SOMATIC TRAITS AND MOTOR SKILL ABILITIES IN TOP

Transkrypt

Antropomotoryka. Journal of Kynesiology and Exercise Sciences
JKES 66 (24): 25-32, 2014
SECTION I – SPORT SCIENCES
DOI: 10.5604/17310652.1149298
Authors’ contribution:
A.Study design/planning
B.Data collection/entry
C.Data analysis/statistics
D.Data interpretation
E.Preparation of manuscript
F. Literature analysis/search
G.Funds collection
SOMATIC TRAITS AND MOTOR
SKILL ABILITIES IN TOP-CLASS
PROFESSIONAL SPEED CLIMBERS
COMPARED TO RECREATIONAL
CLIMBERS
Marcin Krawczyk 1, ABCDEF, Mariusz Ozimek2, DEF
Institute of Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow
Department of Track and Fields Sports, Institute of Sport, University of Physical Education
in Krakow
1
2
Key words: sport climbing, speed climbing, strength capability, speed capability,
somatic constitution
Abstract
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Aim of the study. To determine the basic parameters of speed climbers’ somatic constitution and to determine whether high
levels of strength and speed capability characterise top-class speed climbers.
Material and methods. The study examined 5 competitors holding top positions in the Polish Mountaineering Association
speed climbing ranking (during the 2009 season). The control group consisted of 10 recreational climbers. Measurements were
taken of height, body mass, upper limb length and percentage level of fat; then, Body Mass Index was calculated. Strength ability
was measured using dynamometric tests of the maximal local static strength of upper limbs. The following tests were used to
determine the level of motor ability in subjects (standing broad jump, envelope run, sit-ups, sit and reach and spread sit, as well
as a test for the maximum rate of movement of upper limbs). Maximal anaerobic work (MAW) was calculated.
Results. It was established that the best competitors in speed climbing have significantly higher levels of explosive strength
and maximal anaerobic work, better muscle mobilisation ability, and higher torso strength and endurance. Clear but statistically
insignificant differences between the groups were observed in strength tests and flexibility. Both professional and recreational
climbers presented similar levels of the somatic traits studied.
Conclusions. High standards in speed climbing are connected with higher levels of speed capability. The scale of differences
is a proof of the importance of speed capability in speed climbing. The importance of high upper limb muscle strength in climbing
was confirmed. Amongst the somatic traits studied, only body mass can be treated as influencing the results in speed climbing.
Climbing as an activity can be described in various
ways: as beautiful, giving a sense of power, satisfying
but also frustrating. It is easy to see that it is a natural
and instinctive action – all it needs is to watch children,
who feel the need to climb on everything they see [1].
Sport climbing is a relatively young discipline, with no
long tradition and history characteristic of older OlymJournal of Kynesiology and Exercise Sciences
pic competitions. Recent years have seen rapid development of sport climbing, its ever-increasing popularity and availability to every person willing to try it. The
emergence of many new climbing centres with modern
artificial walls installed makes it easy to enjoy climbing
without the need to travel far into the mountains. These
centres also present opportunities to organise all types
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Marcin Krawczyk, Mariusz Ozimek
of climbing competitions, both for the youngest adepts of
climbing, as well as for far more advanced climbers. In
1993, during the International Olympic Committee session
in Monte Carlo, climbing was included in the list of Olympic
Games [2]. Amongst all types of climbing competitions,
speed climbing is the most probable candidate for an
Olympic competition. However, the process of introducing
a new discipline is very long and so far, no climbing competitions took place at the Games. In 2010, the president
of the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC)
Marco Scolaris revealed the goals that the federation had
set for itself to make speed climbing enter the Olympic
Games. He mentioned increasing media coverage for the
discipline to reach a wider audience, and improving the
organizational capabilities of particular national climbing
federations. 2020 was pointed to by Scolaris as the nearest possible date for speed climbing to enter Olympics1.
The development of sport climbing in the last twenty years
also coincided with the growing interest of researchers in
the field of physical education. Research being conducted
to date by both Polish and foreign authors facilitated discoveries of the secrets of sport climbing. In the realms
of sport theory or motor preparation, Polish studies were
conducted amongst competitors in lead climbing and
concerned mainly the importance of strength capability
[among others 3, 4, 5, 6] endurance [7, 8, 9, 10] and
somatic constitution [11]. Like other disciplines, climbing presents its adept with a set of characteristic requirements. Their diversity stems from the nature of climbing
itself: different parameters determine the result during rock
climbing and ice climbing [6].
The Polish Mountaineering Association (PZA) regulations allow participation in three competitions within
sport climbing: bouldering, speed climbing and lead
climbing. These competitions differ mainly in difficulty
level during the climb, the duration of the activity and
respective motor requirements. Competitions in lead
climbing are held with the use of belaying, and the goal
is to reach the highest or farthest grip possible. The route
difficulty is higher in comparison to speed climbing. Lead
climbing can be divided into three types: on sight (OS),
flash and rotpunkt (RP). Bouldering is the most recent
addition to the competition roster. The dominant criterion
in this competition is difficulty, and the goal is to climb
short rock formations [2]. One of the most spectacular competitions is speed climbing, in which to win is to
climb a relatively easy route as fast as possible. Analysis of the results of best competitors indicates that the
time needed to complete the route is usually less than
30 seconds.2 However, in recent years, results of less
1
http://www.pza.org.pl/new.acs?id=327080 (official site of the
Polish Mountaineering Association; up-to-date as of 15 Nov. 2014)
2
A detailed presentation of the results can be found on the IFSC
website: http://www.ifsc-climbing.org (up-to-date as of 15 Nov. 2014)
26
than 15 seconds have been reported, especially after
the introduction of the so-called standard, a ten to fifteen-metre tall wall, with the same routes for both competitors.3 Here, the results achieved by leading Polish
competitors are found between 4-6 seconds/10 meters
and 7-9 seconds/15 meters. Such a rapid sequence of
movements, together with the specificity of climbing the
wall put before the competitor specific challenges. First,
they have to have certain strength capability, particularly
relative strength – the ratio between absolute strength
and body mass or lean body mass [12], which is the
primary determinant of the effectiveness of climbing (it
is opposing the force of gravity) [3, 13]. They also have
to have a high level of speed capability, which determine
the ability to move the whole body or its parts in shortest possible time (13), especially the speed capability
that determines the short (5-8 s) efforts with maximum
intensity, or maximal alactacid anaerobic power (MAAP)
[14]. Thus, the nature of the competition indicates the
importance of strength and speed capability and that
the level thereof in leading Polish competitive climbers
should be higher than in the control group. It would also
seem that the level of somatic development in leading
speed climbers will distinguish them from the comparative population. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to
define the basic parameters of the somatic constitution
of speed climbers and to examine whether a high level
of strength and speed capability will actually be characteristic of the best Polish speed climbers. The following
research questions were asked:
1. Which of the morphological characteristics studied
distinguish professional speed climbers from recreational climbers?
2. Will the level of strength and speed capability in leading speed climbers be significantly different than in
recreational climbers?
3. Are speed climbers different from the control group
in other motor ability tests?
4. Which of the characteristics and capabilities examined will determine the climbers’ class?
Material and methods of research
The research was conducted on a group of five sport
climbers, all with good results in speed climbing. The
average age equalled 23.6 years. At the time of the research, i.e. in 2009, they were all ranked high on PZA
rankings (places 2,3,4,5 and 11). The control group
(n =10), studied at the same time, consisted of people who were recreational climbers (with average age of
26.4 years). The research included: measurements of
3
http://www.pza.org.pl/news.acs?id=330962 (up-to-date as of
15 Nov. 2014)
Antropomotoryka
Somatic Traits and Motor Skill Abilities in Top-Class Professional Speed Climbers Compared... i basic somatic traits, in accordance with the rules applied
in anthropology and anthropometry, in physical education and sports [15]. Studied were: height (m), upper
limb length (a-da) (cm), body mass (kg), percentage
level of fat (%), Tanita TBF-538 scales were used, and
the Body Mass Index was calculated [16]. Energy ability
measurements included: firstly, a measurement of static
strength on the second and third phalanges of the hand
(measured with a Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer
(kg)) [3]. Maximal results for left and right upper limbs
were recorded, and where subsequently summed up and
divided by two [17]. The end results were presented in
absolute and relative units. Consecutively, the measurement of standing broad jump (m) [12]4; predisposition of
speed capability – maximal anaerobic work (J) [18]; the
ability to mobilise muscles rapidly, in a form of an envelope run (s) [19]; strength and endurance of the torso,
which were tested with the use of sit-ups (the number of
sit-ups done in 30 seconds was recorded) [20]. In the
Normalising the results achieved by the study group
to medium reference groups was intended to show the
differences in somatic constitution and in motor ability
between professional and recreational climbers. The results of appropriate tests show that the condition that the
studied variables should have normal distribution was
met.
The study material was analysed and compiled using StatSoft® STATISTICA 8. Microsoft® Excel was also
used to prepare the graphic representation of the results.
Results
In Table 1, mean and normalised values of somatic
traits of the professional climbers are presented, along
with the mean values of the control group. It can be
seen from the data presented in Table 1 that both professional and recreational climbers presented similar levels
of most somatic traits studied (body mass, upper limb
Table 1. Somatic constitution of the studied climbers and normalised values (NV) of the studied traits
Professional climbers
mean
sd
min
BH (m)
1.74
0.06
1.65
BM (kg)
67.18
3.40
62.40
FM (%)
13.40
1.64
11.50
a-da (cm)
80.28
1.77
77.60
BMI [kg/m2]
22.11
1.12
20.85
Recreational climbers
max
mean
sd
min
1.80
1.70
0.06
1.59
70.20
65.68
7.67
54.20
15.00
17.20
4.78
10.00
82.00
79.18
3.48
75.00
23.80
22.56
1.51
20.77
NV
SIGNIFICANCE
1.79
0.65
NS
83.00
0.20
NS
27.00
–0.80
NS
83.60
0.32
NS
25.90
–0.30
NS
max
coordination abilities structure, the “plate tapping” test
was used to determine the frequency of movement [21].
15 full cycles of motion with the dominant hand were recorded, with 0,01 sec. accuracy. To test flexibility, sit and
reach test was measured in cm, from the scale on the
surface of the plate, and spread sit was measured as the
minimal distance between the pubic symphysis and the
wall, in front of which the subject was sitting (cm) [22].
To find the answers to the study questions posed,
the material was compiled with the use of widely applied descriptive statistics methods [23]. In the statistical
analysis of the data, included were: normalised values of
professionals’ traits as opposed to recreational climbers; arithmetic mean, standard deviation; Shapiro-Wilk’s
test of normality; difference significance checked with
Student’s t-test (p<0.05 was considered significant and
p<0.01 highly significant); Brown and Forsythe’s test
for significance of differences in variances.
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Key: BH – body height, BM – body mass, FM% – percentage level of fat, a-da – upper limb length, BMI – Body Mass Index, NS – differences with no
statistical significance, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
4
Szopa et al. (1996) present a view that this kind of strength may be
seen as a bridge connecting strength and speed capabilities.
Journal of Kynesiology and Exercise Sciences
length and BMI). Professional climbers showed higher
level of body height (0.65 sd more) and lower level of
overall body fat (0.80 sd less) when compared to recreational climbers. The observed differences in body build
between the two groups were not statistically significant.
Table 2 consists of data concerning muscle strength of
the upper limbs as well as climbers’ flexibility. As in the
case of body build, no statistically significant differences
between the groups was observed, notwithstanding the
fact that in all strength and suppleness tests, professional climbers achieved better results. The strength of
the second phalanx was greater in professional climbers,
but the difference did not exceed one standard deviation (both in absolute and relative units). However, in the
test more typical of sport climbing, that is in measuring the strength of the third (distal) phalanx using the
dynamometer, the difference between groups exceeded
one standard deviation (in absolute and relative units).
Similar differences were observed in suppleness tests.
In the “sit and reach” test – a part of the Eurofit test set –
the differences did not exceed one standard deviation; it
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Table 2. Mean values for the results of trials evaluating muscle strength and suppleness of climbers, and their normalised values (NV)
A.S. 2 phal (kg)
R.S. 2 phal
A.S. 3 phal (kg)
R.S. 3 phal
mean
sd
56.55
0.84
NV
SIGNIFICANCE
62.00
0.76
NS
0.91
0.78
NS
48.00
1.34
NS
min
max
mean
sd
min
max
9.31
42.25
66.00
49.50
9.26
31.50
0.15
0.61
0.97
0.75
0.12
0.54
44.90
10.19
31.50
57.00
37.10
5.81
30.00
0.67
0.15
0.46
0.82
0.57
0.09
0.46
0.75
1.13
NS
Sit and reach (cm)
28.80
7.26
20.00
38.00
23.30
7.13
13.00
35.00
0.77
NS
Spread sit (cm)
34.50
19.38
5.00
54.50
49.20
11.65
27.00
64.00
–1.26
NS
Key: A.S. 2 phal – absolute strength measured for the second phalanx of hand, R.S. 2 phal – relative strength, A.S. 3 phal – absolute strength measured
for the third phalanx of hand, R.S. 3 phal – relative strength, NS – differences with no statistical significance, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Table 3. Mean values for the results of trials evaluating speed capability and torso strength/endurance of climbers, and their normalised
values (NV)
sd
Sit-ups
Standing broad
jump (m)
MAW (J)
Tapping (s)
Envelope run (s)
min
max
sd
min
max
NV
SIGNIFICANCE
34.40
2.30
32.00
38.00
26.70
3.50
20.00
31.00
2.20
0.01**
2.60
0.14
2.45
2.75
2.05
0.15
1.77
2.28
3.61
0.01**
1710.24
142.49
1498.22
1891.89
1316.15
162.99
1004.33
1553.59
2.42
0.01**
5.29
0.56
4.32
5.75
5.43
0.95
4.38
7.47 –0.14
NS
21.94
2.03
19.94
24.57
23.73
0.87
22.10
24.75 –2.06
0.05*
Key: Sit-ups – strength and endurance of the torso, Standing broad jump – explosive strength, MAW – maximal anaerobic work, NS – differences with
no statistical significance, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
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did exceed standard deviation by 1.26 in the “spread sit”
test, created to measure the movement of the hip joints.
The results of speed and muscle endurance tests are
presented in Table 3. It can be concluded from these data
that the professionals demonstrated a statistically relevant, higher level of torso muscle endurance when compared to recreational climbers: the difference amounted
to 2.20 times standard deviation. Sport climbers also
displayed a statistically significant, higher level in speed
capability tests. In the “standing broad jump” test, their
results were better than the recreational climbers’ results
up to 3.61 times standard deviation. The derived maximal
anaerobic work (MAW) was also a strong distinguishing
feature (it amounted to 2.42 times sd). Slightly smaller
yet statistically significant differences were observed in
the “envelope run” test (2.06 sd). There were no statistically significant differences in the trial evaluating the rate
of upper limb movement.
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Discussion
Comparing study results with other studies [5, 13, 17,
22, 24, 25, 26, 27] shows that in terms of basic somatic
traits, sport climbers of different types display comparable levels of development (Table 4). The data presented
in Table 4 also show that the greatest difference between
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professionals, recreational climbers and those untrained
was observed in the levels of body percentage level of
fat. The reason for this state is that professionals are
more physically active and are using higher load during training. In some studies on the importance of body
height in competitive sports [28], it was stated that only
in those sports in which the body height does not have
a decisive influence, arithmetic means of professional
competitors are similar to those of the untrained, or
lower. Arithmetic mean values of body height observed
among climbers and those untrained, presented in Table
4, indicate that sport climbing is a discipline in which
body height is not critical for achieving championship.
Table 4 also shows that, in most cases, professional climbers demonstrated higher weight levels when
compared to the recreational climbers, but lower when
compared with those untrained. Lower body weight in
sportsmen compared to the untrained results from different (higher) level of physical activity and the particular
importance of this feature, whose low level is indicated
as one of the most important factors in climber’s efficiency when moving on the wall [2, 3, 22]. However, it
came as a surprise that in our study, professional speed
climbers had a higher level of body weight in relation to
recreational climbers. Due to the fact that professional
sportsmen’s weight level should be considered as the
Antropomotoryka
Somatic Traits and Motor Skill Abilities in Top-Class Professional Speed Climbers Compared... i Table 4. Mean values of the basic somatic traits of climbers of different competitions, recreational climbers and untrained people
Body height
[m]
Body mass
[kg]
Upper limb
length (a-da)
[cm]
FM [%]
BMI
Speed climbing
1.74
67.18
80.28
13.4
22.11
1.7
65.68
79.18
17.2
22.56
Bouldering [Grant et. al 1996]
1.789
74.5
14.0
Lead climbing [Mermier et al. 2000]
1.774
72.8
9.8
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Lead climbing [Rokowski 2006]
80.1
Lead climbing [Rokowski and Tokarz 2007]
1.774
66.0
Lead climbing [Espańa-Romero et al. 2009]
1.727
66.1
Lead climbing [Rokowski and Żak 2010]
1.782
64.7
Bouldering [Michailov et al. 2009]
1.746
67.3
5.8
Warsaw University of Technology Students
[Piechaczek 1998]
1.7936
72.11
15.66
resultant of lean body mass and fat [28], it can be assumed that, with their lower fat mass, their higher weight
level is associated with increased lean body mass. Summarising this study and the reports of other authors, it
can be concluded that high-end sport climber - as compared to the arithmetic means of untrained population –
has an average body height, low weight and low body fat
[25, 29, 30, 31]. Comparison of arithmetic mean of somatic traits of speed and recreational climbers showed
statistically insignificant differences. Results of Student’s
t-test correspond with the results of other authors in this
field [11, 24]. It follows that in terms of basic somatic
traits against untrained persons, high-end sports climber
presents a slightly different body build. Comparing speed
climbers with representatives of other climbing competitions this way, it turns out that they present a similar level
of development. It can be concluded that with the exception of body weight, achieving a high level of success in
speed climbing is not conditioned by a specific level of
development of the basic characteristics of body build,
deviating from the average population.
The rate of movement is indicated as one of the
elementary manifestations of speed [14] as well as
the coordination predisposition [12]. It represents the
number of cycles in a time unit [32], an important
property in the light of the climbing movements occurring during the run up the wall, where the climber
performs sequences like: step-reach-step-reach, or
more effective: a step-step-reach-reach, providing the
climber with right direction and drive [1]. Interestingly,
in this case, there were no statistically significant differences, and the level presented by both groups of
13.5
22.4
climbers was very similar (WU: -0.14). Thus, it seems
that the frequency of upper limb movement, regarded
as a manifestation of overall speed is not prerequisite
for achievements in speed climbing.
In previous studies, it was found that the level of flexibility does not differentiate significantly elite climbers
from recreational or untrained persons [24] and that it
has limited impact on the quality of sport climbing [25].
Similar, practical insights were presented by Hörst [1],
who states that climbing does not require the competitor to be very supple, although he points to suppleness
as valuable for climber’s training. Our results fully correspond with the results achieved by Grant et al. [24], in
which the elite climbers presented higher, but not statistically significant levels of flexibility. Therefore, it is difficult to answer the question whether this property will
be significant in the motor preparation of competitors on
a championship level.
In previous studies of sport climbing clearly indicates that in dynamometric tests, professional climbers achieve similar results in absolute strength of the
upper limbs, and much higher in the case of relative
strength (mostly statistically significant) in relation to
those untrained or recreational climbers [3, 22, 24 29,
30, 31]. In the context of muscle strength, especially
relative strength, indicated as a manifestation of talent
in sport climbing [3], previously indicated low level of
body weight is of particular importance. Also in our
study, the observed differences in absolute and relative
strength between the groups of climbers are considerable. Speed climbers presented higher value of both
types of strength when compared to recreational climb29
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ers, both when measured on the second (NV of absolute
strength 0.76, NV of relative strength: 0.78) and the third
phalanx of the hand (NV of absolute strength: 1.34, NV
of relative strength: 1.13). The results of Student’s t-test
were insignificant, which was a direct consequence of
the size of the group. Large normalised values indicate,
however, a significant difference. Climbing significantly
stimulates the strength of the upper limbs, especially
their level of relative strength [6, 22]. The differences are
likely a result of varying intensity and frequency of training for people from both groups. In comparison with the
results of the dynamometric tests carried out among top
boulderers, taking part in the World Cup, Polish climbers
generally presented a similar level of absolute strength
of the upper limbs measured on the second phalanx (an
average of 58.6 kg for boulderers at 56.55 kg for speed
climbers). The above also applies to the relative strength
(an average of 0.9 for boulderers at 0.84 for speed
climbers) [17]. Comparison of the results in terms of absolute and relative strength of the upper limbs of Polish
speed climbers and the bouldering World Championship
competitors with Chinese climbers indicates that for all
the competitors, the level of relative strength presented
was similar (high) – an average of 0.81 of the Chinese
competitors. The Chinese climbers displayed slightly
lower average absolute strength (that is, less than 50
kg for both upper limbs) [33]. In a study conducted by
Rokowski [22] relative strength level for “model” climbers had a value of 1, in a Spanish study the values were
even higher (however, a different tool was used in this
case: it was a TKK 5101 Grip D dynamometer, manufactured by Takei) and, depending on how advanced the
climbers were, could be found in the range of 1.4 to 1.5
[26]. Judging from the material found in the cited publications and this study, it may be concluded that, regardless of the type of climbing competition or region of the
world from which the competitors hail, the best climbers are characterised by a high level of relative strength,
which enables them to navigate the walls efficiently.
One of the main objectives of this study was to compare the speed capability of high-class speed climbers
with recreational climbers. In three trials, they obtained
statistically significant higher scores than recreational
climbers (standing broad jump, MAW and the envelope
run). Speed climbing is, amongst all climbing disciplines, the one in which the decisive criterion for the final
result is the time in which the route is beaten. This makes
the competitor move on the wall in the shortest possible
period of time. The results in professional speed climbing in recent years, depending on the mode of the competition, are usually from about 4 to 9 seconds in final
runs. This indicates that to a large extent, the end result
will be determined by the size of muscle strength during
efforts of maximum intensity and short duration, that is
30
by maximal alactacid anaerobic power (MAAP), which
is simultaneously a predisposition for strength capability [12, 14]. This, in turn, as previously mentioned, play
an important role in terms of the motor requirements
for sport climbing. In this study, a method of measuring MAW proposed by Szopa [19] and Januszewski
[18] measurement of MAW, correlated with MAAP. The
results obtained clearly indicate higher levels of MAW in
the group of professional climbers (NV: 2.42 at p <0.01).
Similarly high differences (NV: 3.61 at p <0.01) were observed in explosive strength measured with the standing
broad jump test. Szopa et al. [12] present the view that
this kind of strength is the bridge connecting strength and
speed capabilities. Explosive strength appears to play an
important role in speed climbing. To a lesser extent, but
also to clear the two study groups were differentiated by
the results of the envelope run test (NV: 2.06 at p < 0.05).
This test is pointed to as the measure of the ability for
rapid muscle mobilisation [19]. The results clearly show
that leading Polish speed climbers are characterised by
high levels of this ability. It follows that in speed climbing, the end result may be determined, inter alia, by high
strength and speed capabilities of the competitor, particularly by potential for speed, which is 80% genetically
determined [34]. In light of the above, it would seem that,
depending on specialisation, a professional climber presents a particular type of motor ability. In case of speed
climbing, it would be a strength-speed type. Thus, one
can assume that during the selection process for speed
climbing, attention should be paid to speed capability;
it would also seem that the test used in this study may
have prognostic value when laboratory measurements
cannot be performed. At this point, attention should also
be paid to the fact that the tests verifying speed capability
of the study group involved primarily lower limbs, and not
the upper limbs, which are known to play a decisive role
in climbing. When climbing vertical walls – and speed
climbing events take place on such – lower limbs play an
important role, and they ought to do most of the work [1].
From this point of view, the use amongst speed climbers
of tests involving lower limbs seems reasonable.
Statistically significant differences in favour of professional climbers and were observed in sit-ups (NV:
2.20; p <0.01). This test is indicated as an indirect one,
indicating the level of capacity for resistance to fatigue
[19]. The difference between the two groups is probably
due to higher and different workout routines at professional level. Comparing the results of the capacity for resistance to fatigue in speed climbers with advanced lead
climbers indicates that the former presented higher level
of resistance to fatigue (34.4 sit-ups to 28.9) [5]. The
specificity of this test consists in performing the maximum number of sit-ups within a 30 second time limit.
This forces intense, even maximum effort in a given peAntropomotoryka
Somatic Traits and Motor Skill Abilities in Top-Class Professional Speed Climbers Compared... i riod of time. If you take the time criterion in assessing
the effect of the motor in this trial it turns out that it is
largely conditioned by anaerobic processes [2], that is,
those which are based on the ability of high-speed maximal lactacid anaerobic power. From this perspective, the
outcomes of this trial are identical to the results of other
tests determining speed capability of speed climbers and
their importance in the context of achieving high results.
Conclusions
1. Even though the results have not confirmed it conclusively, it may be said that, among all the somatic
traits chosen for analysis, body mass exclusively
can be treated as a determinant of high class speed
climbing and other climbing competitions.
2. The study confirmed the significance of high levels of
relative upper limb strength in sport climbing.
3. In speed climbing, the end result will depend on high
level of strength capability and an above-average
speed capability. Maximal alactacid anaerobic power
is especially important here.
4. It can be inferred that the standing broad jump test,
as well as determining MAW are both valuable diagnostic tools for recruiting and selecting competitors
for speed climbing.
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Corressponding author:
Marcin Krawczyk
[email protected]
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Word count: 5.113
Tables: 4
References: 34
32
Antropomotoryka

SOMATIC TRAITS AND MOTOR SKILL ABILITIES IN TOP

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