0.085 ng • m ~2 h—1 and Sw eden, 0.5— 5 ¡¿g • m -2 h _1 [3].
The concentrations of m ercury in rainfall at Hel and Gdynia fell
w ithin the range 0.1— 2 M-g l -1, w hereby the content of organic m ercury
compounds am ounted on average to 67% of the total concentration of that
metal. In Sw eden the concentration of m ercury in rain water was sim i­
lar and come to 0:2 jxg I-1 [9] on average. The World H ealth Organiza­
tion has given the natural concentration of m ercury in rain w ater as
from 0.05 to 0.5 ixg 1—1 [9].
Lead concentrations in rainfall from the G ulf of Gdańsk area varied
from 10 to 200 p-g l -1 . For comparison the lead content in rainfall
from the Geneva area ranged from 83 to 132 (Ag I-1 [4], In Toronto the
lead content in rain w ater was of the order of 8 ug 1—1, w h ile the flu x
of lead in the dry fallout is from 2 to 3 orders greater [10] than that
found in Gdynia and Hel (Table 1). The different proportions of lead
in rainfall and dry fallout are probably the result of different clim atic
conditions and the traffic intensity in cities. Looking at the percentages
of m etals in rain w ater and dry fallout (Table 4) w e see that in urban
agglom erations cadmium and m ercury appear m ostly in the dry fallout,
w hile cooper, lead and zinc are m ainly found in rain water. Mercury
and cadmium probably get into the atmosphere ch iefly as fin e dusts
which m ay originate from the products of coal combution and from
industry. Other m etals, such as lead reach the atm osphere as volatile or
soluble forms.
Table 4
T abela 4
P artitio n (in percent) of trace m etals betw een rain fall and dry fallout
Udział m etali ciężkich w opadach deszczu i w suchym osadzie
Hg
Cd
Cu
total
całko­
w ita
organ.
inorg.
nieorg.
Pb
Zn
GDYNIA
R ainfall
Deszcz
Dry fallout
Osad suchy
36.7
65.4
22.5
17.8
25
65.5
69.1
63.3
34.6
77.5
82.2
75
34.5
30.9
HEL
R ainfall
Deszcz
Dry fallout
Osad suchy
24.7
63.7
13.9
12.6
17.6
51.3
70.5
75.3
36.5
86.1
87.4
86.4
48.7
29.5
GDANSK BASIN
R ainfall
Deszcz
D ry fallout
Osad suchy
4 — O c e a n o lo g ia n r 12
45.7
63.3
83.9
89.5
53.1
73.6
60.8
54.3
36.7
16.1
10.5
47.9
26.4
39.2
Over the sea the participation of cadmium and lead increases som e­
what, w h ile the percentage of organic m ercury compounds in rain water
increases considerably (Table 4). In the low atmospheric layers above
the sea the m etals are derived from the land and as a result of removal
from the water. The source of organic m ercury compounds in the
atmosphere is likely to be the m ethylation of inorganic m ercury by
bacteria, which takes place to a large degree in the top layer of the
bottom sedim ents. An estim ation of the removal of m etals from the
Fig. 3. M ean fluxes of m ercury w ith rainfall (open columns) and dry fallout
(dashed columns) at Hel: (a) inorganic m ercury, (b) organic m ercury compounds,
(c) to tal m ercury
Rye. 3. Średnie strum ienie rtęci w wodzie deszczowej (słupki puste) i w suchym
osadzie atm osferycznym (słupki zakreskow ane) w Helu: rtęć nieorganiczna (a),
organiczne związki rtęci (b), rtęć całkow ita (c)
ATMOSPHERIC METALS INPUT IN GDAŃSK BASIN
51
sea to the atmosphere can be made knowing the m etal concentrations
in the surface m icrolayer of sea water, w here there is a tendency for
m etals to accum ulate [8, 20].
The greatest concentrations of m ercury lead and cadmium in the
atmosphere at Hel and Gdynia occurred in the w inter and early spring
(Figs. 3— 6). This probably due to the use of coal as a fuel. The increase
of lead and cadmium concentrations at Hel and in the low atmospheric
layer, which was observed at Hel and over the Gulf of Gdańsk in the
sum m er of 1975, m ay in part have been caused by a local horizontal
exchange connected w ith the developm ent of sea breeze circulation
during this period [12, 13].
Fig. 4. M ean fluxes of m ercury w ith rain fall (open columns) and dry fallout
(dashed columns) a t Gdynia: (a) inorganic m ercury, (b) organic m ercury
compounds, (c) to tal m ercury
Rye. 4. Średnie strum ienie rtęci w wodzie deszczowej (słupki puste) i w suchym
osadzie atm osferycznym (słupki zakreskow ane) w Gdyni: rtęć nieorganiczna (a),
organiczne związki rtęci (b), rtęć całkow ita (c)
The highest concentrations of copper in rainfall at both stations
occurred in summer. In increase in zinc content in rainfall was observed
at Hel and Gdynia in the autumn and w inter of 1975 and at Hel during
the sum mer of 1976 (Figs. 7 and 8).
6. THE IN P U T OF T RA CE M E T A L S FRO M T H E A TM O SPH E R E IN T O T H E SEA
On the basis of determ inations of trace m etals in rainfall and dry
fallout, the potential annual discharges of cadmium, copper, m ercury,
lead and zinc from the atmosphere to the G ulf of Gdańsk and the Gdańsk
Fig. 5. Mean fluxes of lead with rainfall (open columns) and
dry fallout (dashed columns) at Hel and Gdynia
Rye. 5. Średnie strumienie ołowiu w wodzie deszczowej (słupki
puste) i w suchym osadzie atmosferycznym
(słupki zakreskowane) na Helu i w Gdyni
Fig. 6. Mean fluxes of cadmium with rainfall (open columns)
and dry fallout (dashed columns) at Hel and Gdynia
Ryc. 6. Średnie strumienie kadmu w wodzie deszczowej (słupki
puste) i w suchym osadzie atmosferycznym (słupki zakreskowane) na Helu i w Gdyni
Fig. 8. Mean fluxes of zinc with rainfall (open columns) and
dry fallout (dashed columns) at Hel and Gdynia
Ryc. 8. Średnie strumienie cynku w wodzie deszczowej (słupki
zakreskowane) na Helu i w Gdyni
Fig. 7. Mean fluxes of copper with rainfall (open columns) and
dry fallout (dashed columns) at Hel and Gdynia
Rye. 7. Średnie strumienie miedzi w wodzie deszczowej (słupki
puste) i w suchym osadzie atmosferycznym (słupki zakreskowane) na Helu i w Gdyni
Basin have been calculated. The division of these areas as suggested
by Trzosińska [21] was applied:
AjBG = AjZGW + AjZGZ + A ^ Z G
AjZGW — c • F iS^gw
AjZGZ = c • F 2SZGZ
AjPZG —
C
•
F 2S P Z G
where: AjBG — annual input of m etals (in tons) from the atmosphere
to the Gdańsk Basin,
AjZGW — annual input of m etals (in tons) from the atmosphere
to the inner part of the Gulf of Gdańsk,
ArZGZ — annual input of m etals (in tons) from the atmosphere
to the outer part of the Gulf, of Gdańsk,
AjPZG — annual input of m etals (in tons) from the atmosphere
to the open sea area of the Gdańsk Basin,
Fi
— the flu x of m etals in precipitation and dry fallout
equal to the arithm etic mean of m easurem ents at
Hel and Gdynia (ug • m—2 • h _1),
F2
— flu x of m etals in precipitation and dry fallout equal
to the arithm etic mean of m easurm ents made at sea
(M-g • m—2 • h -1),
S zgw, SZgz, SpZG — surface areas (km2) of the inner (ZGW), and outer
(ZGZ) parts of the Gulf of Gdańsk and open sea area
of the Gdańsk Basin (PZG),
c
— constant (8.76 10~3) resulting from the calculation of
units.
The comparison of atmospheric discharges should be treated only
as estim ates, as the tim e of sampling, their frequency, the distribution
of sampling stations and clim atic conditions, are of prime importance
in such studies.
The results of calculations (Table 5) indicate that the atmosphere
is a very serious source of m etal input into the sea. A s far as cadmium,
m ercury and lead are concerned, the discharge from the atmosphere to
the Gulf of Gdańsk is greater than the inflow from the Vistula River
(Table 6). A comparison of inputs from the atmosphere and the land
into the Gulf of Gdańsk and Lake Michigan indicates sim ilar percentages
of the atmospheric input of copper in the total discharge of this metal.
The sm all percentage of m etal inputs from the atmosphere into the
N ew York Bight is explained by the very large sew age discharge into
the sea from the heavily industrialized agglomerations of N ew York
City and Long Island [7],
Table 5
Tabela 5
Inputs of trace m etals from the atm osphere to the sea
Zrzuty m etali śladow ych z atm osfery do morza
A rea
Rejon
G ulf of
G dansk
G dansk
Basin
N orth Sea
Surface
Pow ie­
rzchnia
km2
Atm ospheric
com ponent
Skladow a
atmosf.
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
5 • 10s
rainfall
dry fallout
6.4
12.6
46.5
25.9
15.2
31.8
117
59
38.2
19.6 Table 1
total
19
72.4
47
176
57.8
rainfall
dry fallout
15
23
90.9
51.6
20
40
322
133
107
64
to tal
38
142.5
60
455
171
30
1000
1.8 • lQi
5.8 . 105
New York
Bight
total
rainfall
d ry fallout
10<
total
10*
Basin of
Lake
Michigan
1.7 . 10®
Zn
Table 1
[22]
8.2
4.1
400
2on
540
270
12.3
600
810
rainfall
dry fallout
Southern
C alifornia
Bight
Source
lit.
Źródło
bibl.
tons.year-1
[7]
17
240
total
38
257
3200
total
[7, 26]
[23]
3900
Table 6
Tabela 6
Com parision of trace m etal inputs from the atm osphere and from the land
Porów nanie zrzutów z atm osfery i z lądu
A rea
Rejon
P ercentage of atm osferic
input in to tal inp u t
Udział: atm osfera/
/całkow ity zrzut
Ratio of inputs:
atm osphere/land
Udział: atm osferaAąd
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
Zn
Cd
Cu
Hg
Pb
Zn
G ulf of G dansk
65
31
61
79
20
1.8
0.3
1.6
3.8
0.2
New York Bight
Lake Michigan
15
13
8
87
0.01
45
0.15
0.8
Source
lit.
Źródło
bibl.
Table 5
[1]
0.09
[7]
6.7
[23]
O c e a n o lo g ia n r 12 (1980)
P L IS S N 0078-3234
ANNA BRZEZIŃSKA
CZESŁAW GARBALEWSKI
In sty tu t M eteorologii i G ospodarki W odnej
Oddział Morski — Gdynia
ATMOSFERA JAKO ŹRÓDŁO DOPŁYWU METALI
ŚLADOWYCH DO BASENU GDAÑSKIEGO
Streszczenie
W pracy przedstaw iono w yniki oznaczeń kadm u, miedzi, rtęci, ołowiu i cynku
w aerozolach, wodzie deszczowej i suchym osadzie atm osferycznym . Próby pobie­
rano na stacjach m eteorologicznych na Helu i w Gdyni oraz na obszarze Basenu
Gdańskiego w czasie rejsów badaw czych w latach 1975—1976. M etody poboru
prób opracow ano zgodnie z zaleceniam i WMO i ich przeznaczeniem do oznaczeń
m etali śladowych.
Rtęć całkow itą i jej form y nieorganiczne oznaczano techniką zimnych par.
Zaw artość organicznych związków rtęci otrzym ano z odejm ow ania powyższych
wartości. W suchym osadzie i w opadach atm osferycznych wynosiła ona średnio
67% całkowitego strum ienia rtęci.
Pozostałe m etale oznaczano m etodą absorpcyjnej spektrom etrii atom owej z
zastosowaniem atom izacji elektroterm icznej. W szystkie pom iary wykonyw ano na
spektrofotom etrze atom ow o-absorpcyjnym Beckm an 1272.
Stężenia m etali śladowych w aerozolach w przyziem nej w arstw ie atm osfery
(0,075 ng Cd/m3, 0,12 |_tg Cu/m3, 0,034 ^g Hg/m3, 1,2 ,j,g Pb/m 3 i 0,024 ^g Zn/m 3) oka­
zały się zbliżone do w artości znajdow anych nad innym i obszaram i wodnymi
i słabo uprzem ysłow ionym i obszaram i lądowymi.
W aglom eracjach m iejskich średnie strum ienie m etali przenoszonych z wodą
deszczową były następujące: dla Cd — 0,30, Cu — 2,34, Hg — 0,39, Pb — 4,61,
Zn — 1,48 ¡j,g • m -2 • h—1; na m orzu w artości te wynosiły dla Cd — 0,07, Cu — 0,38,
Hg — 0,36, Pb — 1,76 i Zn — 0,59 ^.g • m ~ 2 • h ~ ‘.
Średnie strum ienie m etali w suchym osadzie na Helu i w Gdyni odpowiadały
w artościom dla Cd — 0,65, Cu — 1,19, Hg — 1,9, Pb — 2,74, Zn — 0,64 ¡¿g • m -2 •
• h—*; na obszarze Basenu Gdańskiego: dla Cd — 0,09, Cu — 0,22, Hg — 0,07,
Pb — 0,63 i Zn — 0,38 |o,g • m ~ 2 . h ~ ‘.
W okresie pom iarów w arunki m eteorologiczne na H elu i w G dyni były bardzo
zbliżone i typowe dla obszaru B asenu Gdańskiego, co pozwoliło na w ykorzystanie
danych z obydwu stacji do obliczeń potencjalnego zrzutu m etali do m orza w stre­
fie brzegowej. Średnie roczne dopływy m etali na obszar Basenu Gdańskiego
kształtow ały się następująco: 38 ton Cd, 142,5 tony Cu, 60 ton Hg, 455 ton Pb
i 171 ton Zn.
Stwierdzono, że dla Zatoki G dańskiej atm osfera jest większym źródłem do­
pływ u kadm u (1,8 raza), rtęci (1,6 raza) i ołowiu (3,8 raza) niż wody Wisły. Spływ
rzeczny jest natom iast znacznie większym źródłem dopływu miedzi i cynku do
Basenu Gdańskiego niż atm osfera.
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