interdisciplinary research carried out in danish academic libraries

Transkrypt

Seria III: ePublikacje Instytutu INiB UJ. Red. Maria Kocójowa
Nr 7 2010: Biblioteki, informacja, książka: interdyscyplinarne badania i praktyka w XXI wieku
Helge Clausen*
Independent scholar
Dania
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CARRIED OUT
IN DANISH ACADEMIC LIBRARIES:
ORGANIZATION, CHALLENGES AND OUTCOME
[INTERDYSCYPLINARNE BADANIA PROWADZONE W DUŃSKICH
BIBLIOTEKACH AKADEMICKICH: ORGANIZACJA, WYZWANIA I WYNIKI]
Abstract: Most subject specialists in Danish academic libraries have the duty to carry out research within their
fields of specialization. Only active researchers will be able to maintain their qualifications and to communicate on
equal terms with the users of the libraries, e.g. academic staff and university students. Usually, there is only one
subject specialist per subject, which means that internal cooperation often is a problem. However, experience
shows that a subject specialist may still receive useful cross-disciplinary feed-back from his colleagues. In case of
interdisciplinary research several subject specialist may cooperate, even with external participants, e.g., from
other LIS institutions.
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES – DENMARK – INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATION – RESEARCH – SUBJECT
SPECIALISTS
Abstrakt: Większość bibliotekarzy dziedzinowych w Danii ma obowiązek prowadzania badań naukowych w zakresie swojej specjalności. Jedynie osoby aktywne naukowo będą w stanie utrzymać swoje kwalifikacje i komunikować się na równorzędnym poziomie z użytkownikami bibliotek, np. kadrą akademicką i studentami. Zwykle
w bibliotekach zatrudnia się tylko jednego specjalistę w danej dziedzinie, co oznacza, że wewnętrzna komunikacja jest często utrudniona. Doświadczenie pokazuje jednak, że mimo wszystko bibliotekarze dziedzinowi repre*
Dr HELGE CLAUSEN, Denmark, independent scholar since 2007 after early retirement from a position as Senior
Research Fellow at the State and University Library, Aarhus, Denmark; MA in Psychology (University of Copenhagen,
1973); diploma in Library Science (Royal School of Librarianship, 1982); PhD in Library and Information Science (Aarhus
School of Business and the Royal School of Librarianship, 1992); FCLIP (Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Library and
Information Professionals, London, 1993); PhD in Church History (Dr.Hist.Eccl., Pontifical Academy of Theology, Cracow,
2005). Two the most important publications: (2006) “...The Written Word is the Most Patient Missionary...”. Catholic
Literature and Catholic Public Libraries in Denmark from the Reformation to Vatican II, 1536–1962. Copenhagen: Katolsk
Forlag, 345 p.; (1992) Electronic Mail and the Information Professional. A study of Computer-Mediated Communication and
its Future Prospects in the Information Field. Århus: Handelshøjskolen i Århus, 295 p. Email: [email protected]
[Dr HELGE CLAUSEN, Dania. Niezależny badacz od czasu przejścia w 2007 r. na wcześniejszą emeryturę ze
stanowiska Senior Research Fellow w State and University Library, Aarhus, Dania; MA (psychologia, University of
Copenhagen, 1973); dyplom Royal School of Librarianship w zakresie bibliotekoznawstwa (1982); PhD (Library and
Information Science, Aarhus School of Business and the Royal School of Librarianship, 1992); FCLIP (Fellow of the
Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, Londyn, 1993); doktor historii Kościoła (Dr.Hist.Eccl.,
Papieska Akademia Teologiczna w Krakowie, 2005). Dwie najważniejsze publikacje: (2006) „...The Written Word is the
Most Patient Missionary...”. Catholic Literature and Catholic Public Libraries in Denmark from the Reformation to Vatican
II, 1536–1962 [“Słowo pisane najcierpliwszym misjonarzem”. Literatura katolicka i katolickie biblioteki w Danii od czasów
Reformacji po Sobór Watykański II 1536–1962]. Copenhagen: Katolsk Forlag, 345 p.; (1992) Electronic Mail and the
Information Professional. A study of Computer-Mediated Communication and Its Future Prospects in the Information Field
[Poczta elektroniczna a pracownik informacji. Studium komunikacji zapośredniczonej przez komputer i jej przyszłości
w świecie informacji]. Århus: Handelshøjskolen i Århus, 295 p. Email: [email protected]]
95
zentujący różne dyscypliny mogą wzajemnie wymieniać się użytecznymi informacjami. Podczas prowadzenia
badań interdyscyplinarnych może współpracować ze sobą kilku bibliotekarzy dziedzinowych, nawet z udziałem
uczestników zewnętrznych, np. z innych instytucji związanych z BIN.
BADANIA NAUKOWE – BIBLIOTEKARZE DZIEDZINOWI – BIBLIOTEKI AKADEMICKIE – DANIA – WSPÓŁPRACA
INTERDYSCPLINARNA
*
*
*
INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, the work of subject specialists (research librarians) has not been regarded as scientific research as it has been the case with their academic colleagues from archives and museums. Nobody would deny
that, e.g., an archaeologist performing an excavation is doing research. A research librarian carrying out an advanced information retrieval or solving a complicated classification problem, however, would be seen doing scientific routine work, not scientific research. This would also be the case if the research librarian was involved in
giving advice to a team of scholars at the university.
Most research librarians and also some librarians, however, publish books and articles and read papers at
conferences. Some of these contributions could be described as professional or technical, while others clearly
meet scientific and scholarly requirements concerning objectivity, originality, reliability and validity of research
methods and data. While the former type of publications in most cases originates from daily practice the latter
type presupposes scientific or scholarly work carried out by an academically qualified person who has the necessary resources.
This matter gives rise to questions about whether it is useful and desirable that research librarians with an
academic background are active researchers and what experience has been obtained.
RESEARCH IN DANISH ACADEMIC LIBRARIES UNTIL 1996
The academic libraries in Denmark – as in most other countries – employ subject specialists with an academic background, librarians and technical and clerical staff. In Danish academic libraries (national and university libraries) university graduates have nearly always been employed, normally as librarians and managers.
Some of them carried out research in the libraries’ collections and published scholarly articles about their findings. About 1970 new designations of occupation were introduced for librarians who – after some supplementary
training – hereafter became research librarians, while the former library assistants became librarians. The Danish
way of organizing academic libraries was inspired by the German system with university graduates acting as
subject specialists, the so-called Fachreferente.
In addition to their duties research librarians to some degree found time for their own research projects. In
1976 a ministerial circular confirmed and defined this acquired right. The circular stated that research librarians
had an individual right, but not a duty, to carry out research at their own options provided that the topic of research was connected with one of the subject areas of the library, or was of general interest for the library [Circular 1976, doc. online, § 2]. Further, some provisions define and delimit research according to this circular:
96
Research must not exceed two hours per day of the then 40 hour week. The research librarian had to make an
annual report of the progress of his research and submit it to a committee of three research librarians elected by
the academic staff. The committee prepared an assessment report which was passed on to the management. Research had to take place in the library unless this was impossible because of the nature of the research project or
local working conditions.
An official attempt to define and delimit the duties of a research librarian was made in 1969 when Joint
Council of the Danish Research Libraries published a job description for research librarians [Job description
1969]. A list of duties includes such tasks as selection of literature, classification, indexing, user instruction, information retrieval, bibliographic work, administration, and two points relating to research: 1. Participation in
research projects carried out by the library. 2. Research activities within the research librarian’s own subject
area. It is asserted that in order to live up to expectations the research librarian should be in a position to do his
own research or take an active share in comprehensive collective projects. Only an active researcher will be able
to meet other researchers on equal terms, familiarize himself with their problems and be a useful intermediary.
Finally, the job description maintains that a research librarian should be of the same standing as a senior lecturer
(Great Britain) or an associate professor (USA). There is, however, one significant difference: The research librarian may use up to 25% of working hours for research while faculty in Denmark is entitled to 40%.
The research libraries didn’t draw any immediate conclusions from this job description which, however, had
a profound influence on the education of research librarians at the Royal School of Librarianship. In 1969 the
School introduced a new curriculum for the compulsory postgraduate training for research librarians. The 1984
edition of the curriculum includes a strong argument in favour of research librarians as active researchers:
“A first-hand knowledge of research performed in a given subject field enables the research librarian to make
optimal choice in material selection and perform a qualified guidance of library users on the highest scientific or
scholarly level. Own research is a precondition for understanding the information needs of other researchers”
[Curriculum 1984, doc. online, p. 12]. Besides some LIS subjects (library organization and management, cataloguing, classification, bibliography, etc.) it was also a main target to ‘provide a basis for research in Library and
Information Science and other sector-related LIS research’ [Curriculum 1984, doc. online, p. 33].
On the other hand, the above-mentioned job description had some negative consequences. The nonacademic librarians and other staff in the research libraries didn’t have job descriptions. In the 1970’s this fact
caused much debate and dispute in the Danish library sector, because some of the librarians tried to challenge the
position and – seen from their point of view – privileges of the research librarians.
In 2002 the postgraduate training for research librarians was replaced by a postgraduate, two-year full-time
master’s programme for those with a degree in LIS or an equivalent background.
THE DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1996
A major turning point concerning in-house research in the academic libraries was reached in 1996 when the
Danish State archives, libraries, museums, the Royal School of Library and Information Science and other institutions under the Ministry of Culture were placed under an obligation by law to carry out research [Law 1996,
doc. online]. The law was heralded by some new demands to the major academic libraries in 1988 in order to
make their research more university-like. The demands included research in fewer areas, a more visible research
97
profile, result-oriented planning of research achievement, increase of research quality and publication activities,
and a long-term building up of competence. In order to monitor developments the Ministry of Culture appointed
an Advisory Research Council.
In the law of 1996 it was recognized that research is just as relevant for research librarians as for other academics at the universities. The law explicitly states that in these institutions “research is an essential precondition
for the performance of the main duties of the institutions” [Law 1996, doc. online, § 1]. This is the most farreaching innovation of the law which still is in force. It prescribes a number of new initiatives with the purpose
of strengthening in-house research:
•
the institution may undertake projects of research, development, and counselling for payment
•
the institution will be an active participant in the training of scientists and scholars
•
the institution may participate in national and international research programmes
•
the institution will publish its research achievements.
Furthermore, the law lays down that each institution will have a Research Committee which will advise the
institution concerning its research plans, annual reports, participation in international research projects, organization and financing.
The Research Committee has five members three of which are external and appointed by the national Advisory Research Council. Two members are elected by and from the researchers of the institution concerned.
Themes of research projects should be covered by the collections of the library. Normally, each researcher
selects and defines his own research project but the library may promote a certain theme and assign it to the researcher.
Before the law was passed it was the opinion of the Minister of Finance that there should be no research in
libraries at all. The Minister of Culture managed to convince a majority in the Parliament that research was necessary in order to attract qualified staff. The libraries were also interested in keeping and strengthening research
in order to avoid becoming a low-status area.
Furthermore, in 1997 new conditions of appointment and new designations of occupation were introduced
for university graduate research librarians [Circular 1997, doc. online]. The research librarians might become
‘researchers’, ‘senior advisers’, ‘senior research fellows’, or even ‘research professors’ if they held at least a PhD
degree or equivalent qualifications. A ‘researcher’ has a three-year period to qualify for a higher position which
he may obtain after assessment. In addition to a PhD degree an applicant for a position as ‘senior research fellow’ is also expected to have published several scientific or scholarly papers in subjects different from the PhD
subject. Further, he should participate in research projects with researchers from other institutions. A ‘senior
research fellow’ is under an obligation to carry out research in 25% of working hours. A higher percentage may
be agreed. The position is comparable to the position of an associate professor at a university, also concerning
salary, but not regarding research time, where faculty has 40%. So far, no one has become ‘research professor’ in
the academic libraries.
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RESEARCH DEPARTMENTS, PLANNING, AND FUNDRAISING
During the 1990’s the two major academic libraries in Denmark (the Royal Library and the State and University Library) set up Research Departments headed by research chiefs. All staff with research duties referred to
these Departments in which research planning, funding, reporting and publication was taken care of.
Furthermore, the Research Department at the Royal Library includes a number of external self-financing researchers who have been permitted to carry out their projects in the premises of the Library. Such permissions
are granted on application for a limited period of time. Together with the Library’s own c. 20 researchers these
c. 15 researchers form a fruitful and productive scholarly unit which is on a high academic level. Thus, more
than half of the researchers have doctoral degrees. Some of the research projects are of national importance, e.g.,
preparation and publication of critical text editions including national literature and source editions.
Until 1996 academic libraries in Denmark normally did not include research expenses in their budgets. If
a research librarian needed money for his project he might try to get the money from the library’s normal budget
which was difficult because almost all money was earmarked. Alternatively, he had to apply for an external
grant. After 1996 the libraries had to include money for research in their budgets. In addition, the Ministry of
Culture set up a special fund where research librarians may apply for financial support. Extra money may be
spent on special equipment, student assistance, conference participation, or more research time than the 25%
fixed by law, by paying a substitute. However, preparation of applications to foundations has increasingly become a time-consuming necessary evil.
PROBLEMS IN CONNECTION WITH RESEARCH AND DAILY DUTIES
OF THE SUBJECT SPECIALISTS
Until 1996 it was a precondition for the research work of the research librarians that it was carried out in the
library. Most of the research librarians concerned learnt that keeping strict to the rule about two hours research
per day during working hours was not feasible. A subject specialist might be called for to assist in the reference
room or answer telephone calls at any time, not to mention being on duty serving library users, participating in
meetings, etc. In most cases it would be difficult to find two consecutive hours in peace and quiet, particularly
because only very few enjoyed the privilege of having their own offices. In most libraries, however, management allowed research librarians to accumulate research time which could be spent at home, provided that there
were no collisions with other duties at the library. These dispensations from the duty to be present were often
disapproved of by other library staff. The new rules in 1996 were not so strict and in general, and they were administered more gently.
In archives and museums most researchers have a common background in, e.g., history. In libraries most researchers have different backgrounds in order to cover as many of the library’s subjects as possible. Consequently, a researcher in a library normally has no fellow-workers in his field resulting in a missing intellectual
fellowship. This interdisciplinary situation, however, may prove to be positive if the diversity concerning subjects is being used in a constructive way. Presentation of research projects may provoke unorthodox comments
and questions from colleagues with other subjects and this may challenge routine thinking, closedness and professional self-sufficiency. Regular presentations of this kind also fortify the group of researchers. In addition,
many research librarians have an external network of people with similar professional interests.
99
Most research librarians who carry out research report that part of their own spare time is being used for research in order to observe time limits.
OUTCOME AND EVALUATION OF RESEARCH
Until 1996 the number of publications per person per year was lower than after 1996. At the State and University Library, for instance, an average number of 15.3 persons per year published 0.64 publications per person
per year during the years 1976-1995 [Clausen 2002, p.166-167]. After 1996 when the academic qualifications of
the research librarians and research conditions were improving the number of scholarly publications increased,
particularly concerning interdisciplinary themes. In Table 1 the latest figures from the two major academic libraries are compared with figures from the Royal School of Library and Information Science. The figures show
that publication frequencies of the three institutions are on a level with each other.
Table 1. Number of research publications from the Royal School of Library and Information Science, the
Royal Library and the State and University Library, 2006–2008 (not including presentations, reviews, and articles
in encyclopaedias and newspapers)
Year
2006
2007
2008
Total
Est. no. of persons
Est. no. of publ/pers/yr
Royal Sch. of LIS
103
97
97
297
41
2.4
Royal Library
76
89
97
262
38
2.3
State & Univ. Libr.
14
28
17
59
9
2.2
Source: Annual research reports available on the home pages of the institutions concerned, together with internal figures from the Royal School of Library and Information Science [Email from the Library of the School to
the present author, 5.03.2010]
Research subjects are dependent on the subjects covered by the research librarians, their personal interests,
and the subject coverage of the library concerned. Research in the collections of the libraries with the purpose of
making them more visible is a natural task for any research librarian. To this must be added research in longterm physical and digital preservation of the collections. For the latest ten years or so the number of interinstitutional and interdisciplinary research projects has increased. Today, it is quite common that research librarians take part in larger research and developmental projects that include several institutions and various subjects.
Evaluation of publications takes place in connection with the annual reporting. The local Research Committee and the research chief supervise quality and quantity, compare the actual achievements with the multi-annual
research plan, etc. Bibliometric comparisons between publication statistics for the individual research librarian
and scientists and scholars from a similar subject field in other academic institutions have been tested but have
not been introduced in all libraries so far.
FUTURE TRENDS
Staff composition in the Danish academic libraries has changed dramatically during the latest decade. In
some places cost-cutting plans have resulted in a replacement of subject specialists with lower-grade library staff
in general and IT specialists in particular. In the next few years research projects increasingly will move from
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institutions to special centres and groups of scientists selected for a particular project. At the same time, research
is going to be even more interdisciplinary and running across institutions and countries. On this background it is
the opinion of Michael Cotta-Schønberg, head of Copenhagen University Library, that development will favour
subject generalists with IT and social skills at the expense of subject specialists [Cotta-Schønberg 2007, doc.
online]. His colleague from the State and University Library Mr Larsen reports that the number of research librarians has been reduced by 50% during the period from 1998-2007 while the number of IT and other staff has
almost doubled. During the whole period staff was reduced by c. 10% [Larsen 2009, doc. online, p. 2]. Thoughtprovoking is also the fact that nothing at all about in-house research has been mentioned in a recent report on the
future of research and the Danish research libraries [Future of Research 2009, doc. online]. The report had been
commissioned by ‘Denmark’s Electronic Research Library’ which is an official co-operation board of the Danish
research and special libraries.
These trends inevitably will result in fewer publications (because of the decreasing number of subject specialists) and a lower quality of research (because of less specialization).
THE SITUATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES
It is difficult to obtain reliable information about the research possibilities of academic subject specialists
worldwide. Below a brief status is given for some countries.
Ger ma n y has no general rules about research in academic libraries. Research librarians belong to the administrative staff. Library directors, however, may permit them to carry out research to a small extent, but only
few of them manage to do this because of their other duties. An exception is the academic staff in the manuscript
departments. Promotion takes place according to administrative skills only. A permanent problem in Germany is
that the scientific and scholarly qualifications of research librarians are decreasing over time unless they decide
to do research in their spare time.
In Gr ea t B r ita i n there is no national agreement allowing subject specialists to undertake their own inhouse research projects. This would depend entirely on individual arrangements with management. Apparently,
this is common practice as shown by Schlackman who has conducted a survey with 85 respondents. A total of
82% reported that they had researched as part of their library responsibilities. No less than 58% had researched
outside of their work responsibilities (i.e., on topics of their own interest) [Schlackman 2009, p. 30].
In No r wa y there are no general rules but in some university libraries a research librarian may apply for 15–
25% research time for a limited period of time [Gatland 2008, doc. online, p. 43-44]. At present, a PhD is required in most cases and the applicant’s publications are included in the assessment. The number of published
research papers from Norwegian research librarians is low and they have often been prepared in the spare time.
For that reason some ambitious research librarians have given up their library positions in favour of an institution of higher education. For many years the situation has been discussed in Norway. Subject specialists have
desired to obtain a right to do research but so far, there has been no political will to change the situation
[Salvesen 1994, doc. online]. Research librarians at the National Library seem to have a more easy access to inhouse research than their colleagues elsewhere.
101
In the U ni ted S ta te s conditions vary a lot; traditionally, many subject specialists in the university libraries
are also working at the university. Consequently, it may be easier for them to engage themselves in research projects.
CONCLUSION
Generally speaking, the Danish academic libraries have benefitted by having a number of subject specialists
who have done their own research. They have contributed to basic and applied research in general, and they have
continuously updated their scientific and scholarly knowledge making them better intermediaries between library
users, particularly from the academic world. The libraries have been enriched with specialist networks which
have proved to be useful in many ways. Active research librarians may even have contributed to branding the
library defining a high academic profile. Finally, positions with research duties and possibilities will – other
things being equal – attract more qualified staff, thus counteracting marginalization.
It is worrying that the libraries increasingly phase out subject specialist in favour of generalists. The primary
assets of a library are, of course, its collections of information media and its access to external information
sources. These assets, however, cannot be utilized in an optimal way without human competence on the highest
academic level.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Mr Christopher Cipkin (CILIP, College and Research Group), Mr Knut
Hegna, Senior Academic Librarian (University of Oslo Library), Professor Birger Hjørland, Associate Professor
Carl Gustav Johannsen (Royal School of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen), Mr Hans Kermit, Head
of Section (University Library of Tromsø, Norway), Mrs Elizabeth Schlackman, Trainee Liaison Librarian
(Bulmershe Library, University of Reading, UK), and Dr Oliver Weinreich, Subject Specialist (Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg) for their valuable information about the duties of subject specialists in their respective countries.
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interdisciplinary research carried out in danish academic libraries

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