journal 6.indb

POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
(Pol. J. Ecol.)
54
2
231–242
2006
Regular research paper
Elżbieta DUMNICKA
Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences,
al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF OLIGOCHAETES
(ANNELIDA: OLIGOCHAETA) IN SPRINGS OF KRAKÓWCZĘSTOCHOWA UPLAND (SOUTHERN POLAND): EFFECT OF
SPRING ENCASING AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
ABSTRACT: Studies were performed on 25
karstic springs located in Southern Poland (50º10’
– 50º46’ N, 19º17’ – 19º54’E). They are natural
or encased, differing also in discharge rate (0.01–
15 l s–1 in the southern part of KrakówCzęstochowa Upland while 20 – 1440 l s–1 in its
northern part) and kind of bottom sediments
(fine or coarse). 27 species and 1 genus representing 5 families were determined, among them
Enchytraeidae were represented by the highest
number of species whereas Tubificidae (mainly
juvenile forms) were the most abundant. Among
oligochaetes no crenobionts were found while
crenophiles: Rhyacodrilus falciformis Bretscher
and Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède were present in a half of the studied springs. In the majority
of the studied springs the density of oligochaetes
was significantly higher in fine sediments (ranges
200 – 13 200 ind. m–2) than in coarse ones (ranges
22–7900 ind. m–2) (P <0.05). The species diversity
(H’) was also higher in fine sediments, especially
in springs of the southern part of Upland.
Oligochaeta were more abundant and diversified in encased springs than in natural ones and
they inhabited preferably fine sediments. The discharge and springs localization (in southern or
northern part of the studied area) were found to
be not of importance for oligochaete composition
and abundance.
KEY WORDS: karstic springs, Oligochaeta,
Poland
1. INTRODUCTION
Although ecological and zoological studies on springs have long tradition (D emel
1922, Thienemann 1924, Pa x and Masch ke 1936, Miche j d a 1954, O du m 1957,
Thor up and L i nde ga ard 1977) taxonomic composition of many invertebrate groups
living in this environment and their relationships with various environmental factors (hydrogeology, discharge, temperature, bottom
character, etc.) is still little known. Therefore in last years intensive studies on benthic
fauna were conducted in Europe as well as
in North America (B otos ane anu 1998,
Hof fsten and Ma l mq v ist 2000, Smit h
et al. 2001, 2003). Oligochaetes were rarely
determined during such studies, especially
in these made recently in Europe (Smit h
and Wo o d 2002, Smit h et al. 2003) or only
a few large and easily recognized taxa (Eiseniella tetraedra, Stylodrilus sp.) were stated
(L i nde ga ard et al. 1998).
The knowledge of benthic fauna living in
Polish springs is also incomplete (Biesi adka and C z achorowsk i 1999) while oligo-
232
Elżbieta Dumnicka
chaetes fauna is almost unknown. Detailed
faunistic studies were performed only in
big limnocrene springs (“Niebieskie Źródła”
springs situated in Central Poland) (Woj as
1972, Pie cho ck i 2000). In the first Polish
paper concerning winter fauna of springs situated near Wigry Lake (North-East Poland)
only Eiseniella tetraedra was mentioned
(D emel 1922) and in materials collected
from 12 springs situated in Śnieżnik Kłodzki
Massif (Sudety Mts, S-W Poland) (Pax and
Mas ch ke 1936) only 3 taxa were determined in a single spring (Eiseniella tetraedra,
Bimastos tenuis (Eisen) and Cognettia sp).
Up to now oligochaetes from big limnocrene karstic springs situated in Central Poland (“Niebieskie Źródła”) were elaborated in
detail and results published in a separate paper (Ka h l 2000). Moreover some data concerning the occurrence of oligochaete species
in springs could be found in faunistic papers
(Kasprza k 1979a, b) and in ecological ones
dealing with oligochaete fauna of streams
and rivers, in which their springs were also
elaborated (Kasprza k 1976, Kasprza k
and Sz cz ęsny 1976, D umnicka 2000).
The knowledge of species composition of
this group living in various kind of lowland
springs (karstic, moraine and others) situated in Eastern Europe (D embick ij 1972,
Timm 1987) is fairly good. Recently the
studies on spring fauna (including oligochaetes) have been made in Southern Europe
(Me zzanotte and S ambugar 2004).
Springs form specific life environment
for aquatic fauna due to low, almost stable
temperature, usually small area (what facilitates contacts with the surrounding soil) and
low food resources – especially in reo- and
helocrenes (St ar mach et al. 1976). The
bottom may have very diversified character:
silty, sandy or stony, large springs being partly covered by plants. The springs are from
a long time under anthropogenic impact that
causes not only changes in water chemistry
(increase of nutrients and chloride content)
but mainly changes in springs morphology
due to various kinds of structures made for
the facilitation of water taking. Such changes
(dredgening, encasement or pipe intake) to
various degree and in various ways modified
life conditions of spring fauna and their effects are still little known.
The aim of this study was to elaborate
the composition and abundance of oligochaete fauna in karstic springs of KrakówCzęstochowa Upland in Southern Poland and
to find its relationships with environmental
parameters. An attempt to evaluate the impact of various kinds of spring encasing on
the composition of oligochaete taxocens and
species distribution was also undertaken.
2. STUDY AREA
The samples were taken from 25 springs
(Fig. 1) situated in the southern (springs no
1–15) and northern (springs no 16–25) parts
of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (50º10’
– 50º46’ N, 19º17’ – 19º54’E, with mean
elevation in its southern part 400–450 m
and 250–300 m in the north). This Upland
is formed by Jurassic limestone, covered
mainly by brown soils of loess origin in the
southern part and sandy or sandy-loamy
soils in the northern (C he ł mick i 2001).
The description of hydrogeological situation
as well as characteristic of the studied springs
concerning localization of each spring, its local name, water chemistry, organic matter
content and granulometric composition of
sediments were published by G a l as (2005).
The southern springs, characterized by small
discharge (0.01–15 l s–1) (D y nowska 1983,
C he ł mick i 2001) are situated in the drainage area of Prądnik stream and its effluent
– Sąspówka stream (drainage basin of Vistula river), whereas northern springs have
distinctly higher discharge (20 – 1440 l s–1)
(D y nowska 1983, C he ł mick i 2001) and
are situated in the drainage area of various
rivers: nos 17, 18, 19 – Pilica River; no. 25 –
Przemsza River – both situated in the drainage area of Vistula River and nos 16, 20–24
– Warta River – the drainage area of Oder
River. Permanent springs were chosen for the
studies, but due to small amount of precipitation and very low groundwater level spring
no 4 dried up in summer and spring no 23
in autumn 2003. Mainly natural springs of
rheo-limnocrene or rheocrene type were
studied and some modified by man to various degree and ways were also chosen: in
springs nos 9, 10, 11, 12 and (partially) no 20
concrete well-heads were placed on the water
outflow, springs nos 1 and 2 were enclosed
Oligochaeta in karstic springs
in small house–like concrete boxes and in
spring no 14 water was taken in the iron pipe
and outflowed through this pipe to a small
basin situated 1 m below. Samples of macrobenthos were taken from this basin.
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In 2003 samples were collected seasonally
(in January/February, May, August and September/October) from 25 springs. Samples of
benthic fauna were taken using two methods
233
but due to small dimensions of the majority
of the studied springs the number of samples
collected each time was small. Fine sediments
were collected using polyethylene corer (diameter 4 cm) – each time two samples were
taken. For coarse sediments hand scraper (15
× 15 cm) with mesh size 0.2 mm was used
– only one sample was collected from each
spring at each season. Both devices were
pushed 5–6 cm into sediments. In cases when
only one type of sediment was present in the
spring (sand or silt in springs nos 3, 16, 18
and 23) samples were taken from the bottom
of the same kind using two above mentioned
methods. Oligochaetes were sorted out under
a stereoscopic microscope, fixed in 4% formaldehyde and preserved in 45% ethyl alcohol.
Slides in Canada balsam were prepared. The
density per square meter and percentage share
of each taxon were calculated for both habitats. Basing on oligochaete density cladograms
showing similarity of fauna were calculated
using Ward’s method. The significance of differences was calculated using non-parametric
test (Mann-Whitney test). All calculations
were done using STATISTICA 6.0 software
package (STAT SOFT).
Organic matter content was determined
in fine sediments only. Beside sediment’s
samples, each time the water was taken for
physico-chemical analysis and the results
were published by G a l as (2005).
4. RESULTS
Fig. 1. Map of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland
showing the distribution of the studied springs.
a – springs (1–25), b – borders of the Ojców National Park, c – watershed between Vistula and
Oder drainage areas.
Oligochaetes have been found in 24
among 25 investigated springs. They were
absent only in completely encased spring
(no 1), where samples were taken from inside of deep concrete “house” from its walls.
Moreover they were not found in fine sediments in springs nos 16 and 23 and in coarse
sediment in springs nos 3 and 5 (Fig. 2).
Animals from this group were quite
abundant in almost half of the studied
springs – they formed more than 20% of the
benthic invertebrate community in fine sediments of 5 springs (nos 4, 5, 9, 11 and 21) and
in coarse sediments of 4 springs (nos 9, 10,
11 and 14). Additionally, in fine sediments of
4 springs (nos 10, 14, 15 and 24) and in coarse
sediments of 1 spring (no 24) they formed
more than 10% of the benthic fauna.
234
Elżbieta Dumnicka
Fig. 2. Proportional participation (in total numbers) of oligochaete families in studied springs
(1 – 25) (see Fig. 1).
¤ – springs with well-heads (blue)
# – strongly modified springs (red)
The studied springs can be divided in
a few groups depending on families dominating in the collected material: Tubificidae
prevailed in samples taken with both methods from seven springs situated mainly in the
southern part of the Upland (Fig. 2), moreover this family prevailed in samples taken
from coarse sediments in spring no 25. They
dominated in a few encased springs with
high oligochaete density (nos 11, 15, 24) as
well as in springs where oligochaete fauna
was extremely poor (nos 7 and 23). In this
last mentioned case, the calculation of the
percentage share does not give good results
(e.g. in corer samples taken in spring no. 7
juvenile specimens of Tubificidae were found
exclusively). In the same kind of samples in
spring no. 4 Eiseniella tetraedra was stated
only. Family Enchytraeidae was more abundant in springs from the northern part of
the Upland, whereas family Lumbriculidae
prevailed in the southern part. Only in one
spring (no 18), situated near the clean river
with sandy bottom Propappidae (represented by Propappus volki) were the most numerous taxon in samples of both kinds. Naididae
prevailed mainly in encased springs (no 2, 9,
10 and 14) moreover in scraper samples from
springs 20 and 22.
Results of cluster analysis (Fig 3A, 3B)
showing the similarity of oligochaete taxocens in two kinds of sediments were a little
different: in coarse sediments two groups of
springs could be distinguished (Fig 3A) – the
first one includes almost all the studied encased springs, where Naididae prevailed. In
the second group, gathering mainly natural
springs, one sub-group with very poor oligochaete fauna could be distinguished, the
other being springs with fairly diversified
oligochaete fauna. The clustering of samples
taken from fine sediments divided studied
springs into a few groups (Fig. 3B): the most
similar were springs with very poor oligochaete fauna with the domination of Eiseniella tetraedra (nos 4 and 22) or domination
of Tubificidae (nos 8, 19 and 25). Similarity
of oligochaete taxocens living in coarse sediments was higher than in those from fine
sediments. Basing on the composition of oligochaete fauna the springs from the northern and southern parts of the Upland were
not separated.
Oligochaeta in karstic springs
235
A
16
23
25
3
5
7
8
4
22
19
6
21
17
20
15
9
12
13
24
10
2
14
11
18
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Linkage Distance
B
16
23
3
7
22
4
21
17
19
8
25
5
18
10
6
13
14
11
12
9
15
20
24
2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Linkage Distance
Fig. 3. Similarity of oligochaete fauna in 1 – 25 springs (see Fig. 1) inhabiting coarse (A) and fine (B)
sediments.
In the studied material 27 oligochaete
species and 1 genus have been found (Tables 1, 2). The majority of species belonged
to the family Enchytraeidae (10 species and
1 genus), families Tubificidae and Naididae
were represented by 6 species each, moreover
3 species of Lumbriculidae and 1 species of
Propappidae and Lumbricidae were stated.
Stylodrilus heringianus and Rhyacodrilus falciformis were found in the highest number of
springs (13 and 12 springs, respectively), Nais
elinguis, N. communis and Marionina argentea occurred in 8 – 9 springs, Trichodrilus cernosvitovi, Tubifex tubifex and Cernosvitoviella
atrata – in six springs, whereas the majority of species (19) was found in 1–5 studied
0.9
2.8
1.3
1.5
25
25
2.0
9
9
27
18
15
3
5
F
9
33
25
25
4
C
1
67
3
F
3
1
3
59
36
C
9
2¤
3
10
70
7
7
F
1.1
12
12
75
6
F
0.8
75
25
7
C
1.9
9
9
18
54
9
F
8
0.7
20
80
C
2.8
3
3
21
21
6
21
F
9
6
9
9¤
2.7
3
24
3
9
3
3
32
9
3
C
12
8
1
1
1
46
1
1
1
21
7
5
3
C
4
2.5
10¤
1.7
10
40
10
40
F
1.0
2
>1
85
>1
2
2
2
5
1.1
1
>1
3
83
>1
>1
1
>1
9
>1
11¤
F
C
>1 >1
9
9
9
9
64
C
1.7
12¤
2.9
10
15
5
5
5
25
5
10
F
20
The spring’s habitats without oligochaetes and in which only one taxon was found were excluded from the table (see Fig. 2).
spring number (Fig. 1)
Taxa
Stylodrilus sp. juv.
Stylodrilus heringianus Clap.
Trichodrilus sp. juv.
Trichodrilus cernosvitovi Hrabe
Lumbriculus variegatus O.F. Műll.
Lumbriculidae gen. spp. juv.
Nais elinguis O.F. Műll.
Nais communis Piguet
Nais bretscheri Mich.
Nais variabilis Piguet
Nais sp.
Specaria josinae (Vejd.)
Pristina idrensis Sperber
Rhyacodrilus falciformis Bretscher
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Clap.
Limnodrilus udekemianus Clap.
Limnodrilus claparedeanus Ratzel
Tubifex ignotus Štolc
Tubifex tubifex (O.F. Műll.)
Tubificidae gen. spp. juv.
Cernosvitoviella atrata (Bretscher)
Cernosvitoviella spp. juv.
Buchholzia appendiculata (Buch.)
Marionina argentea (Mich.)
Marionina riparia Bretscher
Cognettia sp. juv.
Achaeta sp. juv.
Henlea perpusilla Friend
Enchytraeus buchholzi Vejd.
Enchytraeidae gen. spp. juv.
Eiseniella tetraedra (Sav.)
Shannon-Wiener index H’
Table 1. Percentage share of particular taxa in total numbers of oligochaetes in fine (F) and coarse (C) sediments in springs
nos 2–15 located in the southern part of the Upland (see Fig. 1).
¤ – encased springs
2.1
8
8
8
46
8
23
F
13
1.7
45
35
3
3
C
15
3
7
4
1
3
3
13
18
48
C
2.3
14¤
2.1
37
6
13
25
19
F
1.7
1
1
1
1
66
3
17
1
1
F
8
15
2.1
5
2
3
58
3
3
2
C
13
11
236
Elżbieta Dumnicka
13
2.1
1.5
1.4
29
0.5
12
18
0.9
6
1
1
2
87
1
2
C
F
1.9
20
40
20
57
88
F
13
13
50
14
C
20
17
6
F
6
25
50
25
16
C
19
1.0
50
C
50
1.9
20
20
F
40
20
20¤
2.0
4
7
49
7
C
26
7
8
8
2.2
42
8
17
F
17
21
2.5
4
4
10
4
10
50
7
4
4
4
C
The spring’s habitats without oligochaetes and in which only one taxon was found were excluded from the table (see Fig. 2).
spring number (Fig. 1)
taxa
Stylodrilus sp. juv.
Stylodrilus heringianus Clap.
Lumbriculidae gen. spp. juv.
Nais elinguis O.F. Műll.
Nais communis Piguet
Nais bretscheri Mich.
Nais variabilis Piguet
Propappus volki Mich.
Rhyacodrilus falciformis
Bretscher
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Clap.
Tubifex tubifex (O.F. Műll.)
Tubificidae gen. spp. juv.
Cernosvitoviella atrata (Bretscher)
Cernosvitoviella tatrensis
(Kowal.)
Cernosvitoviella spp juv.
Marionina argentea (Mich.)
Marionina riparia Bretscher
Cognettia sphagnetorum (Vejd.)
Cognettia spp. juv.
Enchytraeus buchholzi Vejd.
Fridericia bulbosa (Rosa)
Fridericia perrieri (Vejd.)
Fridericia spp. juv.
Enchytraeidae gen. spp. juv.
Eiseniella tetraedra (Sav.)
Shannon-Wiener index H’
50
1.0
F
50
22
1.0
50
C
50
1.5
1
44
12
43
F
24¤
1.1
>1
3
69
27
C
1
1.0
50
50
F
25
0.6
14
86
C
Table 2. Percentage share of particular taxa in total numbers of oligochaetes in fine (F) and coarse (C) sediments in springs (Nos 16 – 25) located in the northern
part of the Upland (see Fig. 1).
¤ – encased springs
Oligochaeta in karstic springs
237
238
Elżbieta Dumnicka
Fig. 4. Comparison of density (ind. m–2) of oligochaete taxa in natural and modified springs. A – in
southern part of the Upland, B – in northern part of the Upland (see Fig. 1).
Statistically significant differences are marked by asterisks: *P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.005.
Oligochaeta in karstic springs
239
Fig. 5. Density of oligochaetes in fine and coarse sediments from the studied springs (1 – 25, see Fig. 1)
versus organic matter content (%) in the sediments.
¤ – encased springs
springs only (Tables 1, 2). Six from 7 species
occurring only in one spring were found in
encased springs – most often in spring no
11 situated close to the main stream bed and
overflooded sporadically by stream water. In
springs situated in the southern part of the
Upland higher number of taxa was found (22
species and 1 genus) than in the northern
(18 species); only 13 species were common
for springs of both parts of the Upland. The
diversity of oligochaete fauna was also higher
in southern springs and usually higher values
were stated in corer samples than in those
collected with a scraper (Tables 1, 2).
Species found in the studied springs
represent various ecological groups: among
them there are crenophilic ones (Stylodrilus
heringianus and Rhyacodrilus falciformis),
characteristic of clean, running waters (Nais
bretscheri, Pristina idrensis, Propappus volki),
semi-aquatic or terrestrial (some enchytraeids
and Eiseniella tetraedra), eurytopic (Tubifex
tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Nais elinguis) and only one stygobiont (Trichodrilus
cernosvitovi). For the majority of the above
mentioned species statistically significant differences of their density between encased and
natural springs were stated (Fig. 4A, B). Juvenile specimens from families Tubificidae and
Enchytraeidae as well as almost all abundant
species, including stygobiontic and crenophilic
ones were more abundant in encased springs.
Only genus Cernosvitoviella preferred natural
springs (Fig. 4A), whereas juvenile specimens
of Fridericia and Tubifex ignotus were found
exclusively in springs of this kind (Fig. 4B).
The number of species found in a single spring varied from one (springs no 16
and 25) to twelve species (spring no 11).
Higher number of species (6–12) was found
in springs situated along Prądnik stream
(nos 9–15) than in springs situated along
Sąspówka stream (nos 1 – 8), where the number of species varied from zero to four (Table
1). In springs situated in the northern part of
the Upland the number of determined species was usually small and did not exceed five
(Table 2). The diversity was low (H’ < 2.0) in
the majority of the studied springs situated
in the northern part of Upland, whereas in
some springs from its southern part these
values were higher, especially for fine sediments (Tables 1, 2).
In the majority of the studied springs
the density of oligochaetes was significantly
higher in fine sediments (Fig. 5) collected by
a corer than in samples taken by a scraper
from coarse sediments, what was confirmed
by statistical analyses (P <0.05). Only in
springs with homogenous kind of the bottom (nos 18 and 23) oligochaetes were
a little more abundant in samples taken by
the scraper but these differences were not
statistically significant. No correlation be-
240
Elżbieta Dumnicka
tween organic matter content and oligochaete
density was found. Both in natural northern
springs, where the amount of organic matter
was usually less than 1%, and in the southern
ones (situated along Sąspówka stream) where
the content of organic matter was distinctly
higher (2.5–4.5%) the density of oligochaetes
was very low (Fig. 5). The highest densities
were stated in fine sediments from encased
springs (nos 2, 9, 11 and 24).
5. DISCUSSION
Only a few data concerning oligochaete
species from springs of Kraków-Częstochowa
Upland were published so far and they dealt
with the southern part of the Upland. In the
study area, in one spring “Pieskowa Skała”
(Prądnik Stream) Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were stated exclusively
(Kasprza k 1976) and in three springs of
Sąspówka stream 11 species were determined (D umnicka 2000), but Propappus
volki, Mesenchytraeus armatus (Levinsen),
Cernosvitoviella carpatica Niel. et Christ. and
Nais pseudobtusa Piguet were not found during recent studies.
The abundance of oligochaetes as well as
the number of species found in springs from
various geographic regions and various site
types change in a wide range: from less than
1% of the whole benthic fauna and a few species (2–3) (Hof fs en and Ma lmquist 2000,
Lindegaard et al. 1998) to 39 species found in
a big karstic spring in Poland (Ka h l 2000)
and 33 species determined in ten karstic
springs and springbrooks in Illinois, USA
(Webb et al. 1998). In both above mentioned
springs oligochaetes were one of the most
abundant group among benthic invertebrates.
Studied springs of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland have moderately abundant oligochaete
fauna and high number of determined species (totally 30 species, including these found
during an earlier study) what may result
from high diversity of the studied springs
considering their discharge, kind of bottom sediment, position with respect to the
stream bed and other environmental factors.
It seems that man-made modifications of
springs morphology play also an important
role in the formation of oligochaete taxocens
and the abundance of these invertebrates.
Various kinds of spring encasing in various
ways influence oligochaete fauna. Placing
well-heads on the water outflows diminishes
water current and facilitates sedimentation
of fine sediments what forms “a trap” for
oligochaete specimens drifting with stream
water (in cases when the springs are situated
inside or close to the stream bed) or migrating from the surrounding soil (terrestrial or
semi-aquatic species). This favors an increase
in oligochaete density, number of species, as
well as diversity (H’). Strong modification of
spring morphology by construction of “houses” from concrete might cause the disappearance of oligochaetes – what was stated in one
of the springs of Sąspówka stream (no 1) and
probably in Sudetes’ springs studied by Pax
and Mas ch ke (1936). In springs of such a
kind, if oligochaetes are present, they are represented by ubiquitous and terrestrial species
only. The influence of various natural and
anthropogenic factors on spring oligochaete
fauna was stated by Särk kä et al. (1997) and
Webb et al. (1998) but in these studies the
impact of spring encasing was not taken into
consideration. Composition and density of
invertebrate fauna living in springs are affected by various environmental factors (L in degaard et. al. 1998, B arquin and D e at h
2004) but sometimes it is difficult to find
simple relations between them due to high
diversity and complexity of these factors.
Opposite to Hydracarina (Biesiad ka et al. 1990) and Trichoptera (C z achorowsk i 1990) studied in springs of
Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, among oligochaetes crenobionts were not found and only
a few species could be treated as crenophiles:
Rhyacodrilus falciformis and Stylodrilus heringianus. Other crenophilic species – Nais
communis, typical for mountain springs of
southern Poland (Kaspr z a k and S z c z ęsny
1976, D u mnicka 2000) were less frequently found in the studied springs. Crenophilic
species were more abundant in the wellheaded springs than in natural ones. The majority of species found in the studied springs
is characteristic for stream or soil oligochaete
fauna and they were more frequently found
in encased springs and in springs situated inside or close to the stream bed.
The oligochaete fauna of the studied
springs is similar to that found in small
Oligochaeta in karstic springs
springs of various types (helo- reo- and
limnocrenes) in Pieniny Mts (Southern Poland) (Kasprza k 1979a, b) and Sudety Mts
(S-W Poland) (D umnicka 2000) – especially when fauna of natural springs was taken
into consideration. Enchytraeidae were the
most diversified oligochaete family in those
springs and the number of species found in
a single spring was usually small – from 1 to
maximum 9 stated in springs of Raba River
(Gorce Mts, Southern Poland) (Kaspr z a k
and Sz cz ęsny 1976). In lowland springs,
regardless their discharge, Naididae and Tubificidae prevailed and Enchytraeidae were
less numerous (Timm 1987, Ka h l 2000),
but in small springs low number of species
was found (D embick ij 1972, Timm 1987),
whereas in big limnocrenes high number of
species and high abundances were stated
(Ka h l 2000).
Small springs are small patchy areas, isolated from the others, where immigration
of non-flying invertebrates is difficult and
competition for resources is high (Gl a z ier
1991); it explains small number of species
from various groups, including oligochaetes
inhabiting single spring.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This study was
realized during the research project: 3 P04G 008
23 financed by State Committee for Scientific Research.
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(Received after revising November 2005)