Draft Conference Paper - Inter
Transkrypt
Draft Conference Paper - Inter
Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation and the satisfaction with the patients’ life?1 Przemysław Zdybek2 Abstract The current presentation deals with the problem of alcohol addicted patients. During their therapy, they described a sense of emptiness, low level of life 3 satisfaction and difficulties in enjoying their lives . Those problems often caused 4 them to return to psychoactive substance use . A longitudinal study of alcohol dependent patients (N=45) in the process of addiction therapy was conducted. The research questionnaires measured selected aspects of psychological well-being 5 6 (operationalized as important areas of life and temporal orientation) . The first measurement was made at the beginning of a patient’s addiction therapy. The second measurement was carried out in the last week of the patient's therapy. The therapy program was focused on stopping the substance use, making aware of addictions negative consequences and coping with the craving. It was also designed to help to cope with emotions and to redefine social interactions. The results show that addiction therapy program can help patients to improve their satisfaction with life and change their temporal orientation profile and self-esteem into a more positive one. Key Words: alcohol addiction, quality of life, temporal perspective, addiction therapy. 1 The author would like to thank the following therapy centers for the possibility of conducting research: Wojewódzki Ośrodek Leczenia Uzależnień i Współuzależnienia w Opolu, Ośrodek Leczenia Odwykowego w Woskowicach Małych i Samodzielny Wojewódzki Szpital dla Nerwowo i Psychicznie Chorych w Branicach. 2 University of Opole, Institute of Psychology, [email protected] 3 Norman Kent Denzin, The Alcoholic Society: Addiction and Recovery of the Self (Transaction Publishers, 1993). 4 Aaron Temkin, Chodkiewicz, Jan Beck and Joanna Witkowska, Terapia poznawcza uzależnień (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2007). 5 Przemysław Zdybek and Radosław Walczak, „Badania nad rzetelnością and trafnością Kwestionariusza Oceny Dobrostanu Psychicznego”, w Psychologia ilości, psychologia jakości. Uzupełniające się spojrzenia (Wrocław: Atut, 2009), 103–20. 6 Philip G. Zimbardo and John N. Boyd, „Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric.”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, nr 6 (1999): 1271–88, doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.6.1271. 2 Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation … __________________________________________________________________ ***** 1. Introduction The aim of presented research is to show the problem of regaining the feeling of satisfaction with life by patients addicted to alcohol and other substances. These patients often describe problems connected with their regaining of satisfaction from different life spheres and the dominant feeling of emptiness which appear within one year of their abstinence. Objectively, the patients’ situation is improving but they often cannot be satisfied with it subjectively as they see the source of relief in the alcohol and drugs. Data concerning the fact whether the patients stay abstinent after the end of the therapy cannot be the only indicator of efficacy, thus this article concentrates on selected psychological indicators of the recovery. In the research psychological indicators describing the phenomenon were taken into consideration: 1) the quality of life with taking into consideration 10 areas and 2) the focus on positive vs negative time perspectives (PresentHedonistic vs Negative; Past-Positive vs Negative; Future) 3) self-esteem. 2. Addiction as a disease and treating Addiction was not always considered to be a disease in the past but nowadays, scientists agree that addiction (regardless of its kind: drug abuse, alcohol abuse, gambling, shopping, sex, using the computer or telephone) is a disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), addiction is a disease, the main criteria of which are six symptoms7. The symptoms of addiction are: cravings, withdrawal syndrome, change of tolerance, disabled control, using the substance despite knowing that it is harmful and neglecting alternative sources of pleasure. When a patient has at least 3 out of 6 symptoms within 12 months, we can say that this person is addicted. Addicted people usually go to addiction treatment centers when some consequences of using psychoactive substances appear and their addiction has had a destructive influence on their life. Most concepts of addiction and models of its treatment highlight that: 1) as a result of deepening of addictions the biological, social and mental condition of addicted people deteriorates; 2) the addicted person is not always conscious of the destructive role of addiction in his life and the therapy is trying to show it; 3) the addicted person is not able to stop the use of the substance to which she/he is addicted without help; 4) the condition necessary to make a successful treatment is not to use the addictive substance and work to reconstruct health, social relations and mental health. Unfortunately, despite many analyses concerning the efficacy of the therapy, the treatment of addiction is still the challenge for scientists and 7 ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011). Przemysław Zdybek 3 __________________________________________________________________ practitioners. Statistics of many research programs show the efficacy of the therapy (psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or combining these two methods) based on maintaining the abstinence at the level of 20-53 % 8. A typical approach to addiction is the model of phases of alcoholism development as a disease in which from the warning phase, through the critical up to the chronic one there is a gradual deterioration of an addicted person leading to death or a total abstinence9. The alcoholism treated as a disease resulted in the creation of the Minnesota treatment model, which assumes that denying problems and the lack of motivation to undergo treatment is an element of a disease 10. The Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) movement11, and then the Narcotics Anonymous, shopaholics, gamblers or sexoholics movements are based on taking part in the self-help community of addicted people and realization of the 12 steps program by group meetings and working with the AA sponsor 12. A cognitive behavioral approach to the addiction therapy is based on the modification of source beliefs and habits of addicted people in order to make them stop using the substance which they are addicted to13. An integrative model of addiction highlights the fact that in the scope of the disease development three mechanisms start to have an influence on the addicted person14. The illusion and denial mechanism which is responsible for a defensive denial of a disease, dispersion and dissociation of self-mechanism – responsible for the self-esteem lowering, deformation and instability of the selfimage. Whereas the addictive regulation of emotions mechanism causes deepening of the failure to feel life satisfaction. The last, integrative model is the basis of the 8 Jan. Chodkiewicz, Odbić się od dna?: rola jakości życia w przebiegu and efektach terapii osób uzależnionych od alkoholu (Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2012). 9 Jelinek, Elvin, M., The Disease Concept of Alcoholism, (New Haven: CoIlege and University Press, 1960). 10 Chodkiewicz, Odbić się od dna?. 11 Ireneusz Kaczmarczyk, Wspólnota Anonimowych Alkoholików w Polsce: alkoholowe dno and co to znaczy trzeźwieć (Warszawa: „Eneteia” - Wydawnictwo Psychologii and Kultury, 2008). 12 Alexandre B. Laudet, Keith Morgen, and William L. White, „The role of social supports, spirituality, religiousness, life meaning and affiliation with 12-step fellowships in quality of life satisfaction among individuals in recovery from alcohol and drug problems”, Alcoholism treatment quarterly 24, nr 1–2 (2006): 33–73. 13 Beck and Witkowska, Terapia poznawcza uzależnień. 14 Jerzy, Mellibruda and Zofia Sobolewska-Melibruda, Integracyjna psychoterapia uzależnień: teoria and praktyka (Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii Zdrowia. Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne, 2006). 4 Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation … __________________________________________________________________ Polish addiction treatment and is the one most frequently used in the therapy centers. Patients who come to the treatment centers, do not arrive here completely voluntarily. Certainly, they are the ones who mainly make a decision on the treatment but it takes place as a result of problems which are caused by the addiction. If someone e.g. drinks alcohol and stops controlling its quantity and circumstances of its consumption, he starts to experience harmful consequences such as for example arguments in the family, the loss of job connected with drinking alcohol in the workplace, health problems (liver, pancreas, hypertension), the dominant suffering experience in relation to the withdrawal syndrome and legal proceedings. In each of these cases there is a certain crisis in one of the spheres of patients’ life. In such a moment of crisis, the quality of patients’ life is theoretically very low. Addicted people, due to the crisis, decide to choose the lesser evil and agree to start the therapy, whilst during the therapy, they work on getting their position right focusing on certain areas which, in reality, are components of the patients’ life quality. 3. The quality of addicted patients’ life The onion theory of happiness15 describes luck as an independent component which is indigenous and stable, whereas life quality is more dependent on external factors. The life quality (welfare) construct is more adequate to show changes in the addiction therapy. Scientific research on the life quality go in two directions, the economic (objective) and psychological (subjective). The first of them (economic) is based on the assumption that objective, measurable factors, such as for example a citizen’s income, are an indicator of the life quality. Although undoubtedly parameters such as income per inhabitant are essential and easy to measure, they do not prejudice whether we are satisfied with our life or not. Research showing the independence of the subjective life quality on the income show that money do not mean satisfaction16. A psychological approach, in addition, takes into consideration environmental components of the life quality perception defining it as a deliberate, culturally stable system of values in which a man lives in a certain relation to his goals, hope and standards of living 17. It indicates certain components building the feeling of life quality: material status; environmental quality; community health; quality of education; psychological 15 Jan Czapiński, „Psychologia szczęścia”, Przegląd badań and zarys teorii cebulowej. Warszawa, Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP, 1994. 16 Ed Diener and Carol Diener, „Most people are happy”, Psychological science 7, nr 3 (1996): 181–85. 17 Juozas Ruževičius and Dalia Akranavičiūtė, „Quality of life and its components’ measurement”, Inžinerinė ekonomika= Engineering economics, 2007, 43–48. Przemysław Zdybek 5 __________________________________________________________________ climate; personal security; self-expression possibilities18. An important work verifying the componential construction of the life quality is the meta-analysis being the summary of 122 studies on the life quality made in total on 42171 participants19. Authors verify the influence of personality dimensions on the subjectively perceived life quality level in the above-mentioned meta-analysis. As a result of the above research, it is visible that the feeling of life quality is not a uniform factor, but it can have many components. Environmental factors such as natural resources, social status, money and most importantly health are essential in the explanation of the life quality. Frequent substance use is connected with the improvement of self-esteem and subjective happiness. People use alcohol and drugs in order to feel happier or suffer less20. Unfortunately, it is an illusion. Using psychoactive substances causes an inverse effect – the more substance you use, the less able you are to experience happiness yourself and the bigger consequences of using the substance are and these consequences lower the life quality perception 21. It results directly from assumptions of mechanisms of the addiction disease 22. If someone stops taking drugs or drinking alcohol, it does not cause any improvement of the felt life quality. In the early period of the therapy, the life quality can be lowered as patients confront themselves with consequences of their disease. During the therapy, patients learn that in order to recover, they will have to stay abstinent, cope with alcohol cravings, avoid relations with friends from the past, work to improve relations with their family or employer. According to the earlier research23, and assume that (H1) when the addiction therapy in the center is over, the patients’ life quality and their self-esteem will increase. 18 Rita Rugiene, Jolanta Dadoniene, and Algirdas Venalis, „[Adaptation of healthrelated quality of life (« SF-36») questionnaire, its validation and assessment of performance for control group and patients with rheumatoid arthritis].”, Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 41, nr 3 (2004): 232–39. 19 Kristina M. DeNeve and Harris Cooper, „The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.”, Psychological bulletin 124, nr 2 (1998): 197. 20 Barry Stimmel, The facts about drug use: Coping with drugs and alcohol in your family, at work, in your community (Consumer Reports Books, 1991). 21 Karl Peltzer and Supa Pengpid, „Alcohol Use and Health-Related Quality of Life among Hospital Outpatients in South Africa”, Alcohol and Alcoholism 47, nr 3 (1 maj 2012): 291–95, doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags001. 22 Jerzy Mellibruda and Zofia Sobolewska-Melibruda, Integracyjna psychoterapia uzależnień. 23 Pierre Lahmek, „Determinants of Improvement in Quality of Life of AlcoholDependent Patients during an Inpatient Withdrawal Programme”, International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2009, 160, doi:10.7150/ijms.6.160. 6 Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation … __________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the role of the psychological time in the addictions therapy? The second construct connected with addicted patients’ feeling of emptiness and failure to be satisfied with life is a temporal orientation. This kind of orientation is a separate dimension of personality dynamics, which depending on the theory is described from a slightly different view24,25,26. Czesław Nosal and Beata Bajcar define the temporal orientation as a global representation of time in the mind (past, presence, future) and the structure of the subject’s oriented activities. It is a personal engagement and focus of attention on the past, presence or future together with the scope and organization of the subject’s activity 27. The concept created by Phillip Zimbardo and John Boyd, apart from the past, presence and future also includes an emotional approach to these perspectives28. Some studies showed that the future perspective is connected with a higher socioeconomic status, a low search for experiences, rare occurrence of health-risk behaviors 29. Whereas the negative past perspective correlates positively with a higher distress and a higher depressive attitude30. A temporal orientation as a guide to the presence (hedonistic) is related to the more complete experience of emotion and a higher declared satisfaction with life 31. Moreover, the present perspective is connected with a higher self-monitoring what causes higher adaptability and security in relation to the changing environment 32. The Present-Fatalistic temporal orientation is negatively correlated with self-control, positively with neurotism, there are more frequent internal conflicts, a fugitive style of coping with stress, a higher search for impressions and risk, alcohol and psychoactive substances 24 Kurt Lewin, Field Theory in Social Science Selected Theoretical Papers (University Of Chicago Press, 1976). 25 Calvin S. Hall et al., Teorie osobowości (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006). 26 Czesław Sławomir Nosal and Beata Bajcar, Czas psychologiczny: wymiary, struktura, konsekwencje (Instytut Psychologii PAN, 2004). 27 Ibid. 28 Zimbardo and Boyd, „Putting Time in Perspective”, 1275. 29 J Husman and D Shell, „The multivariate dimensionality of personal control and future time perspective beliefs in achievement and self-regulation.”, Contemporary Educational Psychology 26, nr 4 (2001): 481–506. 30 Philip Zimbardo and John Boyd, The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life (Simon and Schuster, 2008). 31 Małgorzata Sobol and Piotr Oleś, „Orientacja temporalna carpe diem a poczucie satysfakcji z życia”, Temporal orientation carpe diem and life satisfaction)(Abstr.), Przegląd Psychologiczny 45, nr 3 (2002): 331–46. 32 Bengi Öner, „Self-monitoring and future time orientation in romantic relationships”, The Journal of psychology 136, nr 4 (2002): 420–24. Przemysław Zdybek 7 __________________________________________________________________ abuse33. An optimum temporal profile is a balanced temporal perspective, where each of perspectives (past, presence and future) is equally represented and negative emotional components of the past and presence are low. It is thus interesting to analyze how the addiction therapy is able to modify the patients’ temporal orientation – or even restore it to the level from the period preceding the disease. (H2) The assumed effect of the short-term therapeutic influence on addicted patients is a lower focus on negative time perspectives (past and present) and (H3) a higher focus on positive perspectives (past and present). Additionally, (H4) a higher patients’ focus on the future temporal perspective is assumed. 5. Research Participants. People taking part in the research. 45 patients from 3 addiction treatment centers took part in the research. All of them took part in the 6-7 weeks’ long addiction treatment therapy. Patients were diagnosed mainly with alcohol addiction. Eleven people did not finish the therapy, what places the indicator of completing the treatment at the level of 75.6 %. There is also an analysis planned after 6 months, which will give a more measurable result about effectiveness of therapy. In the analyzed sample, 26 patients took part in the therapy for the first time and 15 for the second or another time, 4 patients did not provide information. The analyzed sample of patients was composed mainly of men (4 women; 41 men). Such a gender ratio is natural in a stationary addiction treatment in Poland. The examined patients were 25 – 70 years old and their average age was 45.61 (SD=10.48). The research procedure. Patients who took part in the research were invited during the stationary therapy (on the hospital ward). The analysis was of a voluntary nature and was in the form of a questionnaire made in the first week of treatment and the last week of their stay in the treatment center. The analysis in all centers was made by the same person during group therapy. Research tools. In the presented research, closed demographics questions concerning basic information such as age, sex, the substance abstinence data concerning the diagnose and the stay in the treatment center were used. What is more, the standardized psychological questionnaires were used. The mental well-being 33 Zimbardo and Boyd, „Putting Time in Perspective”; Nosal and Bajcar, Czas psychologiczny: wymiary, struktura, konsekwencje. 8 Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation … __________________________________________________________________ assessment questionnaire34 makes it possible to analyze satisfaction on the basis of the following areas: education and science; politics and social life; friends and acquaintances; religion; family; entertainment and leisure; making money; health; sexual life; professional life and work. The ZTPI Scale (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) makes it possible to measure the following temporal orientation dimensions: Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Future, Past-Positive and Present-Fatalistic35. What is more, the Rosenberg's Self-Assessment Scale has also been attached to the Polish adaptation36. Results In order to verify the therapy effects, the comparison of the pre-test post-test type for dependent samples have been made. In the analysis, missing data were excluded by cases. Table 1, according to the hypothesis (H1), presents the increase of the patients’ life quality after the end of the therapy. The most interesting in this scale is the weighted index of the subjective importance of a given area of life quality of each examined person. Both in the general life quality index and in the weighted one, a significant improvement of life quality after the therapy has been presented. Moreover, three detailed areas: family, health and making money have also improved. Table 1. Differences in the patients’ life quality level in the first and the last week of therapy measured by means of the mental well-being assessment questionnaire37. The life quality Before the After the t df p index therapy therapy The general index The subjective index Chosen detailed areas: - Health - Making money - Family 34 M 5.72 37.34 SD 1.92 9.85 M 6.84 46.43 SD 1.54 6.42 -3.98 -2.25 1;32 1;32 <0.001 <0.05 3.52 4.09 2.63 2.57 2.17 2.90 4.97 6.21 5.36 3.16 2.37 4.17 -2.60 -3.92 -4.03 1;32 1.31 1.29 <0.05 <0.001 <0.001 Zdybek and Walczak, „Badania nad rzetelnością and trafnością Kwestionariusza Oceny Dobrostanu Psychicznego”. 35 Zimbardo and Boyd, „Putting Time in Perspective”, 1275. 36 Mariola Łaguna, Kinga Lachowicz-Tabaczek, and Irena Dzwonkowska, „Skala samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga-polska adaptacja metody”, Psychologia Społeczna 2, nr 4 (2007): 164–76. 37 Zdybek and Walczak, „Badania nad rzetelnością and trafnością Kwestionariusza Oceny Dobrostanu Psychicznego”. Przemysław Zdybek 9 __________________________________________________________________ Table 2 shows the effect of reducing the focus on the negative dimension of the past and the presence and the increased focus on the future perspective what is in accordance with the second hypothesis (H2) and the fourth one (H4). The third hypothesis (H3) concerning the increased focus on the Present-Hedonistic and the Past-Positive perspective was not confirmed. Table 2. Differences in the focus level on particular temporal perspectives measured by means of a questionnaire for the temporal orientation measurement ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory)38. Before the After the t df p* therapy therapy M SD M SD Present-Negative 3.62 0.57 3.32 0.47 2.41 Present-Hedonistic 3.16 0.60 3.32 0.62 -1.27 Future 3.31 0.52 3.46 0.45 -1.96 Past-Positive 3.15 0.61 3.19 0.53 -0.39 Past-Fatalistic 2.78 0.75 2.52 0.70 -1.94 * p level given in order to test two tailed hypotheses 1.24 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.27 p<0.05 n.s. p<0.05 n.s. p<0.06 Moreover, according to the hypothesis (H1), an increase in the self-esteem as the therapy result has been found (M1=27,22 SD1=3,79; M2=28,44 SD2=3,55; t(1;32)=-1,81; p<0,05). 6. Discussion This research has been conducted mainly in a group of men addicted to alcohol and other substances, being treated in the stationary, intensive addiction therapy program. Despite the fact that psychoactive substances are used by people in order to make themselves happy, according to the analysis, addicted people do not have a high life quality level at the moment of the development of fullsymptom addiction, what is in accordance with other analyses39. The addiction therapy caused the increase of the life quality index measured as an assessment of satisfaction with life areas as an overall result, a weighted index and in three detailed areas: health, family and making money. After the therapy, the focus on negative aspects of the presence and the past as well as the increased focus on the 38 Zimbardo and Boyd, „Putting Time in Perspective”. Heidi Rudolf and Jay Watts, „Quality of life in substance abuse and dependency”, International Review of Psychiatry 14, nr 3 (2002): 190–97. 39 10 Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation … __________________________________________________________________ future could be seen, what leads to the more balanced temporal orientation 40. Probably the lower focus on the future could be connected with the bigger fear of it. The therapy helped to build a positive vision of the future and decreased the fear of the future, what can be a positive motivation to make changes. This research is an input into the discussion on the therapy efficacy. Some analyses of the therapy efficacy (in particular the medical ones) focus mainly on the measurement of the maintained abstinence 41, which as an efficacy indicator does not reflect complete effects of the psychological therapy. The gathered partial results give a promising view on the addiction therapy efficacy in the improvement of the patients’ life quality perception, changing their temporal perspective and self esteem into a more positive one. The presented research project has not been finished yet. A more complete view will be shown by the data taken from the third measurement which is being carried out (3-6 months after the end of the therapy). 40 Zimbardo and Boyd, The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. 41 Shirley A. Murphy and Agnes L. Hoffman, „An empirical description of phases of maintenance following treatment for alcohol dependence”, Journal of substance abuse 5, nr 2 (1993): 131–43. Przemysław Zdybek 11 __________________________________________________________________ Bibliography Beck, Aaron Temkin, Chodkiewicz, Jan, and Joanna Witkowska. Terapia poznawcza uzależnień. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2007. Chodkiewicz, Jan. Odbić się od dna?: rola jakości życia w przebiegu and efektach terapii osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2012. Czapiński, Jan „Psychologia szczęścia”. Przegląd badań and zarys teorii cebulowej. Warszawa, Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP, 1994. DeNeve, Kristina M., and Harris Cooper. „The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.” Psychological bulletin 124, nr 2 (1998): 197. Denzin, Norman Kent. The Alcoholic Society: Addiction and Recovery of the Self. Transaction Publishers, 1993. Diener, Ed, and Carol Diener. „Most people are happy”. Psychological science 7, nr 3 (1996): 181–85. Hall, Calvin S., Gardner. Lindzey, John Burden Campbell, Joanna. Kowalczewska, Józef. Radzicki, and Michał. Zagrodzki. Teorie osobowości. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006. Husman, Jenefer and Duane Shell. „The multivariate dimensionality of personal control and future time perspective beliefs in achievement and selfregulation.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 26, nr 4 (2001): 481– 506. ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. Jelinek, Elvin M. The Disease Concept of Alcoholism,. New Haven: CoIlege and University Press, 1960. Kaczmarczyk, Ireneusz. Wspólnota Anonimowych Alkoholików w Polsce: alkoholowe dno and co to znaczy trzeźwieć. Warszawa: „Eneteia” Wydawnictwo Psychologii and Kultury, 2008. Lahmek, Pierre. „Determinants of Improvement in Quality of Life of AlcoholDependent Patients during an Inpatient Withdrawal Programme”. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2009, 160. doi:10.7150/ijms.6.160. Laudet, Alexandre B., Keith Morgen, and William L. White. „The role of social supports, spirituality, religiousness, life meaning and affiliation with 12step fellowships in quality of life satisfaction among individuals in recovery from alcohol and drug problems”. Alcoholism treatment quarterly 24, nr 1–2 (2006): 33–73. Lewin, Kurt. Field Theory in Social Science Selected Theoretical Papers. University Of Chicago Press, 1976. 12 Does addiction therapy change the hedonistic temporal orientation … __________________________________________________________________ Łaguna, Mariola, Lachowicz-Tabaczek Kinga, and Dzwonkowska Irena. „Skala samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga-polska adaptacja metody”. Psychologia Społeczna 2, nr 4 (2007): 164–76. Mellibruda, Jerzy and Sobolewska-Mellibruda, Zofia. Integracyjna psychoterapia uzależnień: teoria and praktyka. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii Zdrowia. Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne, 2006. Murphy, Shirley A., and Agnes L. Hoffman. „An empirical description of phases of maintenance following treatment for alcohol dependence”. Journal of substance abuse 5, nr 2 (1993): 131–43. Nosal, Czesław Sławomir, and Beata Bajcar. Czas psychologiczny: wymiary, struktura, konsekwencje. Instytut Psychologii PAN, 2004. Öner, Bengi. „Self-monitoring and future time orientation in romantic relationships”. The Journal of psychology 136, nr 4 (2002): 420–24. Peltzer, Karl, and Supa Pengpid. „Alcohol Use and Health-Related Quality of Life among Hospital Outpatients in South Africa”. Alcohol and Alcoholism 47, nr 3 (1 maj 2012): 291–95. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags001. Rudolf, Heidi, and Jay Watts. „Quality of life in substance abuse and dependency”. International Review of Psychiatry 14, nr 3 (2002): 190–97. Rugiene, Rita, Jolanta Dadoniene, and Algirdas Venalis. „[Adaptation of healthrelated quality of life (« SF-36») questionnaire, its validation and assessment of performance for control group and patients with rheumatoid arthritis].” Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 41, nr 3 (2004): 232–39. Ruževičius, Juozas, and Dalia Akranavičiūtė. „Quality of life and its components’ measurement”. Inžinerinė ekonomika= Engineering economics, 2007, 43– 48. Sobol, Małgorzata, and Piotr Oleś. „Orientacja temporalna carpe diem a poczucie satysfakcji z życia”. Temporal orientation carpe diem and life satisfaction)(Abstr.), Przegląd Psychologiczny 45, nr 3 (2002): 331–46. Stimmel, Barry. The facts about drug use: Coping with drugs and alcohol in your family, at work, in your community. Consumer Reports Books, 1991. Zdybek, Przemysław, and Radosław Walczak. „Badania nad rzetelnością and trafnością Kwestionariusza Oceny Dobrostanu Psychicznego”. W Psychologia ilości, psychologia jakości. Uzupełniające się spojrzenia, 103–20. Wrocław: Atut, 2009. Zimbardo, Philip, and John Boyd. The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. Simon and Schuster, 2008. Zimbardo, Philip G., and John N. Boyd. „Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, nr 6 (1999): 1271–88. doi:10.1037//00223514.77.6.1271. Przemysław Zdybek 13 __________________________________________________________________ Author’s Bio Przemysław Zdybek, social psychologist, addiction psychotherapist, coach. Main scientific interests lie in evolution of attractiveness perception, social psychology, concept of psychological time, methodology and clinical therapy of addictions. He works at the Opole University, Institute of Psychology, contact: [email protected]