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The Voice of the Job Market Automated Job
The Voice of the Job Market Automated Job Announcement Based Skill Monitoring Karl Ledermüller WU Vienna, September 18, 2012 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook General Framework 2 / 36 The Integrated Academic Development Monitoring Model (IADMM) General Framework 3 / 36 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook Motivation 4 / 36 Motivation I Changes on the society level (Knowledge Based Economy, Lissabon Strategy, Europa 2020) I Changes on the higher education level (Chances of the role of higher education) I Changes on the company level (War for Talents) I Changes on the personal level (If everybody has to stand on tiptoes, no one sees better) Motivation 5 / 36 Changes on the higher educational level I According to the Total Quality Management concept companies have to improve themselves into the direction of their customers I This problem is highly debated in an higher education setting I According to conflicts of goals stakeholder models are used I A aim without goal conflict is “employability ” Motivation 6 / 36 Why job announcements? I Clyde states: statements in job advertisements represent the ” knowledge and skills that employers would like to have and are prepared to pay for“ I Job ads are relatively short and standardized. A writer has to prioritize the content I Access to the data source is relatively easy Motivation 7 / 36 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook Critical Assumptions 8 / 36 Critical Assumptions I Job advertisements are published for available jobs I Job specific requirements are known by the organization I Job requirements are stated in job announcements Critical Assumptions 9 / 36 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook Theory Comparison 10 / 36 Heuristic model for job announcement based competence classification Theory Comparison 11 / 36 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook Methodological Approach 12 / 36 Methodological Approach 1. Harvest data 2. Statistical analysis of data 3. Reporting (interpreting results) Methodological Approach 13 / 36 Harvest Data I General problem: data are saved in informational islands“ ” Therefore nodes are helpful to extract information I One helpful node is JobRapido (search engine for jobs) I JobRapido is available for 49 national job-markets I Job Reader (developed with Thomas Scheller) reads content Next to the job ad the following information is retrieved: I I I I I I Job title Company Portal Location Methodological Approach 14 / 36 Questions which can be answered with the retrieved data I Curriculum planning I I I I I Which content is related to a profession? Which subclusters are part of a profession? How is the content spatially distributed? Profession changes over time (further research) Regional, economic and demografic (interaction) issues I I I I Credential inflation Industry - knowledge/skill cluster (further research) Country comparison (also over time - further research) Qualification level issues (further research) Methodological Approach 15 / 36 Text Mining I Statistical Analysis with R I Text Pre-Preparation I Generating of a (binary) Term-Document Matrix I Multi Dimensional Scaling I Hierarchical Clustering I K-Means Clustering I Spatial Analysis Methodological Approach 16 / 36 Text Mining Text Corpus @ @ R @ ? Parsing Term-Document-Matrix - Analysis ? Text Database Figure: A process model for text mining (Feinerer, 2008) I I Textmining is a subcategory of data mining, which tries to find patterns in (a high volume of) unstructured data. Methodological Approach 17 / 36 Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) I I A set of methods for discovering hidden structures in multidimensional data Based on a proximity matrix these distances are mapped on a lower dimensional (two or three dimensions) spatial representation Figure: City Distances Methodological Approach 18 / 36 Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) - Controlling Multidimensional Scaling − Controlling Job Ads kaufmännisch excel projekten flexibilität account analysen entwicklungsmöglichkeiten fundiert praxi 0.5 herausfordernd reisebereitschaft fähigkeit betriebswirtschaftlich kommunik erfolgreich personalverrechnung studium budgetierung vertrieb qualifikationen bewertet bilanz abwechslungsreich hak prozess anforderungen interessant denken eigenverantwortung deutsch konzern administr erfolg führung persönlichkeit aufbau budget 0.0 erstellen unterstützung assist recht selbstständig berufsfeld kreditoren verantwortung interessiert steuern ausgeprägtstrukturiert technisch senior bank unterstützen sap bilanzierung sachbearbeit fachlich junior erstellung sale einschlägig −0.5 idealerweis funktion umsetzung kompetenz personalverrechn mehrjährig interess genauigkeit uni dynamischen offic einsatzbereitschaft belastbarkeit entwicklung report −0.5 internen verstärkung leitung vollzeit ifr selbständig projekt engagiert edv weiterentwicklung 0.0 0.5 Methodological Approach 19 / 36 K - Means Clustering I K - means clustering is used to find subclusters in job clusters centroids were interpreted I Therefore submarkets“ can be localized and homogenous groups can ” be found Controlling: I I I I I tertiary education cluster bookkeeper’s cluster secondary education cluster finance cluster Methodological Approach 20 / 36 Spatial Analysis I Using spatial information, every job application can be assigned spatially I The heaves above project was used to receive lon/lat informations, which were harvested with the GeoMaker software from Mewsoft (freeware) I Spatial visualization was done with RGoogleMaps Methodological Approach 21 / 36 Spatial Analysis - Controlling Methodological Approach 22 / 36 Spatial Analysis - Controlling with SAP Methodological Approach 23 / 36 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook Applications - Results 24 / 36 Results - Finance Jobs Germany - Map Jobs per Province Thüringen Schleswig−Holstein Sachsen−Anhalt Sachsen Saarland Rheinland−Pfalz Nordrhein−Westfalen Niedersachsen Mecklenburg−Vorpommern Hessen Hamburg Bremen Brandenburg Berlin Bayern Baden−Württemberg 0 100 200 300 400 Number of Jobs Applications - Results 25 / 36 Results - Finance Jobs Germany - MDS Multidimensional Scaling sap fahrerlaubni kundenberatung zahlungsverkehr manag grundkenntniss teamerstellen report qualifikationen selbständig keineführung hgbzwingend finanzbuchhaltung entwicklung engag bildung weiterbildung bezahlung erfolgreich sprachkenntniss ausgeprägt international zukunft mehrjährig anschreiben finanzen gehaltsvorstellung zeitarbeit unterstützen finanzberatung chanc weiterentwicklung flexibilität erwarten überlassung eigenin englischkenntniss 0.5 abwicklung interessant idealerweis nutzen edv auftrag zuverlässig leiter perspekt analys comput kommunikationsfähigkeit erfolgt leistungsbereitschaft anbiet arbeitszeitenbevorzugt berufserfahrung buchhalt tätigkeiten buchung sicher befristet entsprechend einarbeitung schritt rechnungswesen kundenorientierung engagiert bildungsabschluss vermittlung kreditorenbuchhaltung pkw leistungen letzten vereinbarung mitwirkung verstärkung euro renommiert heut allianz wochenstunden tätig einfach beraten lohn bankkaufmann mahnwesen erfahrungen praktikum prüfung vorbereitung verwaltung jahresabschlüssen provis fachhochschulreif unbefristet attrakt erfolgreichen vielfältig pflege betriebswirtschaftlich ausbildungsstandort entwickeln herausforderung account spaß handel kaufmann buchführung teilen führung verbuchung branchen internationalen wenig umfassend starten aktiv kaufmännischen steuerberat national zeit anlagen programm motiv 0.0 einsatz einkommen projekt bank erfahrung weltweit versicherung social teamfähigkeit strukturiert individuell kostenlo financ reif führend perspektiven bearbeiten vergütungsangebot führen erfolg interess flexibel kontenabstimmung abgeschlossen gut maß schnell anwendungen handeln finanzdienstleist career kompetenz kommunik abwechslungsreich kaufmännisch einschlägig tabellarisch verfügbarkeit unternehmerisch verkauf datenschutz monatlich countri ausbildungsangebot regelmäßig notwendig sucht persönlichen freie anspruchsvollen büro telefonisch innov eigenständig aussagefähigen besten versicherungskaufmann betreuen lösungen finanzbuchhalt unterstützung abitur prozess basi teilzeit projekten mittelständisch erstellung telekommunik englisch debitorenbuchhaltung dienstleistungen deutschen melden softwar recht berufsausbildung fachlich ausschließlich finanzberat jahresabschluss extern selbstverständlich agentur systematisch kollegen festanstellung sozialleistungen ifr finanzdienstleistungen alternativberuf voraussetzungen debitoren internen guten banken versicherungsfachmann sachbearbeit −0.5 control erstklassig mandanten quartalinteressiert arbeitnehmerüberlassung vollständig einsatzbereitschaft daten überwachung studium fundiert financi gemeinsam europa eigenverantwortlich lernen center übernahm vertrieb eigen überzeugen privat besitzen extra deutsch führerschein abschluss freier geweckt excel schulabschluss spezialisiert vertragsart renommierten gehalt tarif steuerfachangestellt selbstständig jahresabschlüss fahrzeug buchhaltung bearbeitung belastbarkeit übernehmen qualifiziert reis verantwortung direkt anlagenbuchhaltung zuverlässigkeit versicherungen stärken tarifvertrag erwartet analytisch qualifik kreditoren word außendienst offic finanz ausbildung bilanzbuchhalt kleinbuss vollzeit −0.5 wirtschaft wissen verantwortlich wünschenswert ursprünglich 0.0 0.5 Applications - Results 26 / 36 Results - Marketing Jobs Poland - Map Applications - Results 27 / 36 Results - Marketing Jobs Poland - MDS Configuration Plot displaynone leftpx poznaj transparent displayinline floatleft sizepx heightpx align padding font colorrepeat porady prawne margin display dodania zasady solid border popularne moze width tych klikajac ogloszen height else share imageebay cena dane wyslana jesli bedzie równiez maila powiadomien wiadomosc nasze jej auto javascript text links pokaz wyslij ogloszenia opcje zglos wyszukiwania ogloszenie drukuj umowy rodzaj aby mozesz polityka prywatnosci powiadomienia zgode sie wiecej nas inne white agencja oferte background forum poprzez adsense international pelny top umowa przez audyt organizacje znajomosc firma doswiadczenie nie facebook osób obsluga ochrona serwis studentów mozliwosc sprzedaz biurowa budownictwo resources nieruchomosci wyszukiwanie uslug wielkopolskie adres branza usun pracodawców szukaj twoje telekomunikacja doradztwo kandydatów wyrazam sprzedazy ustawa zaloguj edukacja lub zastrzezone systems telemarketing call edytuj imie zarejestruj wraz mienia umiejetnosc hrs kadra commerce kontrola logistyka klientów ofertachmapa strony jezyka branzy praca podobne masz wszelkie prawa solutions advanced bez min poznan wroclaw phone oferta rozwoju bardzo rynku miejsce position forma office line look world ability brand public relations minimum communications klient industry growing providing field include build personcost solution smm growth expertise article certified ppc weeks hourly viewtrade promocyjnych closed copy emailsite ustaw realizacji kontakt potrzeb please osobowych ochronie procesu klauzuli przetwarzanie moich link php creative writer jak copyright rekrutacji based credentials optimization sem wordpress projects szukasz partnerzy numer freelancer global employment developers entry detail skill graphic add bid united online assistant details virtual jobs admin service writing traffic leading ecommerce building results established highly agency romania analytics months completed joomla copywriter provide sponsored kingdom customerprovider quality content specializing websites offer develop including products advertising google nbsp version campaigns knowledge designing digital qualified pages customers technologies technology strong developer specialist market page hello posting able offers basic software communication excellent account polsce organizacji map inc rights start reserved logo delays costly sealed perfect onclickreturn guaranteed titleshare match lose watch submitted false million programmers register avg talent immediately desired payroll youll patent api earnings widgets rating product mobile search clients translation local support services help design sales job time india skills consultant verified web seo business experience team looking expert company website proposals proposal english safety sign trust development professional location terms name posted management invited experiencedbusinesses strategy pakistan specialize complete using campaign increase various pay system aplikacji zakresu kampanii przygotowywanie atrakcyjne tworzenie ref naszego analiza nad marketingowej serwisu konkurencji jazdy zawodowego aplikuj wybranymi strategii following client successful lokalizacja podobnym klientami roku zespole chcesz currently effective etc przy zakresie zatrudnienia tym organizacja jest write planning corporate manager pracodawca widziane poszukuje mile wynagrodzenie wymagania dobra oraz opis stanowisko poszukujemy marketingowych dnia stanowisku danychoferujemy firmie angielskiego zgodnie poz prosimy regulamin leads ive companies techniques firm kategoria dziale katowice stanowiska photoshopworldwide excel pracownik osoba motywacyjny kierownik tylkokariera pracodawcy nowych warszawa escrow fixed amount price program social budget rate registered access payments report identity trends elancecom translators violation earliest designers referral freelancers thousands via privacy date aug ready writers total low submit powers view sep accounting professionals engineers programming manufacturing legal samples marketingworkfcheckoutthisjobelancerelatedelance directory applications usa engineering contractors research learn consultantscom cad elance level multimedia marketers required engine australia bangladesh canada experts consultants private brochure affiliate finance similar post microsoft declinedcomputer create connect branding philippines contact success provides goal word przedstawiciel zainteresowane lead mon tue people generate obscured lódz mail prawoosoby specjalista firmy week thufri consulting real adobe plans freelance kraków szkolenia generation adwords direct dzialu mazowieckie opieka polska klienta reklama project information blip teraz administracja pomorskie wyzsze transport produkcja finanse nowe raquo media internet handel juz uslugi dodac wyksztalcenie turystyka oferty marketingu blog left marketingdata twitter html zobacz prace dodaj dla pracy list center etat pomoc ofert faq mojej dopisanie zawartych ofercie wed send osãb description set wszystkie pola strona realizacja linkedin rated branåy willing pod spend type moåliwoåä wyraåam sprzedaåy rss siä city umiejätnoåäniezbädnych nazwa wymagane jäzyka ustawä zgodä odpowiedz doåwiadczenie znajomoåä nazwisko regionalne conditions join pracä ogåoszenie twãj gåãwna ogåoszenia smart darmowe edycja adresem kanaå biuromeegapl meegapl pointpl login Applications - Results 28 / 36 Results - Marketing Jobs Spain - Map Applications - Results 29 / 36 Results - Marketing Jobs Spain - MDS Configuration Plot enviar jornadatipo descripción ofertas publicidad nivelinglés candidatos información ver comunicación estudios gestión idiomas legal grupo aportan tupper regionales lay lujo comprobado especiales pide jefas promoverán aprenderán muestrario directoras shisheido necesitar christian abrimos directos chanel dior anti fabricante oriflame fabrica única avon introducir autoempleo inversión competidores exclusivo mensuales socio necesidad vendedoras mercantil innovador generar prestigio ingresos generando sistema vender seleccionadas mínimo fidelización mas alemán primera éxito países marca ventaquerer marketinglas ventaopcionalmenteaportar clientespara conviccióngran paísesnuestro consumidorsomos clienteslas alemanes carteradisfrutaran acceso conocimientos acerca prácticas datos página español promoción aprender años producto ganas cartera directo completa requiere privacidad propio red salario categoría servicios comerciales contrato condiciones conocimiento amigo vacantes funciones promociones profesionales multinacional profesional mercadogran cliente productos clientes venta equipo alto desarrollo campañas redes actividad mail sector generales compañía mínima horas contactar importante publicada persona superior lugar buscamos renovables nacional meses internacional web negocio imprescindible ventas área personas ciudad departamento office nuevas proyecto madrid digital plan global internet blog page exclusiva auto áreas copyright experiencia nombre top austria australia administrativo unido reino costa style text bold line puerto soporte uruguay raquo brasil zona align nea electricista arial erroacute box paraguay cargar spancps toppx weightnormal guatemala paddingpx nicaragua singapur heightpx vigilante padding rightpx divgral height rgba lang displaynone divcajapopularsearch soportejobomascom cajapopularsearch jobomascom perjudicial cajabp eje adxdetallevacanteantesdedescripcion ventanapoppupcontenido dependienta postulantes arquitecto repartidor bottompx radiuspx limpieza aplicar sizepx psicólogo justify infojobomascom normal infopostemail profesor filipinas camarero mozo caso aaa república panamá bottom responsabilidad weight externaoutset terceros portugal decorationunderline decorationnormal adtitlecoloree construccion internainset denunciarla dominicana bordersolid escribirnos adtextcolor carretillero decoration delineante denunciar buscados honduras haciendo soldador almacen salvador ecuador zelanda malasia shadow sombra adtitlea adlinka ahover irlanda vertido hidden border bolivia classh radius width cuba divh rico rica adlinkoverflow overflow floatleft chofer efefef falsa sudáfrica canadá fff margin solid indonesia google fonttecnico administrativa recepcionista laboratorio color auxiliar dependiente considerar family partners técnico operario informacioacute background nmqbrgmqgmd contenido confidencial laboral mantenimiento nueva tweet seguridad linkedin usuarios empleos paises prueba inicio responsable regresar compaacute mercadojobscomencuentra jobomas postularse aquí img vacante aulamascom rtelo formaciónencuentra síguenos twitter argentina provincia méxico contacto venezuela colombia chile perú requisitos publicar bolsa barcelona localidad copy etc comercial management manager empresa facebook online puesto reservados derechos formación buscar aviso cursos empresas españa sales freelance account assistant media social business english international spain oferta sign type send please apply development posted marketing india looking login director click email location company job description website jobs contact experience negotiable advertising register copywriter art report home profile details salary category chennai mumbai keyword mentioned address employer dateposted kolkata delhi Applications - Results 30 / 36 Credential Inflation According to Krugmans (1991) core-periphery modell und Spences (1973) signalling theory the following is assumed: I There are different market equilibra on the job market according to the core-periphery model I Core markets are defined as markets with a high amount of credential production“ ” Employees expect a certain educational level (signal) from a potential employer I I This signals are seen as lower limit Therefore it is expected, that the demand for a higher educational level is higher in core regions than in periphery regions - this can be interpreted as an inflationary effect. (core regions Austria: Vienna; Germany: Mannheim, Cologne, Munich and Berlin) Applications - Results 31 / 36 Credential Inflation - sample search term controlling marketing projekt prozess einkauf informatik logistik management accounting sample size Germany 8425 7483 4710 6719 2489 3671 8856 8062 308 sample size Austria 1696 860 1131 437 216 1246 1265 617 310 Table: List of job search terms and sample sizes in Germany and Austria Applications - Results 32 / 36 Credential Inflation - Austria search term controlling marketing projekt prozess einkauf informatik logistik management accounting grad core 77 15 26 21 1 52 7 24 8 !grad core 711 174 328 163 52 536 317 203 106 grad peri 47 9 23 18 7 39 18 6 8 !grad peri 861 662 754 235 156 619 923 384 188 cred. ratio core 0.0977 0.0794 0.0734 0.1141 0.0189 0.0884 0.0216 0.1057 0.0702 cred. ratio peri 0.0518 0.0134 0.0296 0.0711 0.0429 0.0593 0.0191 0.0154 0.0408 effect in % 88.61% 492.54% 147.97% 60.48% -126.98% 49.07% 13.08% 586.36% 72.06% Table: List of job search terms and metrics (Austria) Applications - Results 33 / 36 Credential Inflation - Germany search term controlling marketing projekt prozess einkauf informatik logistik management accounting grad core 221 187 111 172 36 128 65 204 4 !grad core 1215 1154 567 893 330 543 741 1264 68 grad peri 928 508 532 874 193 535 389 840 11 !grad peri 6059 3880 3494 4776 1930 2465 7657 5749 225 cred. ratio core 0.1539 0.1394 0.1637 0.1615 0.0983 0.1907 0.0806 0.1390 0.0555 cred. ratio peri 0.1328 0.1158 0.1321 0.1548 0.0909 0.1783 0.0483 0.1274 0.0466 effect in % 15.89% 20.38% 23.92% 4.33% 8.14% 6.95% 66.87% 9.11% 19.10% Table: List of job search terms and metrics (Germany) Applications - Results 34 / 36 Outline I General Framework I Motivation I Critical Assumptions I Theory Comparison I Methodological Approach Harvesting I Text Mining I I Applications - Results Finance Jobs Germany I Marketing Jobs Poland I Marketing Jobs Spain I Credential Inflation I I Conclusion and Further Outlook Conclusion and Further Outlook 35 / 36 Conclusion I Automated analysis of job announcements can help to add information in several fields I Observation of job related information could generally help to support decision making processes in HEI’s I Further research could focus on changes over time I The importance of text sources will increase in social science Conclusion and Further Outlook 36 / 36
