Geoinformation law and practice

GEOINFORMATION
LAW AND PRACTICE
eds. MARLENA JANKOWSKA & MIROSŁAW PAWEŁCZYK
G. BARTHA, V. CHKHAIDZE, G. CHO, F. VON DER DUNK,
J. SALUKVADZE, M. PAWEŁCZYK, J. BULENS, K. FELCHNER,
M. JANKOWSKA, W. VULLINGS, M. BADOWSKI, M. DANES,
J. KAUFMANN
Warsaw 2014
Recenzenci naukowi
Dr hab. Inż. Elżbieta Bielecka
prof. WAT (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna w Warszawie),
Dr Małgorzata Gajos
(Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach)
Tłumaczenie (przedmowa, wprowadzenie, rozdz. I, II, III, V i VII oraz fragmenty recenzji)
Radosław Fenc
© Polska Fundacja Prawa Konkurencji
i Regulacji Sektorowej Ius Publicum 2014
Projekt okładki
Klaudia Masoń, Marlena Jankowska, Mirosław Pawełczyk
Skład i łamanie
GroupMedia
ISBN 978-83-64611-01-8
Wydawnictwo Polskiej Fundacji Prawa Konkurencji
i Regulacji Sektorowej Ius Publicum
00-508 Warszawa, Al. Jerozolimskie 31/5
tel. +48 22 629 23 23, fax +48 22 827 10 06
[email protected]
zamówienia: [email protected]
Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................. XI
Marlena Jankowska, Mirosław Pawełczyk
Special Acknowledgements............................................................................................XIII
Foreword............................................................................................................................XV
Elżbieta Bielecka
Letter from India............................................................................................................ XIX
Vandana Sharma
List of abbreviations....................................................................................................... XXI
Bibliography................................................................................................................. XXIII
Chapter I. The notion of geospatial information – several preliminary remarks,
spatial information and public information............................................................................ 1
Marlena Jankowska, Mirosław Pawełczyk
1. The notion of geospatial information............................................................................. 1
2. The normative frame of geospatial information in Poland............................................ 4
3. Spatial information as public information...................................................................... 5
Chapter II. Data, information, knowledge – commercialization of knowledge
vs. open access movement................................................................................................... 19
Marlena Jankowska, Mirosław Pawełczyk
1. The sector of information............................................................................................. 19
2. The notion of information............................................................................................ 21
3. The notion of knowledge............................................................................................. 23
4. The commercialization of knowledge.......................................................................... 24
5. Spatial information and free software.......................................................................... 27
Chapter III. The right to geoinformation in the information society................................. 29
Marlena Jankowska, Mirosław Pawełczyk
1. Information society – overview of approaches............................................................ 29
2. Information society – legal approach........................................................................... 32
3. The services of an information society........................................................................ 34
4. Geoinformation society................................................................................................ 36

V
Contents
Chapter IV. Geoinformation in UE regulations – the INSPIRE directive.......................... 38
Gábor Bartha
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 38
2. Ground of INSPIRE – ISO 19100................................................................................ 40
3. The INSPIRE Directive................................................................................................ 44
Appendix I.................................................................................................................... 45
Appendix II................................................................................................................... 45
Appendix III................................................................................................................. 46
Technical Guidelines Annex I...................................................................................... 47
Draft Technical Guidelines Annex II & III................................................................... 47
Framework Documents................................................................................................ 48
Guidance Documents................................................................................................... 49
Framework Documents................................................................................................ 49
Chapter V. Implementation of the INSPIRE Directive – a comparative law perspective..... 57
Mateusz Badowski
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 57
2. Spatial information in the legal system........................................................................ 60
3. The INSPIRE Directive................................................................................................ 61
4. The implementation of the INSPIRE Directive........................................................... 65
5. Acts implementing the INSPIRE Directive.................................................................. 67
6. Aims of the regulation, definitional differences and their meaning............................. 58
7. Objective and subjective scope.................................................................................... 71
8. Restrictions of access to spatial data............................................................................ 73
9. Summary...................................................................................................................... 75
Chapter VI. Geospatial Information: Enduring Contractual Issues................................... 80
George Cho
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 80
2. The Law of Contract in a Nutshell............................................................................... 82
3. Geospatial Information: Products and Services........................................................... 86
4. Contract of Service and Contract for Service.............................................................. 90
5. Emerging Contractual Issues in the Web 2.0 Environment.......................................... 95
6. Future Legal and Policy Frameworks........................................................................ 102
VI

Contents
Chapter VII. Geoinformation and the re-use of spatial data............................................ 104
Krzysztof Felchner
Chapter VIII. Legal aspects of using space-derived geospatial information for emergency
response, with particular reference to the Charter on Space and Major Disasters.............114
Frans von der Dunk
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................114
2. The Application of Copyrights....................................................................................116
2.1. Copyrights and satellite remote sensing...............................................................116
2.2. The European context...........................................................................................117
2.3. Copyrights and remote sensing data for emergency response purposes............. 120
3. Access to Remote Sensing Data................................................................................. 121
3.1. From copyrights to data access rights................................................................. 121
3.2. The international regime for access to remote sensing data................................ 122
3.3. The Charter on Space and Major Disasters......................................................... 127
3.4. General humanitarian obligations....................................................................... 131
3.5. Implications for emergency response purposes................................................... 132
4. Responsibility and Liability Issues............................................................................ 132
4.1. State responsibility and satellite-based information
for emergency response...................................................................................... 132
4.2. The concept of liability........................................................................................ 133
4.3. Contractual liability in the context of emergency response activities................. 136
4.4. Non-contractual liability in the context of emergency
response activities............................................................................................... 136
4.5. Product liability in the context of emergency response activities....................... 138
4.6. Summarizing: the liability issue and emergency response.................................. 139
5. Security and Dual-Use Issues..................................................................................... 140
5.1. The Wassenaar Arrangement............................................................................... 140
5.2. Regulation 1334/2000......................................................................................... 141
5.3. The United Nations system for international security......................................... 142
5.4. Summarizing: Security issues and emergency response..................................... 143
6. Final Remarks............................................................................................................ 143
Chapter IX. Geospatial Information: Emerging Liability Issues..................................... 146
George Cho
1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 146

VII
Geoinformation – law and practice
2. Legal and Policy Framework..................................................................................... 148
3. The ‘G’ in Geospatial Data and Information: Quality and Accuracy......................... 151
4. Dynamic Geospatial Data – GPS and Augmented Reality (AR)............................... 156
5. Crowd-sourced & Volunteered Geographic Information........................................... 158
6. Cloud Computing (CC) and Geospatial Cloud Computing (GCC)........................... 162
7. Some Preliminary Conclusions.................................................................................. 165
Chapter X. Geoinformation and Cadastre, Legislation in Switzerland............................ 169
Jürg Kaufmann
1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 169
2. Starting Condition...................................................................................................... 171
3. Time frame................................................................................................................. 174
4. Result of the Work...................................................................................................... 174
4.1 Structure of the Law............................................................................................. 174
4.2 Effectiveness........................................................................................................ 175
4.3 Ordinances............................................................................................................ 175
5. Content of the Act on Geoinformation....................................................................... 176
6. Cadastre of the Public-Law Restrictions on Landownership (PLR-Cadastre)........... 177
7. Experience with the Implementation......................................................................... 180
7.1 Subsequent legislation by the cantons and the Principality of Liechtenstein....... 180
7.2 Law on the Geoinformation and INSPIRE........................................................... 180
7.3. NSDI.................................................................................................................... 181
8. Lessons learned.......................................................................................................... 181
Chapter XI. GI and Law: Dutch Perspective................................................................... 183
Jandirk Bulens, Matthijs Danes, Wies Vullings
1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 183
2. The Dutch context...................................................................................................... 184
2.1. National law on ‘Freedom of Information’......................................................... 184
2.2. Open data strategy and policy............................................................................. 184
2.3. Open Standards.................................................................................................... 186
2.4. Geo-standards...................................................................................................... 186
2.5. Licensing............................................................................................................. 187
2.5.1. Public Domain Mark................................................................................. 187
2.5.2. Creative Commons Zero........................................................................... 188
2.5.3. Geo Shared (Geo Gedeeld)........................................................................ 188
VIII

Contents
3. Conceptual framework............................................................................................... 188
4. Case studies................................................................................................................ 191
4.1. Case 1: Geo-portal Spatial planning.................................................................... 191
4.2. Case 2: Geo-information from agricultural enterprises (farms).......................... 192
4.3. Case 3: The National Road Dataset (NWB)........................................................ 192
4.4. Implementing INSPIRE for protected sites......................................................... 194
4.5. Case 4: Land parcel Identification System (LPIS).............................................. 194
4.6. National Risk Map of the Netherlands................................................................ 196
5. Results........................................................................................................................ 196
5.1. Spatial Plans........................................................................................................ 197
5.2. Geo-Information Agricultural Enterprises........................................................... 197
5.3. National Road Network....................................................................................... 198
5.4. Land Parcel Identification System....................................................................... 198
5.5. Protected Sites..................................................................................................... 198
5.6. Risk Maps............................................................................................................ 198
6. Discussion/Conclusion............................................................................................... 199
Chapter XII. Geoinformation and Development in Transitional Economies:
Case of Georgia.................................................................................................................. 202
Joseph Salukvadze, Vladimer Chkhaidze
1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 202
2. Setting a context: Is Georgia part of a Fast or Slow world?...................................... 203
3. Why Georgia was/is slow? Soviet legacy and post-Soviet reforms........................... 205
4. Land reforms and geoinformatics: building a modern land administration system... 208
5. Geoinformation in spatial development and public services..................................... 214
6. Implication of geoinformation in public governance improvement.......................... 217
7. Endnotes: How to join the fast world?....................................................................... 220
Bionotes of Authors.......................................................................................................... 222
References......................................................................................................................... 230
Elżbieta Bielecka
Małgorzata Gajos

IX