article in PDF format - Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów

article in PDF format - Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów

ZESZYTY NAUKOWE INSTYTUTU POJAZDÓW
1(97)/2014
Stanisław W. Kruczyński1, Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk2, Piotr Orliński3, Dagmara
Kurczyna4
OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF FAME UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE
1. Introduction
Camelina sativa is an oil plant, which has grown in Europe at least 3 000 years. In
Central Europe, in a natural way. Seed oil from Camelina sativa can be used for the
production of FAME. Due to the fact that this plant grows on poor soils, it can be a great
replacement rapeseed oil.
Fig. 1. Camelina sativa [1]
Methyl esters derived from Camelina oil, can not be used as biofuels because of the
fact that they are characterized by a very high value of the iodine content and linolenic
acid methyl ester (C18: 3), and also poor low temperature properties. These parameters
exceed the allowable limits specified in the standard EN 14214. Research works
conducted in cooperation between Automotive Industry Institute and Institut of Vehicles
of Warsaw University of Technology shown that to obtain a product meeting
requirements the standard quality with using camelina oil methyl esters as component is
made possible by the preparing a composition of methyl esters from different source,
such as rapeseed oil, palm oil or animal fats. The result is an ability to prepare the
complete biodiesel gained from various raw materials for compression-ignition engines,
prof. zw. dr hab. inż. Stanisław W. Kruczyński, Institute of Vehicles, PW SiMR
mgr inż. Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk, Polmax S.K. S.K.A., Dział Badawczo-Rozwojowy
3
dr inż. Piotr Orliński, Institute of Vehicles, PW SiMR
4
mgr inż. Dagmara Kurczyna, Polmax S.K. S.K.A., Dział Badawczo-Rozwojowy
1
2
131
which will enable to compose the biofuel from the currently cheapest ingredients on the
market.
This paper presents a fragment of the work on blends of biofuels for compressionignition engines made from different raw materials in the field of low-temperature
properties.
2. Test samples
Samples of methyl esters of fatty acids with the composition shown in Table 1 were
used:
Table 1. Composition of test samples [2]
Methyl Esters of
Samples
Rapeseed oil
Palm oil
Animal Fats
(RME)
(PME)
(ZME)
P1
90%
-
-
Camelina sativa
oil
(LME)
10%
P2
85%
-
5%
10%
P3
50%
30%
-
20%
P4
75%
10%
-
15%
3. Low-temperature properties
3.1. Compatibility test
Compatibility test consisted of a visual assessment of changes in individual samples,
which were short-term stored in closed glass containers in the dark, under atmospheric
pressure at +7°C. Observations were conducted immediately after composing the
mixtures and after 24 h, after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks. Observation allowed to exclude
unstable samples, ie those in which there were changes: delamination phase, deposits,
changes in clarity and state. The effect of changes are shown in the pictures below.
a)
132
b)
Fig. 2. The visual effect of changes after the compatibility test in some selected samples
3.2. Efficiency of low-temperature additives
To assess the efficiency of the low-temperature additives, four additives, which were
labelled by the symbols A, B, C, and D, produced by different companies were selected.
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) test was performed for samples without and with the
1000 and 2000 ppm amount of additive. The test results are shown in Figure 3.
A
B
133
C
D
Fig. 3. The results of CFPP test for samples with A, B, C and D additives [3]
It can be seen that the additives were the most efficiency in the sample with a high
content of RME. All tested additives performed selectively, therefore, each additive has
to be selected to each sample, also in sufficient quantity.
3.2. The level of harmful gases at low temperature
The tests were performed on single-cylinder, compretion-ignition engine Robin DY
in winter (the fuel samples were cooled to -3°C) and summer conditions (fuel samples
were at 22°C). In the course of the test the following parameters were measured and
determined:
 specific emissions of CO, HC, NOx and PM as g/kWh in accordance with ISO
8178,
 measurements of the energy efficiency of the test engine at certain points of
measurement.
134
Fig. 4. Indicators of toxic emissions to 6 tested fuels in D2 test according to ISO 8178
and energy efficiency as a function of engine power of Robin DY when it was fuelled by
all the tested fuels samples in winter and summer conditions [4]
Analyzing the results of emissions for the all tested fuel samples, it can be said:
 increased emissions of CO and HC for P1 and ON samples in winter conditions
was observed,
 temperature of fuel samples as well as their different composition did not affect
on the level of NOx emissions,
 reduced emissions of PM for ON and P2 samples in winter conditions was
observed,
 the energy efficiency of ON in winter conditions is higher than the ON in
summer conditions, at higher engine loads,
 the best energy efficiencies for the all range of engine load, for P1 sample was
observed,
 energy efficiency at higher loads were higher for both tested biofuels than for
diesel oil in summer conditions.
135
4. Summary
The results of the research on biofuel blends for compression-ignition engines made
from different raw materials indicate that they can maintain their fuel properties even at
low temperatures. But to gain this target, the selection of the components of mixtures
have to be performed in appropriate proportions (test compatibility) and the
effectiveness of low-temperature additives have to be verified because they have
selective influence on biofuel blends with unusual composition.
Research in engine test confirmed the usefulness of this type of biofuel, even in
light winter conditions. The results showed that the biofuels have comparable energy
efficiency to commercial diesel fuel. It should also be noted that the tested biofuels emit
smaller amount of PM with respect to the ON and that the temperature change of the ON
and tested biofuels affects both the energy efficiency as well as emissions.
When operating the tested biofuels in the winter you should always pay attention to
their low temperature properties (by CFPP test you can determine the operating
temperature limits of biofuels).
Literatura:
[1]
Wikipedia Wolna Encyklopedia {dostępny – 29 kwietnia 2014:
http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lnicznik_siewny},
[2]
Kołodziejczyk K., Owczuk M.: Camelina sativa jako alternatywny surowiec do
produkcji biopaliw stosowanych do zasilania silników wysokoprężnych,
CHEMIK, Czerwiec 2011, str. 531-536.
[3]
Kołodziejczyk K., Frydrych J., Kruczyński W. S., Orliński P., Jakubczyk D.:
Charakterystyka jakościowa oleju lniankowego pod kątem stosowania jako
samoistne biopaliwo lub komponent paliwa do silników z zapłonem
samoczynnym. Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów 1(82)/2011, str. 73-83.
[4]
Kołodziejczyk K, Owczuk M. Rozwój technologii wytwarzania biopaliw z
olejów roślinnych i tłuszczów zwierzęcych z wykorzystaniem oleju z lnicznika
jako nowej bazy surowcowej, E!4018, CAMELINA-BIOFUEL, Projekt
EUREKA, 2012.
Streszczenie
W artykule zamieszczono wyniki badań dotyczące możliwości zastosowania
mieszanek estrów metylowych różnego pochodzenia jako samoistnego biopaliwa lub
komponentu paliwa do silników z zapłonem samoczynnym stosowanych w środkach
transportu w warunkach zimowych. Jako alternatywne źródło pozyskiwania oleju
roślinnego wykorzystano lnicznik siewny. Dokonano analiz porównawczych zmian
zachodzących w próbkach o różnym składzie podczas przechowywania ich w
warunkach obniżonej temperatury (test kompatybilności). Sprawdzono skuteczność
działania dodatków niskotemperaturowych w wyselekcjonowanych czterech
mieszankach.
Przeprowadzono również badania na silniku badawczym Robin SY schłodzonych
mieszanek w celu określenia wpływu temperatury podawanego biopaliwa na
najistotniejsze parametry charakteryzujące proces spalania. Uzyskane wyniki badań dla
tych mieszanin, w tych samych warunkach pracy silnika, odniesiono do rezultatów dla
standardowego oleju napędowego.
136
Słowa kluczowe: biopaliwa, dodatki niskotemperaturowe, estry metylowe olejów
roślinnych, lnicznik siewny
Abstract
The article presents the results of research concerning the possible application of
mixtures of methyl esters of different origin as bio-fuel or fuel component for
compression-ignition engines used in transport in winter conditions. As an alternative
source of vegetable oil Camelina sativa were used. Comparative analyzes of changes in
different samples storaged at low temperature conditions (test compatibility) were made.
The effectiveness of low-temperature additives in selected four blends were tested.
Studies were also performed on engine test bench Robin SY with using cooled fuel
samples to determine the effect of fuel temperature on the most important parameters
characterizing the combustion process. The results obtained for these samples were
referred to the results for the standard diesel fuel, under the same conditions engine
work
Keywords: biofuels, low-temperature additives, fatty acids methyl esters, Camelina
sativa
137