FULL TEXT - Antropomotoryka

NR 49
AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA
2010
THE CALORIFIC COST OF YOUNG WOMEN’S
LEISURE ACTIVITY
KOSZT KALORYCZNY AKTYWNOŚCI WOLNOCZASOWEJ
MŁODYCH KOBIET
Bożena Królikowska*, Michał Rozpara **, Władysław Mynarski ***,
Bogusława Graczykowska****, Daniel Puciato *****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
Dr, Department of Active Forms of Tourism and Recreation, Opole University of Technology
MSc, Department of Active Forms of Tourism and Recreation, Opole University of Technology
Dr habil., assoc. prof., Department of Active Forms of Tourism and Recreation, Opole University of Technology
Dr, Department of Active Forms of Tourism and Recreation, Opole University of Technology
Dr, Department of Geography and Economics of Tourism, Opole University of Technology
Key words: physical activity, leisure, calorific cost, accelerometry, caltrac, women
Słowa kluczowe: aktywność fizyczna, wolnoczasowa, koszt kaloryczny, akcelerometria,
caltrac, kobiety
SUMMARY • STRESZCZENIE
– 69 –
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Cel badań. Próba porównania tygodniowego kosztu kalorycznego wolnoczasowej aktywności kobiet regularnie
i nieregularnie aktywnych fizycznie na tle czynności codziennych (habitualnych).
Materiał i metoda. Badaniami objęto 34 kobiety w wieku 18–35 lat, mieszkanki województwa opolskiego.
Wyróżniono dwie grupy badanych: osobniczki nieregularnie aktywne ruchowo oraz systematycznie ćwiczące.
W pracy zastosowano metodę obserwacji pośredniej, a tygodniowy wydatek kaloryczny badanych kobiet mierzono
akcelerometrem Caltrac Monitor. Uzyskane wyniki monitoringu tygodniowego wydatku energetycznego kobiet
ujęto w kilokaloriach (kcal) na tydzień i kilokaloriach na dzień.
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Aim of the research. The aim of the research is an attempt to compare a weekly calorific cost of leisure
activity of women regularly and irregularly physically active in the everyday and habitual activity.
Material and method. The research covered 34 women aging 18–35 and residing on the territory of the
Opole province. For the research two groups of women were selected. The first one was made up of women
who did not undertake a regular physical activity and the other one was made up of women exercising
regularly. In this research a method of an indirect observation was applied and a weekly calorific cost of the
two groups of women was measured with an accelerometer – Caltrac Monitor. The results of the monitoring of the weekly energetic expense done by women were expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per week and
kilocalories per day.
Results. The total calorific cost of everyday (habitual) activity done by women in their ordinary week was
various in the compared groups. The women exercising regularly achieved almost twice higher calorific cost
than the other research group, which was a result of their different lifestyles. In both groups of the women the
calories spent on physical activity constituted approximately 70% of their total caloric cost of habitual activities
and it exceeds the energetic cost accompanying passive forms of leisure activities.
Conclusions. It should be noticed that the caloric expense of a physical leisure activity done in a free time
per week by the researched women was too low to meet the health recommendations taken by Paffenbarger
(about 2000 kcal per week and 300 kcal per day pro physical activity). Definitely, those who were close to meet
the above recommendations were the women regularly physically active.
Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato
Wyniki badań. Całkowity koszt kaloryczny przypadający na codzienną (nawykową) aktywność kobiet w zwyczajowym tygodniu ich życia był zróżnicowany w porównywanych grupach. U kobiet regularnie aktywnych był on
blisko dwukrotnie wyższy niż u pozostałych badanych, co było skutkiem odmiennego trybu życia. W obu grupach
kobiet kalorie wydatkowane na aktywność wolnoczasową stanowiły około 70% całkowitego kosztu kalorycznego
ich aktywności habitualnej, przewyższając wydatek energetyczny towarzyszący biernym formom spędzania czasu
wolnego.
Wnioski. Należy zauważyć, że wydatek kaloryczny przypadający na aktywność fizyczną podejmowaną w czasie
wolnym w ciągu zwyczajowego tygodnia życia badanych kobiet był zbyt niski, by spełniać zalecenia prozdrowotne
przyjmowane przez Paffenbargera (około 2000 kcal na tydzień i 300 kcal w ciągu dnia na aktywność ruchową).
Zdecydowanie bliższe spełnieniu tych zaleceń były kobiety systematycznie aktywne ruchowo.
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Introduction
The civilization of the 21st century provides us with numerous facilities but it also limits a proper functioning
of a human system. The consequence of the occurring
changes is a necessity to increase our care about health
associated with an optimal mood and wellness [1]. The
factor which decides about our health in 50–60% is our
lifestyle [1–3]. The World Health Organisation defines it
as an outcome of individual preferences and behavioural
patterns as well as living conditions of the existence,
determined by psychological, social, economic and cultural factors [4]. The essential part of a desired lifestyle
is widely recognized everyday and habitual physical activity with the predominance of a physical effort [1, 5–10]
which nowadays is currently recognized as one of the
basic human needs, disregarding the stage of their lives,
as their genome was shaped in a phylogenesis by an
adoption of a system to extremely difficult surrounding
conditions which required from a human to make frequently extremely intensive physical efforts. In the result
of that a drastic limitation of physical activities becomes
one of the threats to the health of modern generations
preferring a sitting lifestyle [1, 6, 7, 11–14].
In the literature of this subject there are many definitions of a physical activity. Bourchard, Shephard [6]
identify it with work done by the skeletal muscles resulting in an energetic expense exceeding a static metabolism. They also take it for a primary health factor and
its best indicator. An intentional, regular and rational
physical activity is commonly nowadays identified as
a desired mean of health creation and prevention and
treatment of civilization diseases (mainly hypokinetic).
Its results are determined by a proper dose of physical
effort: intensity and volume of exercises (their duration,
number of repetitions, length of distance, caloric cost).
The aim of activity is also important, as well as psychic
attitude, influence of a surrounding [15–17].
According to WHO report, a dose of a physical
activity which is positive for health should exceed the
volume of 3,5 hours a week [18]. American experts say
that to maintain a state of health an adult should undertake a physical activity of an intermediate intensity in
the majority of week days (4–5 times) for approximately
30 minutes [7, 19] However, there are only general recommendations as a dose of an effective physical activity has to be individually adapted to the psychophysical
abilities of a given person [1, 20, 21].
A caloric or, in other words, an energetic expense of
the volume of a physical activity is taken for its best indicator [2, 22]. According to Kłosowski [23] the necessity
of measuring a caloric cost of a physical effort of a nowadays human being results from a shortage of the equilibrium in a daily energetic balance, which is the reason
for most problems connected with a phenomenon of hypokinesis. The amount of used energy as an indicator
of an activity level can be expressed in traditional units
of heat – in calories (cal), a kilocalorie (kcal) is frequently used. The energetic balance results from the sum of
energy absorbed in a form of food and a daily energetic
expense necessary to support life processes, as well as
the energy used for various physical and psychic activities, which is called an active energetic expense. The
bigger the caloric cost of physical activity, the bigger
the chance to counteract an energetic balance of contemporary man and its beneficial influence on human’s
health [21]. It has been proved that in a case when 300
kcal are spent daily, then the significant changes in the
level of physical fitness and metabolism of a human being can be expected [24]. In the opinion of Paffenbarger
and the co-authors [25], the satisfactory amount of
a weekly physical activity is a physical effort leading
to the energetic expense of 2000 kcal for people aging
20–59 years and of a body mass of 70 kg. For smaller
or bigger mass, the energetic expense should be proportionally lower or higher. It depends on the age and
physical activity as well [25–27]. In the situation like
this, a search for accurate, reliable and commonly accessible means (tools) of assessment and measuring
a caloric expense of a physical activity has its utilitar-
– 70 –
The calorific cost of young women’s leisure activity
ian reason. One of the methods used for this reason
is a mechanical or electronic monitoring of a volume
of a physical activity in which the measuring tools are
movement indicators and acceleration indicators (accelerometers). In the group of accelerometers one of
the most used measuring tools in this group is a device
called Caltrac Monitor [17, 27].
Many foreign researchers have dealt with a problem
of measuring a volume of a physical activity by means
of accelerometers and they have proved their practical
usefulness [28–32]. The devices of this type are more
and more frequently applied in the national researches
of a caloric cost of different forms of recreation and everyday physical activity [33–36].
In the literature of this subject we came across the
research connected with the social activity according to
the different ages. There was a lot of attention paid to
the subject of the young generation. It should be emphasized that a physical activity is lower in girls and
women than in boys and men [37–39]. The researches
of physical activity volume, presented in this paper,
show that such an activity is especially recommended
for women at different age.
The subject of this research work is a habitual and
leisure activity of young women assessed along with its
caloric cost. As a habitual activity we understand the
everyday human activities connected with daily routine
such as professional work, education and habits; that’s
why it is called habitual activity [40]. Meanwhile the
free leisure activity is mainly connected with the way
of spending the free time by average human being. The
activities done in this category may be of different kinds
such as passive (imitative – inactive) and active (creative). We should take in mind that leisure activity is really an ambiguous term. It’s very often hard to say what
is a leisure activity and what is a daily routine.
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The aim of the research
The main aim is an attempt to assess a weekly caloric
expense of a leisure activity done by women who are
regularly and irregularly physically active in their everyday (habitual) lives. Such an aim of research was presented in a form of the following research questions:
1. What is an average caloric expense accompanying
daily and weekly activity of young women during
their typical week?
2. What part of their weekly caloric cost of everyday
activity may be ascribed to the active and passive
leisure activity of the researched women?
3. What part of an energetic expense connected with
activities done in leisure time may be ascribed to
a physical activity?
4. In which way does a weekly caloric cost of a physical activity taken in a leisure time done by the researched women meet the criteria of a volume beneficial for health?
The research questions based on the following hypotheses:
1. A weekly caloric cost of an activity done by women
who are not regularly physically active will not be
sufficient to meet the criteria of a healthy lifestyle.
2. A weekly volume of a physical leisure activity expressed in calories in women systematically undertaking a regular physical activity will probably meet
the criteria of a healthy lifestyle in a scope of physical efforts.
Research material, methods and tools
There were thirty–four women, aged 18–35, who participated in this research and all of them were the residents of the Opole province. Over half of them – 55%
were students, 25% joined studies with professional
career and only 20% of them worked professionally.
To realize these aims, they were divided into following
groups:
– those who do not exercise regularly; in a text they
are addressed as a group irregularly physically active (and a group I),
– those who are regularly undertaking a physical
effort, called also the regularly physically active
(group II); they were the fitness instructors.
The research process covered a sequence of seven days in the daily lives of the examined women in the
autumn 2008.
For the purpose of this work, the method of an indirect
observation was applied. The measurement of a caloric
expense was performed by means of an accelerometer
– Caltrac Monitor – that reacts on the speeding of the
whole body and enables a measurement of a physical
activity for a period of several and several or more dozen
of minutes as well as for a period of several days or even
a whole month [35]. Before the tests started, in memory
of the device the data concerning age, sex, height and
weight of each participant has been stored. According
to the recommendations, in the measurement process
Caltrac was carried on a belt attached to a waist, so it
– 71 –
Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato
did not disturb a person in an unconstrained movement
during a day. The registered values of the monitoring of
the burnt calories were written down in a card of habitual
activity, which was especially worked out for this reason.
It was done every morning when the device was put on
and every evening while taking it off as well as before and
after the main daily activities. The bath and night sleep
were not taken into consideration because of the technical restrictions of the device.
To make the analysis of the results of monitoring of
an energetic expense, the activities done during a day
were classified:
1. Activities done permanently, so called daily activities – morning and evening washing, preparing and
having meals, moving to work, school, home, etc.,
activities connected with professional work, studying and housework.
2. Activities done in leisure time:
a) passive – perceptive forms of spending free time
(having a nap, watching TV, listening to music,
etc.),
b) active (creative) ways of spending free time
such as:
– efforts of intellectual kind (reading magazines, books, solving cross-word puzzles,
activities involving enriching knowledge for
the sake of self-improvement),
– physical activities (different forms of exercising, gardening, DIY activities, etc.).
The results of a weekly monitoring were expressed
in kilocalories (kcal a week–1). The results were also
showed in calories per day (kcal a day–1).
Research results and discussion
The average age of the researched women physically
active irregularly amounted to 23 ± 2.88 and in a case
of those systematically active reached 24.7 ± 3.93. The
average height was 165.45 ± 6.82 in the first group
and 166.79 ± 4.76 cm in the second one. The average weight of non-active ones was up to 60.00 ± 7.43
and 58.07 ± 5.12 kg in the group of those regularly exercising. The BMI-index in the group of the examined
women who were not active ranged from 18.42 to 25.08
kg × m–2, on average 21.87 kg × m–2. In a similar example – 18.78–26.45 kg×m –2 was the value of BMI for the
group of women who were regularly active. In this case
the average reached the level of 20.90 ± 2.00 kg × m –2
(Tab. 1). Only two women out of each group presented
BMI indicator whose value of 18–25 kg × m–2 was exceeded, which stands for their slight overweight [41].
While analyzing a caloric expense of the habitual
activity of the women who were irregularly active during the entire monitored week of their lives, it can be
concluded that an average caloric expense equaled
2521.70 kcal, which divided into a daily portion equaled
360.24 kcal (Tab. 2). In the own researches there was
observed the high level of the diversity of the habitual
human weekly activity of women irregularly physically active. A weekly activity per person differs a lot –
635.42 kcal/week. The lowest weekly caloric expense
per person reached 1514.00 kcal, (216.43 kcal/day) and
the highest one 3440.00 kcal (491.43 kcal/day). In the
group of regularly active women the average number
of calories burnt during a weekly habitual activity was
Table 1. Numeric characteristics of age, features and somatic built indicators of women irregularly (I) and regularly (II) physically
active
Variables
Unit
Age
[years]
x
s
V
Min
Max
I
23.00
2.88
12.4
17.0
30.0
II
24.71
3.93
15.0
20.0
35.0
I
165.45
6.82
4.2
147.0
176.0
II
166.79
4.76
2.5
154.0
175.0
I
60.00
7.43
12.9
46.0
70.0
II
58.07
5.12
8.2
53.0
72.0
I
21.87
1.92
8.0
18.2
25.8
II
20.90
2.00
9.9
18.8
26.5
[cm]
t
p*
–1.7
0.5
–0.3
0.3
0.4
0.1
1.1
0.7
-
Height
Group
[kg]
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Weight
BMI
[kg×m–2]
* In Tables 1–5 the significance level p < 0.05 is written in bold letters and the level p < 0.01 has been denoted in bold italics.
– 72 –
The calorific cost of young women’s leisure activity
Table 2. Numeric characteristics of a weekly and daily caloric cost of total indicators of a caloric cost of a physical activity done by
women irregularly (I) and regularly physically active
Variables
Weekly caloric cost
of activities done
regularly
Weekly caloric cost
of a leisure activity
(total)
Weekly caloric cost
of habitual activity
Unit
Group
x
s
V
Min
Max
[kcal/week]
I
1693.75
464.29
27.41
1029.00
2566.00
[kcal/week]
II
2964.57
792.47
26.73
1877.00
4328.00
[kcal/day]
I
241.96
66.33
27.41
147.00
366.57
[kcal/day]
II
423.51
113.21
26.73
268.14
618.29
[kcal/week]
I
827.95
351.32
42.43
325.00
1391.00
[kcal/week]
II
1923.21
684.99
35.62
1162.00
3603.00
[kcal/day]
I
82.06
47.12
57.43
21.57
167.00
[kcal/day]
II
231.09
104.67
45.30
127.43
500.00
[kcal/week]
I
2521.70
635.42
25.20
1514.00
3440.00
[kcal/week]
II
4887.79
836.00
17.10
3855.00
6411.00
[kcal/day]
I
360.24
90.77
25.20
216.29
491.43
[kcal/day]
II
698.26
119.43
17.10
550.71
915.86
4887.79 kcal/week (698.26 kcal/day), which was twice
as much as in the group I, with a standard deviation of
836.00 kcal, a minimum value per person was 3855.00
kcal (550.71 kcal/day) and maximum one 6411.00 kcal
(915.86 kcal/day). The big differences in the burnt energy in both groups surely result from a character of the
undertaken activities with a predominance of a physical
effort on the part of the women regularly active, their
lifestyle and somatic structure (weight) of their bodies
as well as the intervals that the said activity was done.
Their interests and hobbies turned out to be important
as well, but they were not explored.
If we take into consideration the group of women
who were irregularly active, it can be stated that their
everyday activities took 1693.75 kcal (Tab. 2), on average, which constituted 67% in the percentage scheme
t
p
–5.89
0.000
–6.12
0.000
–9.38
0.000
of the whole burnt calories in the process of the monitoring (Fig. 1). In a case of regularly active systematically researched women the caloric cost of such activities reached a far higher level of 2964.57 kcal a week,
(423.51 kcal/day), (Tab. 2). The percentage share of
the constant activities in the total caloric cost, for this
group, was 61% (Fig. 1).
The higher energetic expense in the group of women regularly active was the effect of fitness exercises
done by them, which were treated as the obligatory activities. This share of a caloric cost in the total activities
regularly taken was up to 1702.14 kcal/day, i.e. 243.16
kcal/day (Tab. 3). It is known that the final results of
everyday activities’ caloric cost assessment of the examined women are affected by different factors such
as: the kind of professional work, the duration of an ac-
33%
67%
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Group I
Fig. 1. The percentage scheme of the total weekly caloric cost in the groups of irregularly (I) and regularly physically active (II)
– 73 –
Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato
Table 3. Numeric characteristics of a weekly and daily caloric cost of activities constantly done by women irregularly (I) and regularly
physically active
Variables
Unit
Group
x
s
V
Min
Max
[kcal/week]
I
110.00
27.82
25.29
69.00
192.00
[kcal/week]
II
157.79
61.90
39.23
67.00
272.00
[kcal/day]
I
15.71
3.97
25.29
9.86
27.43
[kcal/day]
II
22.54
8.84
39.23
9.57
38.86
[kcal/week]
I
390.90
221.96
56.78
135.00
982.00
[kcal/week]
II
357.57
153.34
42.88
156.00
680.00
[kcal/day]
I
55.84
31.71
56.78
19.29
140.29
[kcal/day]
II
51.08
21.91
42.88
22.29
97.14
[kcal/week]
I
467.10
146.38
31.34
243.00
687.00
[kcal/week]
II
1702.14
701.79
41.23
712.00
2993.00
[kcal/day]
I
66.73
20.91
31.34
34.71
98.14
[kcal/day]
II
243.16
100.26
41.23
101.71
427.57
[kcal/week]
I
403.95
171.75
42.52
159.00
844.00
[kcal/week]
II
306.36
146.27
47.74
165.00
679.00
[kcal/day]
I
57.71
24.54
42.52
22.71
120.57
[kcal/day]
II
43.77
20.90
47.74
23.57
97.00
[kcal/week]
I
265.45
110.23
41.52
79.00
468.00
[kcal/week]
II
383.93
208.38
54.28
106.00
658.00
[kcal/day]
I
37.92
15.75
41.52
11.29
66.86
[kcal/day]
II
54.85
29.77
54.28
15.14
94.00
[kcal/week]
I
56.35
16.58
29.42
11.00
94.00
[kcal/week]
II
56.79
16.88
29.72
35.00
89.00
[kcal/day]
I
8.05
2.37
29.42
1.57
13.43
[kcal/day]
II
8.11
2.41
29.72
5.00
12.71
Morning activities
Commuting from home to work/
school
Activities connected with work/
learning
Commuting home from work/
school
Activities connected with
housework
-
-
-
-
-
Activities done before a night
rest
tivity, its intensity or the weight of a researched person.
It may explain such a big discrepancy of the results in
the compared groups. It comes from the results shown
in Table 3 that the women in both groups burnt the most
calories while doing their obligatory activities and taking the majority of their time during a day, and they are
as follows: work, learning, housework, which can be
observed in relation to the women that are systematically physically active.
The total weekly caloric cost of the daily activities of
the researched women resulted also from an energetic
expense of leisure activities – all activities undertaken
in their free time. The average value of the energy spent
on leisure activity in a group of women irregularly active was 827.95 kcal/week, which gave only 82.06 kcal/
week and constituted 33% of all burnt calories during
a week. In group II the same value exceeded by almost
100% the results achieved by the women irregularly
– 74 –
The calorific cost of young women’s leisure activity
physically active, and on average it weekly reached –
1923.21 kcal (231.09 kcal/day), which constituted 39%
of the total amount of calories burnt by them per week.
The data presented in Table 2 shows that all the
differences between the groups (a weekly caloric cost:
habitual activities constantly done, total leisure activities, all week learning activity) are statistically significant (p < 0.001).
It is commonly known that not only the quantity but
also the way we make use of leisure time is important.
A human can spend it on less or more valuable activities. In this context it appears important to put a question in what way the examined women used their free
time and especially what kind of place their physical
activities take among the leisure conduct.
The analysis of the aspect of the leisure behaviours
were started with comparing a caloric cost of passive
leisure activities in groups I and II connected with the
activities such as watching TV, socializing, listening to
music, having a nap. An average caloric expense of the
women irregularly active was 253.55 kcal, which calculated per day was 36.22 kcal and constituted 31%
of a weekly caloric cost of their leisure activity (Fig.
2). In the group of regularly active women an average
amount of spent calories, in this field of their lifestyles,
was 305.57 kcal/week (43.65 kcal/day; Tab. 4), what
constituted 16% of a weekly energy expense of a leisure activity (Fig. 2). It can be said that the caloric costs
of the leisure activities of a passive character was twice
as high as in the group of the irregularly active women
and at the same time that such behaviours fill their free
time space.
An intellectual effort was taken into consideration
also as a part of leisure activity of an intellectual kind.
In the group I this part the results were not analyzed
because during a week only 2 persons out of 20 undertook the activities of this type. Therefore it is possible to
conclude that it is not a preferable way of spending free
time when it comes to this group. On the other hand,
the group II spent on average 221.64 kcal/week on an
intellectual activity (Tab. 4), which constituted 11% of
the total amount of burnt calories (Fig. 2).
Another group of activities which we focused on
in our analysis was a leisure activity connected with
a physical effort. Its caloric cost in the group of irregularly active per week was 574.40 kcal, which converted on a daily rate was 82.06 kcal. It was 69% of their
weekly energetic expense on a leisure activity (Fig. 2).
A huge standard deviation (329.85 kcal/week) indicates
a significant dissipation of the results among the average value. The analyzed form of activity covered mainly
such activities as: going shopping/an outing to a super-
Table 4. Numeric characteristics of a weekly and daily caloric cost of leisure activities done by women irregularly (I) and regularly
physically active
Variables
Unit
Group
x
s
V
Min
Max
[kcal/week]
I
253.55
136.65
53.89
68.00
660.00
[kcal/week]
II
305.57
136.03
44.52
103.00
605.00
[kcal/day]
I
36.22
19.52
53.89
9.71
94.29
[kcal/day]
II
43.65
19.43
44.52
14.71
86.43
[kcal/week]
I
–
–
–
–
–
[kcal/week]
II
221.64
76.57
34.55
114.00
401.00
[kcal/day]
I
–
–
–
–
–
[kcal/day]
II
31.66
10.94
34.55
16.29
57.29
[kcal/week]
I
574.40
329.85
57.43
151.00
1169.00
[kcal/week]
II
1396.00
747.26
53.53
778.00
3320.00
[kcal/day]
I
82.06
47.12
57.43
21.57
167.00
[kcal/day]
II
199.43
106.75
53.53
111.14
474.29
Passive leisure activity
p
–1.09
0.282
–
–
–4.37
0.000
Active leisure activity
(physical efforts)
-
-
-
-
-
Active leisure activity
(intellectual)
t
– 75 –
Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato
GroupII
GroupI
16%
31%
Passiveleisureactivity
11%
69%
Activeleisureactivity
(intellectual)
73%
Activeleisureactivity
(physical efforts)
Fig. 2. A percentage scheme of a weekly caloric cost of a leisure activity of women irregularly (I) and regularly physically active (II)
market, going to church or settling different matters in
town and for a few people it was a walk or an individual
gymnastics at home or going to a disco with friends.
Those who were systematically physically active, in
their free time during a week, burnt considerably more
calories than those belonging to the group I – on average they burnt 1396 kcal per week, (199.43 kcal/day),
which constituted 73% of their weekly leisure activity
(Tab. 4, Fig. 2).
Considering the whole team of the research
women consisting of the persons declaring a shortage of a regular participation in forms of physical rest
as well as those regularly making physical efforts, it
was interesting to find out if or to what extend their
caloric expense of leisure activities was close to
a recommended healthy conduct which was stated
by Paffenbarger and the coauthors and Kuński [25,
26]. Taking into consideration a required amount of
energetic expense spent on a physical activity taken
by the authors mentioned above (about 2000 kcal per
week and 300 kcal per day pro physical activity), we
calculated an average value for each group of the researched women [27]. In case of those who were irregularly active it was the value of 1714.29 kcal/week,
which was 244.90 kcal/day and in the group of irregularly active ones 1659.18 kcal/week (237.03 kcal/day;
Tab. 5).
It results from the calculations that the group irregularly active women lacked 1139.83 kcal/week
(162.84 kcal/day) to meet the recommendations of
a healthy activity. A significantly smaller difference was
observed in a group of the examined women who regularly were active – 263.18 kcal/week (37.60 kcal/day).
In the group of the women that are irregularly active
it was possible to observe a considerable difference
between an actual caloric cost of a leisure activity and
a required one (66%), which constituted only 34% of the
required amount, while in the group of those regularly
active ones up to84 %. It is necessary to add that in
the latter group a significant part of energy was used
for a physical effort, however, it was not qualified as
a leisure activity but an activity connected with work
Table 5. The degree of meeting the recommendations of a weekly volume a physical activity done by women irregularly (I) and
regularly physically active
Variables
-
-
-
-
-
A weekly recommended
volume of a physical
activity
The degree of meeting
the recommendations of
a weekly volume a physical activity
Unit
Group
x
s
[kcal/week]
I
1714.29
212.40
[kcal/week]
II
1659.18
[kcal/day]
I
[kcal/day]
Min
Max
12.39
1314.29
2000.00
146.32
8.82
1514.29
2057.14
244.90
30.34
12.39
187.76
285.71
II
237.03
20.90
8.82
216.33
293.88
[kcal/week]
I
–1139.89
347.95
–30.52
–1677.57
–345.29
[kcal/week]
II
–263.18
793.89
–301.65
–1074.14
1662.86
[kcal/day]
I
–162.84
49.71
–30.52
–239.65
–49.33
[kcal/day]
II
–37.60
113.41
–301.65
–153.45
237.55
– 76 –
V
t
p
0.84
0.407
–4.39
0.000
The calorific cost of young women’s leisure activity
GroupII
GroupI
16%
34%
Completedpart
66%
84%
Notcompletedpart
-
-
-
-
-
Fig. 3. The percentage of meeting the recommendations of a weekly volume a physical activity done by women irregularly (I) and
regularly physically active (II)
–conducting fitness classes. Having taken into consideration a caloric cost of these activities, it appeared that
the examined women from the group II, would have met
the requirements of a proper volume of a physical activity beneficial for health on the average.
In the result of the analysis of the achieved results,
it is possible to state that the first hypothesis taken
in this thesis was verified positively. A caloric cost
of a weekly physical activity of the examined women
who are active irregularly turned out to be relatively
low, which proves the fact that none of them meets
the requirements of the recommended volume of
a physical activity beneficial for health. However, the
second hypothesis assuming that a weekly energetic
expense that accompanies a physical activity of the
women regularly active will meet the above criteria
was not proved. This group also does not meet the
recommended standards, though it considerably approaches them.
Summing up, it is possible to state that despite the
increasing knowledge of the influence of a physical
activity on a human system and possibilities to measure its caloric cost, for too many people undertaking
a regular physical effort still remains only in the sphere
of opinions and declarations and they are not put into
practice in their everyday lives, which was proved by
the results of our research.
Therefore we search for the ways of constant education of a society in the field of intentional practicing regular physical activity, e.g. in a form of healthy
training and more effective ways of changing a lifestyle
whose aim will be a care about health and a good psychical and physical condition. The diagnosis like this,
in the reference to a young generation, is necessary to
assess a present and future state of a society’s physical
activity in order to determine the directions and aims of
its promotion.
Conclusions
1. A caloric expense of everyday (habitual) activity in
the women who are irregularly active in their ordinary week was 2521.70 kcal on average. Assuming
that this value covers all kinds of undertaken activities, including also those that can be qualified
as physical ones, it is insufficient in the context of
health care needs.
2. The total caloric cost, covering the same activities,
in the second group of the examined women who
undertake a regular activity is almost twice higher
(4887.79 kcal), which is an effect of other lifestyle in
the field of physical activity
3. A leisure activity of the examined women which covers both passive and active physical activities and
in the case of the women who are regularly active,
it also includes their intellectual effort in the total caloric cost per week. In the group of those irregularly
active it was at the level of 827.95 kcal (67%) and
in the group of the regularly active it was 1923.21
kcal (61%) on average. The above values probably
reflect the fact that all these women have different
daily leisure time budgets and spend it in a different
way.
4. In the group of the irregularly active women the
number of calories burnt in their physical activity
(a physical effort) was 574.40 kcal, which constituted 69% of the caloric cost of their leisure activity,
and for those who are regularly active the caloric
cost is twice higher – 1396.00 kcal (73%). In both
cases it is higher than the value of an energetic cost
accompanying a passive activity.
5. While comparing a caloric expense of a physical
weekly leisure activity of the researched women
with the Paffenbarger’s assumptions, it is necessary to state that in both groups (those irregularly
– 77 –
Bożena Królikowska, Michał Rozpara, Władysław Mynarski, Bogusława Graczykowska, Daniel Puciato
and regularly active) it does not meet the recommendations for a healthy conduct. In the first group
the difference between a real and a recommended
cost is significant and reaches 66% and in the second group is relatively small and equals only 16.
-
-
-
-
-
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