II U.Wroc§awskiego Bazy danych 2007 Przemys§awa Kanarek
Transkrypt
II U.Wroc§awskiego Bazy danych 2007 Przemys§awa Kanarek
/ 010 !" # $ % & ' "( $( ) *+ 2 0 34 56 @ BO I ED X4 YZ [ \ 7/ 8 9 8/ : < B @ ?L C G < = >? @ > C P G @ Q B EO K ] 0 ^ 1 _ 2 1 0 3 `0 bBO I E K ; / 01_ < A K c C >GL B d = B<V # $, -. A B CD EF A G HD E < I E D E F @ < K E < GL K R O B S 7X ] / 8 9 8 0 34 56 A B CD EF R > >EF B J KL C KMG < BL > K N TH @ U S H U @ V W 8 / a X: C B TH V J C >K < B M B A C >K C >B ; G J @ G M @ B Q GL B C >K J G < L B N = K < J >K E < C >K > K P K S HD L C > K < C > KO SGN @ < D TH B d W X4 YZ [ \ a k 2[l e 014 e 014 2 0 34 56 2 0 34 56 \ k 2 [ lk o 0 3 `[ O V<D SU ; = B<B A B CD EF @G <@? mC >BQ D sNt < B >Q J bK Q K CH GL B C B S >bSB bU = CB JGA G S @K fbG CD Q Q G A K bGL B C > B J G < >G Q ?L J G bK M B p k 3 5 [ q Z r 0 l3 [ A >B M @ B Q ?L \ k 2 [ lk o 0 3 `[ H U @D ; G J >T B C >U = B<D < B M B A C >K C >B ghij W A B CD EF n @ < K E < D L >TH K M G L uvw x J G bK M B C B J @ < K C >K T >K C >U Q G A K bU S G C E K J H U B bC K M G C B T H @ U S N lk y `5 1 3 [ G S @ K f b G C KO > J GO VE>B A G THVJ C K L g h i j x B S H U B bC >K T I M @U J >K U m D H S GL B C K g h i j n z { | } ~ { R { { R { z { | } ~ { R { ~ { | ~ { x A BL N C > KO = D D HBSmK \ k 2 [ lk o 0 3 `[ A bB 14 p ` 2 l0 = B<D e01 TH@U SHU @V £ ¤¥ 2 0 34 56 gw L S @D H K @ >B Q > W G = K E C > K $ % ¡ CB L D = @ B CD Q A < >K b>Q D G@B< TD THKQ D J G bK M B 14 513[ A B CD EF A B CD EF J G A B CD Q > O KTH T H G T GL B C K CB { z} z ~ ~ { x A K c C >GL B C >U S G C S @ K H CD EF TH@U SHU @ A B C D EF ghij W } } G T < EF C >K {~ { > { } } J G < L B bBO I E K G = G L > I < UO I E D Q } ~ J G < L B bBO I E K L D T < U S >L B d THBC A B@A KQ ABCK O V < D SB G J >T B d < M G A C >K = B< < A B C D EF g wN W " * ), ¢ ) ¦ § ¨ © ª« § 8 1 `[ 2 1 `3 0 HG < = >? @ G M @ B C >E < K C >B W HD J U ®¯ ° R ¸ B @H G fE > O IEK ¹ Z^4 e r Z B T G L B HG J @ < D S B A AG T J K C > B O I E D E F A < >K A < >C I E < H K @ G b >H K @ G L K C B bK m I E K L K L C V H @ < C KO < B < L D E < B O A < >K A < >CD Q GmK ±² ³ ´ µ¶ · R UL B m B Q D =D d T K Q B C HD E < C K < = >? @ BA @KTDR <B b>E < = CU Q K @D K bK Q K CH B @ C K > O KTH J G A < = >G @ K Q H K EF C >E < C K C B H U @ B bCD EF R b>E < =D G T G = > T HD E F W C >K J G A < >K bC K R C >K Q BN TH @U S H U @D W C B < L B R S H ? @ KO BH@D = UH BQ > R B > ¬bU = A GL G A ?L O KTH J @ <D J >T B C B J KL C B A < >K A < >C B W H G J G A < = > ? @ > b G E < D C U S B @ H K <O B ¼ T S > K M G J K L C KO b > E < = D A < > K A < > C W º [ l 0 5» 0 TI L B @H G fE > TI <L >I < B CD Q > D1 , D2 , . . . , Dk D 1 × D2 × · · · × Dk W ¾ < ½ K m K b> A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak R C >Q > A < >K A < >C B Q > R H G @ K b B EO B ~ { } z { | } ~ HG O KO R = (A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak ) } } ~ } D2 × · · · × D k { L D CGT> ^ k Z p0 z GC k t.Ai AG J @<K< C B<L D º [ l 0 5 4» 3 0 gHBC e 010 = B<D ¨ § E < V TH G HBSmK T H C > KO K |} W £¤ t K b B EO V ¨ j @UM> O KO O KO SG C S @KHC B B H @ D = U H ?L b U = R = A1 A2 . . . Ak L B @H G fd R L (v1 , v2 , . . . , vk ) ∈ r TJ G T?= O KTH Q G A K bU < E < D b> r ⊆ D1 × @ G <L B m B CD Q J @<D J BA S U W G T < E < K M ? bC K S @ G J SGL I W = B @ A < > KO @ K b B E DO C K M G w >E < = B S@GHKS A bB HD J G L D @ B E < KO B H @ D = U H U E < D T H KO T H G T UO K Q D C B bK m I E D EF L T S B A G L K C G H B EO > G A L G B C > B A BCD Q Q G Q K C E >K ~ @ K b B EO > W A B CD EF HG © W 7Y 5 6 [ \ 0 Z = B<D TH B CD ` YZ 0 3 : HL G @ < I ¨ } {| S H ? @ KO @ K b B EO > T S B A B O I E D E F | } R B T >V S@GHS > G S @ K f bB Q D O B SG S @GHSV | { L EF G A < I E D EF CB L T S B A g EF K N = B<DW = B<V W © R B H @ D = U HD L ?L E < B T @ K b B EO > T E F K Q B HD L T < D T H S >EF § H G < = > ? @ @ K b B EO > G @ ? m C D E F C B < L B E F W {z } z { z R B O KO W B H @ D = U HD O B S G W § @ K b B EO > Q GMB HG R >TH C >K d HBS> A L >K J G A < = >? @ S @GHS > G B H @ D = U H ?L O K A C B SGL D EF R R mK B H @D = U H ?L @ K b B EO > R = G @ K b B EO > L L } L B @H G f E > B EF K G @ K HD E < C > K S B m A B @ K b B EO B Q B C B A S b U E < T H B C >K r B H @D = U H ?L @ K b B EO > R HL G @ < I E D E F O K T H C > Q R C B J @ < D S B A R < = > ? @ H K G @ K HD E < C > K C >K QB J GL H B @ < BO I E D EF S@GHKS W p 0 3 2 4 2 r» _ 5 4 E >U H K @ Q >C G bG M > B R L L T < D TH S >EF lr 51 HG b>E < = B E <D b> @ K b B EO > 2 0 34 56 A B CD EF C B A S bU E < W T >V t[i] C G H B EO V C B<DL BQ D ª 0 2 p lr 51 C >K > C B<D L BQ D B H @ U =D H ?L n B H @ D = U H B Q > > G A L G UO K Q D T > V A G C > E F J @ < K < C B < L V j bB © t K b B EO V z { | } ~ R HG @ K b B EO > R J G < D EO V £ ¤£ { { TH BCU @ K b B E DO C KO Q BH z { | } ~ R @ K b B EO > R H G TH B CU O KO W Q B H K Q B HD E < C KO W J @<K< C B<L D W S @ G H S > C B < D L B Q D O KO bU = > W K bK Q K CH HG C B<L B A GL G bC K M G G S @ K f bB CD O B SG C B O E < V f E > KO B H @D = U H U J @ < K TH BO K S bU E < H G C B A S bU E < K Q =D d C B A S bU E < R S H ? @D E < D b > O K T H JG U T U C >VN Q >C >Q B bCD L T K C T >K < BL > K @ B C > B W lr 51 y o 34 C B<DL BQ D lr 51 k e 54 { S @GHS > 7q ` [ ^ o k Z 3 4 : | ~ } t G <L BmQ D } } W < ¸ @ K b B EO > S J G <L BbB H B S >K M G S bU E < K Q G = ED Q W L D = @ B CD } | {z } @ K b B EO K @ K b B EO > W HG ½KMG O { BH@D = U H GC L T SB < B d AG < S bU E < D S B C A D A UO I E D E F W G < G T H B K W T U m D L B @H G fE >I AG { z { < > A K C HD c S G L B C > B S bU E < B O K A C G < C B E < C >K W J GL > B < B C > B ! } G @ B < { L B@HG fd O KTH TH U A K CH B g U m D O KA KC > C P G @ Q B EO > M ? L C K M G H @D = U H < AL U L @ K b B EO > { @ ? m CD EF TH U A K CH B S R L >V E C B<D L BQ D @ K b B EO > ; L <L >I<S U L T SB < D L B C I © }z uww C >K O KTH K b K Q K C HD R O K TH S HG O E < D b > L B@HG fE> C B<DL BQ D THIA R mK C >K O K TH J U THB R T U m I J @ K A D S B HD E<D GA J G A@<VA C I R H B = K bV B C >K R HG TI @? mC K W uww BC> T G = >K A L ? EF jG G@B< mBA C B g L B @H G fd W T < E < K M ? bC G f E > L J G @ ?L C B C >K T>K = >K g O KTH BC > ALB @?L C K R C >K < C B C D EF T J @ BL A < K C > B R BC> uww R E<D SH? @K w gs W tu s R J G L G A UO K R m K w gs > u J @ K A D S B HD L B @H G fd Q G m C B O BL C >K C >K < G TH B C >K G S @K fb>d R m K L = B < B EF A B CD EF Q GMI Q >K d ¸ W C >K G S @ K f b>Q D O K T < E < K Q >K L BO I L B @H G f E > J U T H K R M A D CBT C >K R uww Q G m b >L K @ ?L C K > B C > E < D b > L B@HG fd } ~ { L B@HG fE> T G = >K C BA @<VA C I W TI J@<K< B H @D = U H ?L ; S G C S @ K H C KO J U T HD E F S@GHKS L J @ GL B A < G C B C >K S H ? @ D EF = @BS E<D tus L B@HGfE> B H @ D = U HD HG ¸ D C >SB L B@HGfd C >K G S @ K f bG C I Q BO I L B @H G f E > bG M >E < C K n <VTHG = IA m B A C KO L B @H G fE > ¸ D T H V J GL B C >K H@<D @ ?L C K T HL > K @ A < K C > K R SG C S @ KH C B <L @ B E BO I R @?mC K W > G= ED G= ED © SH? @K T >K = >K L B@HG fE> } S bU E < < BL > K @ B O I E I S bU E < J@<K< £¤ GA H B = K bV HD Q C >K J @ < DO V H B Q GMI J @<K< GCK = B<V >EF L B @H G fE > R j bB A B C D EF W J G < G T H BL B d J U THK uwwW £¤ © © ª © © © ª § ©¨ ª 3Z [ y ^0 l3 k @ K b B EO > [ 3 5» ` C >K Q GMI P B S H GL > R m K S GL B C > B S GL I S @G H SV ` 1 4 ky E D EF S @GHS > W J U THK W B H @ D = U HD CH K M @ B bC G f d ^[ [ ^ [ 3 5 4» 3 0 HG Q U T < I =D d L D T H V J UO I E I l3 [ HG K C EO > B S >Q = B<V L B @U C S >K Q C >K TI G AC GT> L TH B C >K @ K b B EO > L B@UC S> A B CD EF W >K <BTBA I T>V GCB Q ?L > I E B R m K S bU E < K Q @ K b B EO > R H B S > KO J GH@<K= C K C >K O K TH B b= G O K A C G E < K f C >K A G A B H SGL K @ K b B E DO C I j G J U T < E < K C >K S bU E < B <BTBAB J G L > K A < Q D R m K O K T H G C B H @ D = U HD ! J G < G T H BL B d L T < D TH S >K C > K S G C T K S L K C EO I O K T H R m K 3Z [ y ^0 l3 k G = ED H G < B T B A B Q ? L > I E B R m K L B @ H G f E > B H @ D = U H ? L HL G @ < I E D E F S b U E < M ? L C D R < BL T < K AG O K fb> R HG Q G m b>L G f E > L S bU E < D L > T H C > KO K C B G m G C K mBA KC Q G m K =D d G M @ B C >E < K C >K b>E < =D j G A BHN B b H K @ C B HD L C D E F W @ K b B EO > A B C KO R B b= G O K A C G E < K f C >K < > A K C HD c N J @ < K TH @ < K M B C I W S L D T H V J UO K S@GHEK C > K J U T H K > > A K C HD c S G L B d J G J @ BL C G f E > J @ < K E < D G = D A G O KA C G<C BE<C KMG S bU E < L T< D TH S >K O K M G A G S B A C > K O K A C I J U THK W CB U TH B bG CD T H U A K C H ?L TH B C @ K b B EO > PG @Q B b>< Q L HL G @ < I N >EF G J >T U W M @ U J >K R C >K < K < L G bKN C > K C B < B J > T B C > K T > V C B J @ < K A Q > G H R M A D C > K < B b > E < D G T > V G A J G L > K A C > K M G J @ < K A Q > G H U L THVJ C KM G >H J W " £¤ © X56 [ \ 0 Z 72 [ 3 ` 5» 0 : 301o 0 XZ 0 3 n Z 0 e [ l` 0Z^4 e r Z Z 0 e [ l` n HG O KA KC { } } T>V AG 2 1 `[ 2 1 `3 0 • • • • • • j < >K A < >CD n H @ D = U HD } ~ C >K M G L 0Z^4 e rZ p 2 1 `[ 2 1 `3 0 p } } gHBC C B < L D n bU E < @ K b B EO > N ∀r t K b B E DO C B = B<B @ K b B EO > R < Q B A B CD EF S H ? @ D EF J @< D J >T B C I S bU E < D @ K b B EO > S bU E < D G = E D EF bU = t.Ai TH B CU { z} | N }} n z W W W ³° W W W R R = (A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak ) bU = R = A1 A2 . . . Ak R R R t[i], R = A1 A2 . . . Ak ∀r G@B< A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak r ⊆ D 1 × D2 × · · · × Dk S@GHS> n $ % %& ' ±² ³ ´ R t = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vk ) H@D = UH !"" ## n H B = K b> x D1 , D2 , . . . , Dk @ K b B EO > n @ G H SB n @ K b B EO > n g EF K Q B H ³ ´ ±² ³ ´ L >K @ T < \ 0 Z [ \ 0 Z4 5 1 3 0 • • 0Z^4 e rZ G A L G UO K Q D } ³ ´ ±² ³ ´ k Z 0 5» 0 • L } z } N • HL G @ < G C D 2 1 `[ 2 1 `3 0 Z 0 e [ l` 7` 3 Y Z 0 3 5» 0 : § R HG β ⊂ {A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak } HBS>R mK R ∀t, t0 ∈ r (∀B ∈ β t.B = t0 .B) ⇒ (t = t0 ) { ~ THBCU T S B A B SB m A B R ∀t ∈ r (∀B ∈ β t.B T >V Q B g > ). <n >C C I C B<L V G@B< G S @ K f bG C K B H @ D = U HD R < A < >K A < >C V x M ? L C K M G uww B bH K @ C B HD L C D E F x G S @ K f bBO I E D EF < L >I < S > J G Q >V A < D ( @ K b B EO B Q > x S H ? @ D EF SB m A D • • • j bB L B @ U C S ? L L B @H G fE > L >V < ?L J @<K< A BC K @ G b A BCK R SH?@K C B<DL BQ D HL G @ < I E K G TH B C G S @ K T bG CD EF @ K b B EO > x U J @ BL C > K C > B E F > TJ K E D c E < CD Q G = @ B < >K = B<D J K @ T J K S HD L B R J G A T E F K Q B H W < A K c C > G L B C KO H B S >K >H J x G M ? b C D E F G S @ K f b B O I E D E F A G A B H S G L K L B @ U C S > J G J @ BL C G f E > R S H ? @ K Q U T < I = D d U < D H SGL C >SGL A B CD EF J G J @ BL C G f E > L D C > S B O I E D E F < L B T C G f E > S b U E < B R S b U E < B G = E K M G R C > K J U T HD E F R A < > K A < > C T J K C > G C K HBS HD b S G HV L >V < ?L @ K b B E DO C KO T J K C > B O I ~ bU = = B<D A B CD EF R L T < D T H S >K { z} | ~ O KO THBC KQ J GL D m T < K A B CD EF W L D T H I J > K C > K Q L B@U C S> J G J @ BL C G f E > W C B < L >K Q D ¸ B T C G f d