yield of early potatoes as depended on the term of nonwoven textile

yield of early potatoes as depended on the term of nonwoven textile

ZESZYTY PROBLEMOWE POSTĘPÓW NAUK ROLNICZYCH 2008 z. 530: 235-240
YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES AS DEPENDED
ON THE TERM OF NONWOVEN
TEXTILE REMOVEMENT 1
Petr Dvořák, Karel Hamouz
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology,
Food and Natural Resources, Department of Crop Production, Prague
Introduction
Production of early potatoes in the CR makes an important part of the total
production of ware potatoes.
Farmers need to begin their harvest at the earliest term and they use pregerminated potato seed of very early cultivars as well as irrigation, in order to obtain
good yields already at the turn of May and June [HAMOUZ et al. 2006]. Growers in order to
achieve an early harvest use many intensification factors in technology of early potato
production, e.g. to advance harvest and ensure higher stability of yield, row covering of
early potatoes with non-woven textiles [HAMOUZ et al. 2006] or perforated polyethylene
foils [DEMMLER 1998] can be used.
Due to vegetation coveried with plastic films (textile or foil) there is a difference
in microclimatic conditions in plant and in soil. The plant can be exposed to stress
temperatures i.e. in high level of insolation, when under the plastic film extreme
temperatures could appear [BIZER 1994] which damage plant and forming tubers.
The covering of rows after planting with textile facilitates the increased yields of
early potatoes and their stability in individual years. According to JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK
and WADAS [2005] in the cultivation with textile covering, the yield of ware potatoes 60
days after planting (DAP) was higher by 23.34% on the average and 75 DAP by 10.92%
in the six-year period of study, as compared to the cultivation without plant covering. In
previous experiments by these authors [WADAS, JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK 2000] on covering
with by textile (Pegas Agro 17 UV) from planting to full emergence the marketable
yield of tubers, on average increased by 33%.
Materials and methods
Precise field trials were performed at the locality of Přerov on Labem (on the
1
This study was financed from the project of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the
Czech Republic, Research Proposal No. 6046070901 and from the project of the CIGA of CUA in
Prague, Grant Reg. No. 20062005.
236
P. Dvořák, K. Hamouz
cultivar test plot of the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture CISTA) in Central Bohemia in the years 2006-2007. The locality is situated in lowland
Polabí, where soil and temperature conditions are very favourable for the cultivation of
early potatoes and precipitation deficiency is balanced by irrigation. In the experiment
two terms of textile (white non-woven textile Pegas Agro 17 UV) removement were
compared with the uncovered control variant. All variants were provided with four
parallel determinations. Seed potatoes of Adora variety were pre-sprouted for 40 days.
Industry compost Organic at the fertilization rate of 12 t⋅ha-1 in spring before planting
was applied. Also mineral fertilizers in the dose of 130 kg N⋅ha-1, 35 kg P⋅ha-1, and 66
kg K⋅ha-1 were applied.
During vegetative periods air temperatures (AT) and soil temperatures (ST) were
measured (every 15 minutes). ST was measured at the depth of 100 mm below the ridge
top during the whole time of textile covered growth.
The recorded temperatures were used for the evaluation of growth conditions
during vegetation (equation 1) by the observed variants (variants with textile removed
25th, 45th DAP and control variant without textile). For this purpose „relative thermal
index” (RTI) was used according to YUAN and BLAND [2005] with the equation r/Rmax,
where r is the daily rate of growth (or development) at any temperature, Topt is the
optimum temperature, Tmax is the maximum temperature, Tmin is the minimum
temperature, and Rmax is the maximum rate of growth or development at Topt. For these
transformations of ST an equation was assumed (1) that for the optimum (Topt) was
16°C, the minimum (Tmin) 6°C and the maximum (Tmax) was 30°C.
(1)
Plant samples (30 potato hills) for analyses were collected on 67th DAP from
every variants (7 June in 2006, 6 June in 2007). The monitored yield-forming
components were analysed and evaluated in each hill from each replication.
Results and discussion
The results of field experiments proved the positive effect of the textile on
removal 25th DAP on total tuber yield (TTY) and the yield of ware potatoes (YWP) at
the earliest harvest terms. The level of this trait in the experimental variant of textile
removal on 25th DAP, on average in both years showed non-significant values higher by
16.0% for TTY and higher values by 20.1% for YWP as compared to the variant of
textile removat on 45th DAP and by 16.0% for TTY, 16.1% for YWP as compared to the
control variant without textile (Fig. 1).
The growth covered by textile (variant of textile removal on 25th DAP and 45th
DAP) had faster emergence (by two days in both years), growth and development due to
more favourable AT and ST. Using the textile increased AT (by 2.1 and 2.9°C) and ST
(by 3.1 and 2.8°C) in the respective years (2006 and 2007).
YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES AS DEPENDED ON THE TERM ...
30
237
29,1
28
26
t:ha-1
23,2
23,1
24
23,1
22
17,1
18
16
14
22,7
15,5
15,4
19,4
19,3
28,7
20
22,4
22,1
18,8
14,8
16,0
17,9
13,7
12
control
kontrola
1
2
control
kontrola
2006
total tubers yield; plon bulw ogółem (t:ha-1)
1
2
2007
control
kontrola
1
2
average; średnio
2006-2007
yield of ware potatoes; plon bulw konsumpcyjnych (t:ha-1)
Fig. 1. Effect of covering with the textile, term of removement and years on the total tubers yield
(t⋅ha-1) and yield of ware potatoes (t⋅ha-1) during harvest 67 days after planting
Rys. 1.Wpływ okrycia agrowłókniną, terminu odkrycia i lat na plon bulw ogółem i frakcji (t⋅ha-1)
bulw konsumpcyjnych po 67 dniach od posadzenia
P. Dvořák, K. Hamouz
238
full emergence all v ariants; pełen
textile remov ed 25th DAP; włóknina
textile remov ed 45th DAP
wschód przy wszystkich wariantach
usunięta 25 dni po wysadzeniu
włóknina usunieta 45 dni po wysadzeniu
1,0
relative thermal Index (RTI)
współczynnik termiczny (RTI)
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
days; dni (DAP)
....crop with textile removed 45th DAP; plon gdy włóknina była usunięta 45 dni po posadzeniu
-- crop with textile removed 25th DAP; plon gdy włóknina była usunięta 25 dni po posadzeniu
-- crop without textile (control); plon bez włókniny (kontrola)
Fig. 2. Recorded temperatures in 2006 were used for transformations on „Relative thermal index”
(RTI)
Rys. 2.Współczynnik termiczny „Relative thermal index” (RTI) podczas wegetacji w 2006 r.
In their experiments WADAS and JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK [2001], WADAS et al. [2004]
founded that very early removal of textile (covering from planting to full emergence)
resulted in a higher TTY by 31% and removing of textile in 150 mm height of plants
(approximately it corresponds to variant 25th DAP) caused a higher TTY by 23% as
compared to the variant without textile.
These results were also confirmed in our experiment, when the textile was
removed on 25th DAP the highest YWP in both years (Fig. 1) was observed. The
decrease of YWP in the variant 45th DAP was proved by the decrease of RTI values
(Fig. 2, 3). From the course of RTI values (Fig. 2, 3) it could be concluded that the
removal of textile in full emergence mention by WADAS and JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK [2005],
WADAS et al. [2004] could have more favourable impact on YWP than textile removed
25th DAP.
YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES AS DEPENDED ON THE TERM ...
239
full emergence all v ariants; pełen
textile remov ed 25th DAP; włóknina
textile remov ed 45th DAP
wschód przy wszystkich wariantach
usunięta 25 dni po wysadzeniu
włóknina usunieta 45 dni po wysadzeniu
1,0
relative thermal Index (RTI)
współczynnik termiczny (RTI)
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
days; dni (DAP)
....crop with textile removed 45th DAP; plon gdy włóknina była usunięta 45 dni po posadzeniu
-- crop with textile removed 25th DAP; plon gdy włóknina była usunięta 25 dni po posadzeniu
-- crop without textile (control); plon bez włókniny (kontrola)
Fig. 3. Recorded temperatures in 2007 were used for transformations on „Relative thermal index”
(RTI)
Rys. 3.Współczynnik termiczny „Relative thermal index” (RTI) dla okresu wegetacji w 2007 r.
Conclusion
1.
The use of non-woven textile influenced the total tuber yield. Harvest on 67th
DAP had higher yield by 9.2% (on average in both textile variants and years) as
compared to control variant (without textile).
2.
An earlier removal of textile (25th DAP) influenced the yield of ware potatoes. At
harvest on 67th DAP it was higher by 20.1% (on average in both years) as
compared to the variant with textile removed on 45th DAP.
3.
The yield differences between years 2006 and 2007 were caused by different
microclimate conditions. Transformation of soil temperatures on RTI confirmed
that better growth conditions were in 2007 (especially from planting to full
emergence).
References
BIZER E. 1994. Frőhkartoffelanbau unter Vlies und Folie. Kartoffelbau 45(12): 462-466.
DEMMLER D. 1998. Comparison of plastic film and fleece for harvest acceleration in
early potato crops. Kartoffelbau 49(12): 429-430.
HAMOUZ K., LACHMAN J., DVOŘÁK P., TRNKOVÁ E. 2006. Influence of non-woven fleece on
the yield formation of early potatoes. Plant Soil Environ. 52(7): 289-294.
240
P. Dvořák, K. Hamouz
JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK R., WADAS W. 2005. Effect of nonwoven polypropylene covers on
early tuber yield of potato crops. Plant Soil Environ. 51: 226-231.
WADAS W., JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK R., KOSTERNA E. 2004. Effect of plastic covering and
nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of early potatoes. Folia Horticult. 16: 41-48.
WADAS W., JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK R. 2001. The effect of nonwowen polypropylene covering on the yield of very early potato cultivars. Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 54:
31-33.
WADAS W., JABŁOŃSKA-CEGLAREK R. 2000. Efekty stosowania osłon w uprawie ziemniaka
na wczesny zbiór. Annales UMCS, Sectio-EEE-Horticultura 8: 137-142.
YUAN F.M.. BLAND W.L. 2005. Comparison of light- and temperature-base index models
for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and development. Amer. J. Potato Research
82: 345-352.
Key words:
early potato, yield, textile, term of remove, air temperature, soil
temperature, relative thermal index
Summary
In the two-year field trials the effect of row covering of early potatoes were
investigated on the total tuber yield and the yield of ware potatoes. Experiments were
performed with cv. Adora at the Přerov on Labem locality in the Czech Republic. Row
covering with textile positively influenced the yield of ware potatoes during harvest 67
days after planting (in the variant with the textile removed on 25th day after planting it
was 20.1% higher as compared to the variant when the textile was removed on 45th day
after planting).
YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES AS DEPENDED ON THE TERM ...
241
PLONOWANIE WCZESNYCH ODMIAN ZIEMNIAKA
W ZALEśNOŚCI OD TERMINU ODKRYWANIA AGROWŁÓKNINY
Petr Dvořák, Karel Hamouz
Katedra Produkcji Roślinnej, Czeski Uniwersytet Rolniczy w Pradze
Słowa kluczowe:
ziemniaki wczesne, plon, agrowłóknina, termin odkrywu, temperatura gleby, współczynnik termiczny
Streszczenie
W dwuletnich badaniach 2006-2007 analizowano wpływ przykrycia ziemniaków
agrowłókniną tekstylną na plon bulw ogółem i plon frakcji bulw handlowych. Badania
przeprowadzono w Republice Czeskiej, w Přerov nad Łabą dla wczesnej odmiany
Adora. Przykrycie roślin miało dodatni wpływ na plon bulw konsumpcyjnych
zbieranych po 67 dniach od wysadzenia. Ziemniaki okryte agrowłókniną przez 25 dni
od posadzenia wytworzyły plon frakcji bulw handlowych o 20% wyŜszy niŜ rośliny
pozostające pod przykryciem przez 45 dni.
Ing. Petr Dvořák
Department of Crop Production
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
Kamýcká 129
165 21 PRAGUE 6 - Suchdol
e-mail: [email protected]