Rozd 5.indd - Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Animal Science No 54 (2), 2015: 153–160
(Ann. Warsaw Univ. of Life Sci. – SGGW, Anim. Sci. 54 (2), 2015)
Effect of the backfat thickness at point P2 during insemination on
the selected parameters of colostrum and milk of the sows
ANNA REKIEL1, JUSTYNA WIĘCEK1, BEATA KUCZYŃSKA1, JUSTYNA
BARTOSIK1, AGNIESZKA WARDA2, KATARZYNA FURMAN1
Department of Animal Breeding and Production, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Polish Pig Breeders and Producers Association “POLSUS”
1
2
Abstract: Effect of the backfat thickness at point
P2 during insemination on the selected parameters of colostrum and milk of the sows. The
studies included 32 females F1 (PL × PLW), inseminated with the semen from Duroc boars. The
females were assigned to two groups: L – “lean”
sows: P2 ≤18 mm at mating (n = 16 heads), and
F – “fat” sows: P2 >18 mm (n = 16 heads). The
observations were carried on from the day of effective mating/insemination throughout the period
of gestation and nutrition until weaning (35th day
of lactation). Fatness of the sows (measurements
of backfat thickness at points P2 and P4) and their
muscling (height of M. longissimus dorsi at point
P4M) at mating and in high pregnancy (104th ±1–2
day of gestation) were controlled. The samples of
colostrum and milk were collected from all sows
(64 samples in total). Basic chemical compositions, somatic cell count – SCC, and active acidity – pH, were determined. Thickness of backfat
at point P2 did not have any influence on chemical
composition of colostrum and milk, SCC and pH;
in spite of it. The control of the sows’ condition
is justified as there was indicated a significant difference (P ≤0.05) in the content of lactose (21st
day) in favour of group F vs group L (0.56 percentage points). The mentioned result indicates
the need of continuing the studies because lactose
is a valuable, easily assimilated component of
mother feed for the newborns.
Key words: sows, backfat P2, quality of colostrum
and milk
INTRODUCTION
Lactation – a part of lactation cycle, being understood as process of synthesis
and production and secretion of milk by
mammary glands of the females is the
important factor of the mammals’ evolution (Rekiel 2003). The composition of
milk was described in the XIX century
(Rekiel 2006). Since the mentioned period, many publications dedicated to the
composition and nutritive value of milk
and to the factors affecting the level of
milk production by the sows have appeared in scientific literature (Migdał et
al. 2000, 2003, Rekiel 2003, 2006, Beyer et al. 2007, Beyga and Rekiel 2009,
Farmer and Quesnel 2009, Rekiel et al.
2011, King’ori 2012, Szyndler-Nędza et
al. 2013).
Fat reserves (backfat thickness at
P2 and P4) constitute the background
for evaluation of the sows’ condition
in five-score BCS scale (Body Condition Scoring), being a tool which enables the correct management of the herd
(Rekiel and Beyga 2008, Bowker 2013).
The quality and quantity of the produced
colostrum and milk are dependent, i.a.,
on the condition, determined by protein
154 A. Rekiel et al.
and fat reserves in the body (Beyga and
Rekiel 2009, King’ori 2012). Klavier et
al. (1981) found that the sows, which
were heavier in parturition day as compared to the lighter ones, produced by
19% more milk during the first 12 days
of lactation; the relationship of productivity and body weight was confirmed by
King and Eason (1998). Beyga and Rekiel (2009) and Rekiel et al. (2011) demonstrated that the milk of the sows being
in a good condition contained more fat
and inconsiderably more calcium and
phosphorus what progressively affected
the rate of growth of the progeny. In the
studies, there was also stated that the
body weight and fatness and the dynamics of changes in fat reserves affected the
pregnancy retention and reproduction
performance (Walkiewicz et al. 1994,
Koczanowski et al. 2000, Beyga and
Rekiel 2009).
Walkiewicz et al. (1994) found that in
the case of the gilts with thicker backfat
at mating (>15 mm) as compared to those
ones with lower fat reserves (<15 mm),
the level of fat in the milk was higher
(on the 11th day of lactation by 1%).
The domination was maintained during
throughout the whole lactation, revealing, however, a decreasing tendency (on
21st and 42th day, the mentioned difference was equal to 0.4 and 0.1%, respectively). Similar differences and changes
were recorded for dry solids content. The
content of ash, protein and lactose was
little differentiated. In the case of more
fattened gilts, as compared to more lean
ones, the level of unsaturated fatty acids
C16:1 and C18:2 was higher.
The aim of the studies was to determine the effect of fat reserves (thickness
of backfat at P2 at mating/insemination)
on the selected parameters of colostrum and milk of the sows of hybrids F1
(Polish Landrace × Polish Large White),
i.e. basic chemical composition, active acidity (pH) and somatic cell count
(SCC).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The studies included 32 sows F1 (PL ×
× PLW), inseminated with the semen
from Duroc boars. The females were assigned to two groups: L – “lean” sows:
P2 ≤18 mm at mating (n = 16 heads), and
F – “fat” sows: P2 >18 mm (n = 16 heads).
The measurements of the backfat thickness and M. longissimus dorsi (MLD)
in the sows were conducted at mating
and in high pregnancy (104th ±1–2 day
of gestation), using Pig-log 105 equipment according to method for evaluation
of life performance of breeding animals
(Eckert and Adamczyk 1993, Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and
Food Economy, Dz.U. 1999 nr 47, poz.
470, Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Dz.U.
2002 nr 169, poz. 1389).
The observations were carried on
from the day of effective mating/insemination throughout the period of
gestation and nutrition until weaning
(35th day of lactation). The intake of feed
by the sows and fatness (at points P2 and
P4) and musculature (height of MLD at
P4M) were controlled. The samples of
colostrum and milk were collected from
the sows and evaluated (basic chemical
composition, somatic cell count – SCC,
Effect of the backfat thickness at point P2 during...
and active acidity – pH (64 samples in
total).
During the experiment, the sows were
fed individually with the full-ration mixture “pregnant’ sow (LP – sow in gestation) and “suckled” sow (LK – sow in
lactation) – Table 1, in accordance with
the Polish nutrient requirements for pigs
(1993). The mentioned mixtures were
prepared from maize and wheat meal,
wheat bran and protein concentrate. The
sows were kept in grouped pen from
fourth week after insemination but the
feed was administrated individually in
feeding station, controlled by computer.
The additional feeding of piglets with
the mixture prestarter 5864 MPU 4%
(ad libitum) was commenced at the end
of the first week of life; after 3–4 weeks
of rearing the mixture starter was introduced (Table 1).
TABLE 1. Basic composition of the mixtures,
employed in feeding of sows and piglets
Mixtures
Mixtures
Basic comfor sows
for piglets
position
Pre(%)
LP
LK
Starter
starter
Dry matter 88.84 90.03 90.89 90.30
Crude ash
4.16
5.44
4.40
4.07
Crude
12.41 16.46 16.95 15.59
protein
Crude fat
1.87
1.78
2.98
1.22
Crude fibre 5.21
2.77
3.10
2.93
155
geon and the piglets were subjected to
standard care treatment.
The basic analyses of the mixtures
were performed according to AOAC
procedures (2006). Colostrum was sampled from the sows in the day of parturition and the milk samples were collected on the 21st day of lactation, in the
quantity of 50 ml/head, to the containers
with preservative (Mlekostat CC). Before
collecting the samples, the sows obtained
oxytocin in injections (1 ml/100 kg body
weight). For determination of somatic
cell count (SCC) in colostrum and milk,
Somacount 150 instrument by Bentley
company, was employed. For determination of dry matter, protein, fat and
lactose content by spectrophotometric
method in infrared, the apparatus Milkoscan FT 120 by Foss Electric was used.
For determination of active acidity (pH)
the pH-meter pH 211 was employed.
The results were statistically developed with utilization of package SPSS
Statistics 21. The normality of distribution was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test.
Somatic cell count was subjected to logarithmic transformation. The differences
between the groups were checked by
t-Student test (traits with a normal distribution) or U Mann-Whitney test (the
remaining traits).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The sows were kept for three weeks
in individual pens and then, in groups.
Ten days before farrowing, they were
transported to three-part parturition pens
in which they stayed until weaning of
piglets at the age of five weeks. The animals were supervised by veterinary sur-
The reserves of lipids (measurements of
backfat thickness in points P2 and P4) and
of protein (height of M. longissimus dorsi
at point P4M) and evaluated life performance of meatiness are given in Table 2.
The opinions on the thickness of backfat
in gilts at the first mating are different.
156 A. Rekiel et al.
TABLE 2. Thickness of backfat at points P2 and P4 and of M. longissimus dorsi at P4M and the assessed
meatiness
Group of sows
Significance
lean
fat
between the
Traits
groups
SEM
SEM
x
x
Mating
**
P2
15.05
0.484
23.48
0.618
**
P4
mm
18.30
0.649
25.23
0.911
P 4M
54.57
2.547
53.06
1.891
ns
**
Meatiness
%
53.71
0.812
46.86
0.718
104th day of gestation
P2
21.20
1.085
23.29
0.873
ns
**
P4
mm
20.75
0.992
25.74
0.820
P 4M
62.00
2.317
59.81
1.305
ns
*
Meatiness
%
51.71
1.199
48.33
0.811
*Significant at P ≤0.05, **significant at P ≤0.001, ns – differences statistically insignificant.
Dupas and Briend (1997) and Whittemore
et al. (1995), after Grzyb et al. (2007), stated that the thickness of backfat in point P2
should be equal to 15 mm; according to
Tummaruk et al. (2007), after Grzyb et al.
(2007), for the gilts of hybrids, it should
amount to 13–15 mm; and for the gilts
of crossbreds of national breeds (PL ×
× PLW) – 19–20 mm (Rekiel et al. 2000).
Besides it, Rekiel (2002) stated that at
commencing the reproduction performance, the mean thickness of back fat
should not be less than 16 mm. From the
own studies, it is followed that the sows
from group L had the mean thickness of
backfat at point P2 somewhat lower (by
0.98 mm) than the recommended one
(Table 2).
The meatiness of the sows from
group L vs group F differed significantly
(P ≤0.001). Łyczyński et al. (2000), after
Grzyb et al. (2007), informs that the improvement of meatiness causes decline
of reproduction effectiveness. Rekiel
and Więcek (2002a) revealed, however,
that the gilts with a lower meatiness as
primiparas delivered and reared more
numerous litters. The results of the studies of Beyga and Rekiel (2009) and
Szyndler-Nędza et al. (2013) confirmed
the relationship of the sow’s condition
and the reproduction traits and milk performance of the females and rearing of
their progeny. In the own studies, differences in fatness and muscling were
maintained in the sow groups L and F
(comparative evaluation of the results
of the studies from first and 104th day of
gestation) what confirms the stability of
lipid and protein reserves in their bodies. In case of the differentiation of the
sows’ condition in groups F and L, any
differences in basic composition and in
somatic cell count (SCC and log SCC)
and colostrum, as being statistically confirmed, were not found. All evaluated
milk parameters in F and L groups of the
sows were similar, except for the level of
lactose. The content of lactic sugar was
significantly (P ≤0.05) higher in milk of
Effect of the backfat thickness at point P2 during...
the sows from group F as compared to
group L (difference equal to 0.56 percentage point – p.p.). The mentioned result is different than those ones obtained
by Walkiewicz et al. (1994) and Revell
et al. (1998) who recorded lower content
of lactose in the milk of more fattened
sows. The milk contained more lactose
than colostrum in the group of the lean
sows (by 1.72 p.p.) and the group of fat
sows by 2.60 p.p. (Migdał et al. 2000,
2003). Paściak et al. (2003), Renaudaeu
et al. (2003) inform that the level of lactose remained relatively stable and that
one of dry matter, fat and protein varied. The results of the studies of Beyga
and Rekiel (2009) indicate that the level
of lactose in colostrum and milk of the
sows which differed in fat reserves in
high pregnancy stage (before parturition) was similar. As it was given by the
cited authors, the level of lactose in colostrum was lower than in the milk and
it was equal to about 3.5%; the results
of the own studies are comparable with
the cited literature. The level of lactose
may become little increased during lactation. It is an important fact because it
is the component of mother feed, being
very well digested and assimilated by
the piglets; it was revealed in the studies
(Beyga and Rekiel 2009, King’ori 2012,
Szyndler-Nędza et al. 2013) that the
quality of colostrum and milk affected
the results of the progeny rearing.
Migdał et al. (2000, 2003), Rekiel (2003, 2006) and Beyga and Rekiel
(2009) informed that the milk of the sows
was characterized by a high content of
157
fat (about 7%). Fat of colostrum (considerably lower quantity than in milk) is
valuable due to the higher participation
of unsaturated fatty acids – UFA). In
the own studies, any significant differences between the sow groups F and L
in respect of fat content in colostrum as
well as in milk were not found; it is the
result being different than that one obtained by Beyga and Rekiel (2009). As
compared to milk, the colostrum samples, collected from the sows, contained
less fat, irrespectively of the group. The
mentioned result was consistent with the
literature data (Migdał et al. 2000, 2003,
Beyga and Rekiel 2009).
In the case of healthy sows, pH of
colostrum is equal to 5.7–5.8; acidity
of milk increases during the successive
days after completion of parturition and
reaches the level of 6.6 (Rekiel 2003). In
the both examined groups of the sows,
the acidity was correct (Table 3).
Values for SCC and log SCC in colostrum and milk, as obtained in the own
studies are comparable with the results
of the studies of other authors (Rekiel
and Więcek 2002b, Rekiel 2003, Beyga
and Rekiel 2009). Values of SCC of
the healthy sows should not exceed
0.5·106/ml. The result below 2.0·106/ml
is recognized as correct although indicating the possibility of incidence of
subclinical inflammatory state. Values
of SCC on the level of 5.0·106/ml, being supplemented by the results of other
diagnostic tests, constitutes the background for the diagnosing the inflammatory state – MMA (Rekiel 2003).
158 A. Rekiel et al.
TABLE 3. Chemical, physical and cytological parameters of colostrum and milk of the sows
Group of sows
Significance
lean
fat
Trait
between the
groups
x
x
SEM
SEM
Colostrum
Dry matter
25.86
0.646
25.81
0.475
ns
Solids-not-fat
19.31
0.390
19.82
0.609
ns
Fat
5.99
0.420
5.81
0.366
ns
%
Protein
14.07
0.232
14.14
0.288
ns
Lactose
3.77
0.388
3.59
0.327
ns
SCC
–
1.55·106
0.630·106
1.49·106
0.479·106
ns
SCC Logarithm
–
5.47
0.204
5.50
0.139
ns
Milk
Dry matter
18.67
0.316
19.10
0.277
ns
Solids-non-fat
13.04
0.662
13.27
0.580
ns
Fat
%
7.31
0.235
7.45
0.206
ns
Protein
4.84
0.183
4.94
0.145
ns
Lactose
5.49
0.202
6.05
0.133
*
SCC
–
0.84·106
0.389·106
0.88·106
0.34·106
ns
SCC logarithm
–
5.31
0.161
5.41
0.120
ns
pH
–
5.87
0.107
6.07
0.099
ns
*Significant at P ≤0.05, ns – differences statistically insignificant.
The obtained results of the studies confirm the justness of controlling the fat
reserves in the reproduction managed
sows, constituting the background for
assessment of condition, in spite of the
fact that the effect of fatness of females
on the content of basic constituents of
colostrum and milk was not found. In
case of higher fat reserves in body of the
sows, only a significant increase of lactose content in milk was recorded.
of lactose in favour of group F vs group L
(0.56 p.p.). The mentioned result indicates
the need of continuing the studies as lactose is a valuable, easily assimilated component of mother feed for the newborns.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgements
Source of research financing: author’s
project of the State Committee for Scientific Research, project N N311 082639
and DS.
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Streszczenie: Wpływ grubości słoniny w punkcie P2 przy inseminacji na wybrane parametry
siary i mleka loch. Badaniami objęto 32 samice
F1 (pbz × wbp), inseminowane nasieniem knurów rasy duroc. Lochy przydzielono do grupy L
(chude), o średniej grubości słoniny w punkcie
P2 ≤18 mm (n = 16 sztuk) lub grupy F (grube),
o P2 >18 mm (n = 16 sztuk). Obserwacje prowadzono od dnia skutecznego pokrycia/inseminacji
loch, przez okres ciąży i odchowu potomstwa,
do odsadzenia prosiąt w 35. dniu odchowu.
Kontrolowano otłuszczenie loch (pomiary grubości słoniny w punktach P2 i P4) i ich umięśnienie (wysokość mięśnia najdłuższego grzbietu
w punkcie P4M) przy pokryciu oraz w ciąży
wysokiej (104 ±1–2 dzień ciąży). Od wszystkich loch pobrano próby siary i mleka (łącznie
64 próby). Określono podstawowy skład chemiczny, liczbę komórek somatycznych – LKS
oraz kwasowość czynną – pH. Grubość słoniny
w punkcie P2 nie miała wpływu na skład chemiczny siary i mleka, LKS i pH, mimo to kontrola kondycji loch jest zasadna. Wykazano bowiem
istotną różnicę (P ≤0,05) w zawartości laktozy
w mleku (21. dzień) na korzyść grupy F względem grupy L (0,56 p.p.). Wynik ten wskazuje na
potrzebę kontynuacji badań, gdyż laktoza jest
wartościowym, łatwo przyswajalnym składnikiem pokarmu matczynego dla noworodków.
Słowa kluczowe: lochy, słonina w punkcie P2,
jakość siary i mleka
MS received November 2015
Author’s address:
Anna Rekiel
Zakład Hodowli Trzody Chlewnej
Katedra Szczegółowej Hodowli Zwierząt
Wydział Nauk o Zwierzętach SGGW
ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa
Poland
e-mail: [email protected]