II Liceum Ogólnokształc ące

Transkrypt

II Liceum Ogólnokształcące
im. Mikołaja Kopernika we Włocławku
87-800 WŁOCŁAWEK
ul. Urocza 3
tel. (054) 236 02 23, fax. (054) 236 74 02
e-mail: [email protected]
NIP:
888–10–34-580
www.lo2.wloclawek.q4.pl
Socrates
mgr Witold Krzeszewski
www.comeniusborders.com
Subject: The German - Russian War
1. Students are asked to do exercises based on the map ( the questions are given in
appendix 1) After having done the task teacher checks the correctness and explains
some mistakes students may have done.
2. Teacher writes down a new subject on the blackboard (based on the text taken from
Pronobis W., Polska i Świat in dwudziestym wieku, str 211-212, Poland and the
World in the 20th century)
The subject of the lesson ‘The German –Russian War’
Students are asked to give some possible reasons of the German invasion of the USSR.
Possible answers:
•
The German concern -the annexation of Lithuania, Latvia and Esonia by The
USSR and Russian-Finnish war.
•
Russia’s conquest of Romanian Bucovina ( a very important oil provider to
Germany).
•
Disatisfaction with the suggested spheres of domination in the world. ( at the
conference in Berlin 12-15 November 1940).The USSR wanted to have much
more area of influence in Europe and Asia.
3. The most important stages of The German-Russian War students will see while
watching a documentary ( a propaganda film). Students have to put down the most
important and crucial events of the war. Teacher stops the film during the screening
(pausa) , gives dates and the information concerning the the war.
-
the plan ‘Fall Balbarossa’
-
the battle of Moscow
-
Siege of Leningrad – the Road Life
-
the battle of Stalingrad
4. Teacher describes the battle at Kurski Łuk ( Polish name)
II Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Mikołaja Kopernika we Włocławku
Conference Võru /Estonia/ 4 --9.XI. 2006
str. 1
5. Students are given some photocopies of the press being published before the end of
the II World War. They are to read the marked parts of the articles. Teacher asks them
to give the next stages of II World War ( the papers are put in chronological order,
according to the next stages of war – to teachers) Appendix2
a) Codzienny Biuletyn Informacyjny Referatu Propagandy i Kultury Bazy 2-go
Korpusu ( nr 93 4.07.44)
b) Wiadomości Włocławskie 25.01.1945
c) Wiadomości Włocławskie 30.01.1945.
d) Wiadomości Włocławskie 31.01.1945
e) Rzeczpospolita 23.04.1945.
f) Wiadomości Włocławskie 03.05.1945.
g) Wiadomości Włocławskie 08.05.1945.
( groupwork)
6. Summing up of the lesson
str. 2
Reasons of the German-Russian war
Alliance between Germany and Russia, proved by the treaty of 28 September 1939, was taken
much more seriously by Stalin than Hitler. Russia’s aggression against Finland, and later on
annexation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia raised a lot of concern in Berlin. However, it was
Russia’s conquest of Romanian Bucovina that revealed the first signs of an upcoming conflict
between the countries. Romania was a very important oil provider to Germany, and so
Germany decided to take on more serious steps and guarantee inviolability of Romanian
borders. Relations between Germany and Russia began to deteriorate then, even though
Russian propaganda continued to align itself with the Third Reich, and despite the fact that
Komitern, which was still dependant on Kreml, tried to prevent Great Britain’s military
actions with the use of the Fifth Communist Column, the same way it previously managed to
repress French defense and allowed for a runaway victory of Nazi Germany over France.
When Wlaczeslaw Molotow, a commissar of foreign affairs, visited Berlin on 12-15
November 1940, German relations with Russia reached a turning point. The visit was about
expansion of the Pact of Three to include a new, fourth member - the Soviet Union, and
division of the countries’ dominion over the world. According to the design, Germany was to
conquer central Africa, Italy - north and north-east part of the continent, Japan was to expand
into east Asia, and the USSR - central Asia in the direction of the Indian Ocean.
As Russia’s greed had already started to pose a threat to German interests, Hitler’s policy
regarding the country depended very much on the Soviet Union’s attitude during that Berlin
conference. Yet, in Berlin, Molotov’s behaviour proved that Stalin was not going to restrain
himself to the offered spheres of dominion. Molotov was strong-minded to keep Russian’s
exclusive rights to Finland, which seemed to threaten deliveries of Swedish iron stone and
Finish nickel to Germany. He also claimed rights to Bulgaria and demanded inclusion of
Turkey into the Russian sphere of dominion. Finally, Japan was to give up on its concessions
to north Sakhalin.
Russian conditions met with silence from both Japan and the Third Reich. Yet, Hitler made a
definitive, it seems, decision to attack the USSR then. A month later, on 18 December 1940,
he issued a Directive number 21 to plan a war with Russia. The plan was named with
‘Barbarossa’ cryptonym.
The sudden cooling down of German relations with the USSR scared Stalin off, who tried to
change the bad impression that had been created because of his unyielding attitude in Berlin.
He instructed to keep without fail regular deliveries of supplies from the USSR to the Third
str. 3
Reich for German war industry. To prove his unquestionable loyalty towards Germany Stalin
withdrew his recognition of the official representatives of Norway, Belgium and Yugoslavia,
the countries which had been conquered by Hitler, that still stayed in Moscow. He also
expressed his sincere willingness to keep close bonds of friendship with the Third Reich. In
April 1941 he went to a railway station to personally welcome the ambassador of Germany,
Schulenberg, in Russia. He said then, We have to stay friends, and you have to do anything to
achieve it.1
Even though the war with the Great Britain had not finished by then and the victory seemed to
be still in the air, Hitler remained deaf to Stalin’s words and urged on completion of
preparations of ‘Barbarossa’ plan. Old designs to find a Lebensraum for the Third Reich in
the east came back to life again. Hitler assumed that he would quickly and easily manage to
\win in Russia as he decided to fight on two fronts and ignored the rule of not attacking yet
another country before the victory over the previous enemy. The assumptions were based on
the difficulties that the Red Army had had during the war with Finland.
German attack on the USSR
The German invasion of the USSR began at the crack f dawn on 22 June 1941 with German’s
immediate triumph over Russia, which only confirmed that Russian leaders were completely
overtaken by the German attack. Stalin made little account of the warnings that had already
been sent from London and Washington to Moscow. Russian intelligence had also observed
Wehrmacht military units gather along Russian borders, yet the message was read as an
attempt to force Russia to make economic concessions. Russian agency, TASS, described the
warnings that had been sent from London only a few days before the German invasion as an
attempt to break the bonds of friendship between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union.
It was only in the first days of the campaign that Russian command-in-chief had already
proved ineffective and the morale of Russian soldiers to be very low. German Army Group
North, only within 5 days until 29 June 1941, managed to crush 15 Russian divisions, next,
cross Dvina and Libava, and conquer Riga.
‘Stalin’s Line,’ a huge defensive system that had been constructed for many years, occurred to
be completely useless. German Army, which had been rapidly advancing, managed to cross
the line before retreating Russian Army had managed to form a line of resistance.
1
Pronobis W., Świat i Polska w dwudziestym wieku, Editions Spotkania,1990.
str. 4
Hitler’s main mistake at that time was his decision to withhold a direct attack on Moscow, the
project so strongly supported by Marshal Fedor von Bock, commander of the Army Group
Centre. According to Hitler, Leningrad was a much more significant target because of its
economical importance to the USSR. Moving very fast German divisions were instructed to
fight Russian resistance at their back instead of proceeding into the country, which led to a
conflict between Hitler and the command-in-chief regarding strategy of the Army.
German generals tried to persuade Hitler that such an opportunity to invade Moscow may
never repeat and that the upcoming winter would definitely let Russians better prepare for the
warfare. Finally, Hitler agreed to the plan, but the official directives were issued only in
September. According to the plan, Army Group Centre, commanded by Marshal von Bock,
was to take the major offensive against Moscow. Military actions were to begin in the end of
September 1941 with outflanking of Russian forces by the Wiazma river, yet, due to some
necessary rearrangements, the operation had to be delayed. The German offensive against
Moscow was resumed on 2 October, and at the very start of it, the Germans were really
successful. After a few days of fighting, the Panzer Armies commanded by general Heinz
Guderian and marshal von Kluge managed to crash Soviet forces in an encirlement battle in
the region of Wiazma. The day after, the Second Army under the command of general
Maximilian von Weisch, which was supported by the Panzer Army commanded by Heinz
Guderian, crashed Soviet forces in an encirclement battle in the region of Briansk2.
The Germans took over half a million of Soviet prisoners of war and gained loads of armour.
It seemed as though the door to Moscow had been wide open, when the weather came with
help to Stalin. Firstly, heavy Autumn rains turned roads into mud, then, the temperature
dropped to -20 degrees of Celsius in the first half of November. In such harsh weather
conditions any traffic on the frozen heaps of mud seemed almost impossible. On the top of
that, grease in engines of vehicles and aircrafts would freeze and machine guns would stop
working
properly. When at the beginning of December the winter set in and the temperature went
down to -40 degrees, more and more German soldiers froze to death. On 3 December 1941
the Army Group Centre reached the line: Krasna Polana – the Nara river – surroundings of
Tula and Kszira – Yelec – Tim, and it was the end of their strategic initiative. The German
2
str. 5
advance was stopped on the frontline from the Finish Bay to the Black Sea, and so Germans
did not manage to conquer either Leningrad or Moscow.
In addition to that, they failed to successfully combat the Russian counter-offensive prepared
by marshal Georgij Zukow 3
3
str. 6
Appendix 1
World War II in Europe (1939 – 1940)
1.Read the extract from the truce treaty between France and Germany, concluded in
Compiegne on June 22nd 1940 and carry out the tasks given below.
“(...) Article 2. In order to protect the affairs of the German Reich, the territory of France to
the north and to the south of the line drawn on the attached map will be occupied by the
German army. (...)
Article 23. The line mentioned in article 2 of the truce treaty begins in the east on the FrenchSwiss border near Geneva and extends then approximately through the towns of Dole, Parayle-Monial and Bourges to the point within 20 kilometers east of Tours. Therefrom it runs
within the distance of 20 kilometers east of the railway line Tours-Angouleme-Libourne and
then through Mont-de-Marsan and Orthez up till the Spanish border.”
M.Sobańska-Bondaruk, S.B. Lenard, The twentieth century in sources. Warszaw 1998, pages
193 and 195
a) underline on the map with one line the name of the place where the truce treaty was signed.
b) designate on the map the border of the whole area of German occupation on the terrain of
France. Substantiate briefly, why Germany kept to themselves the terrains mentioned in the
cited above document.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
c) Write on the map the name of the country created on the rest of the area of the former
French country, and then underline with two lines its capital city. Write its name below:
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Caption the countries that the USSR attacked in November of 1939.
3. Find on the map the countries that became the object of German aggression in April
1940.
str. 7
Write their names below, and place on the map in the appropriate places the letter
symbols that have been attributed to them.
A)
____________
B) ________________
4. Write below and on the map in the appropriate places the names (or their
corresponding letter symbols) of those countries that were attacked by Germany in the
May of 1940.
C) _______________
D) _______________
E) __________
5. Fill with lines on the map the territories of the three countries that in August 1940
became officialy part of the USSR.
6. Mark on the map with black color the whole German-Soviet border at the end of
1940.
str. 8
Appendix 2
1
Wiadomości Włocławskie 3.05.1945.
WAR ENDED
The hour of peace has struck for all the nations
Day of Victory in Europe
2
Wiadomości Włocławskie 8.05. 1945.
On the 7th of May of current year at 2:41 after midnight the act of capitulation of the
German army was signed with respect to all the allied nations.
This historic act took place in the main headquarters of commander-in-chief general
Eisenhover. The commanding officer of the allied forces was represented by general Smiths.
The Red Army was represented by general Szuszlapatow. Chief of Staff of the German Army
general Jodl and admiral Friedburg were members of the German delegation.
3
Berlin captured!
The hotbed of German aggression fell at the feet of the Red Army
4
Wiadomośći Włocławskie 28.04.1945
Hitler, Goebbels and Krebs have taken their own live
str. 9
5
Wiadomośći Włocławskie 28.04.1945
The Allied Armies have shaken hands
6
Yesterday in the afternoon hours the broadcasting stations of English, Soviet, and
American radio have simultaneously passed the news that Red Army units have joined AngloAmerican army units. The joining of the allied armies has taken place in the area of the city of
Torgau, to the south-east of Lipsk.
7
Rzeczpospolita 23.04.1945.
The capture of the outskirts of Berlin
8
Rzeczpospolita 23.04.1945.
During the 22nd of April the central unit of the Soviet army was still taking military
action in the direction of Drezno and Berlin.
9
Wiadomości Włocławskie 31.01.1945
The armed forces of the second Belarussian front have occupied a number of towns in
the area of Eastern Prussia , KWIDZYN (Marienwerder) among them.
The armed forces of the third Belarussian front have completely surrounded the city of
KRÓLEWIEC.
10
Wiadomości Włocławskie 30 stycznia 1945.
In the Polish area, Wolsztyn, Międzychód and 700 other towns have been occupied.
11
Wiadomości Włocławskie 30 stycznia 1945.
str. 10
To the south of Cracow, Soviet armies, fighting in difficult terrain conditions (The
Tatra Mountains) have captured Nowy Targ, Czarny Dunajec, Jordanów, and 100 other
towns.
12
The armed forces of the third Belarussian front, charging to the south and south-west
of Insterburg, have captured the cities of Angerburg and Widminen, as well as over 250 other
towns in the territory of Eastern Prussia.
13
The armed forces of the first Belarussian front, charging in the direction of Wroclaw
from the east, have taken the city of KALISZ by storm, as well as the towns: Pogórz, Szubin,
Knin, Janowo, Klecko and over 800 smaller places.
14
Z Ziemi Wloskiej do Polski
Codzienny Biuletyn Informacyjny Propagandy i Kultury Bazy 2-go Korpusu
The Red Army has still made progress on the Belarussian front. Minsk has been
completely surrounded. German forces fighting in this region are said to amount to 200000.
15
Z Ziemi Wloskiej do Polski
Codzienny Biuletyn Informacyjny Propagandy i Kultury Bazy 2-go Korpusu
JUST-IN
The military forces of general Rokosowski have captured Minsk. As a sign of victory,
24 salutes from 324 cannons have been fired in Moscow.
str. 11

II Liceum Ogólnokształc ące

Transkrypt

Podobne dokumenty

T he G erm an d eb ate ab out th e free mo vem en tofwo rkers fro m

Book: Niemieckie wojska spadochronowe: 1936