Gaz ziemny

Transkrypt

Gaz ziemny

Gaz ziemny.
Wielkość i rozmieszczenie zasobów,
rynki energii, bezpieczeństwo
energetyczne, międzynarodowe
uwarunkowania wydobycia,
transportu i sprzedaży gazu
ziemnego.
Przygotował: Mateusz Słupiński, dr inż.
1
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, theSlovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, theUnited Kingdom and the
United States.
2
Wprowadzenie - Zużycie energii
Gaz ziemny
3
Saturday, March 23, 2013
4
5
!
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Figure 2.1 !!
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,2!"&;7(%<!:==>
Other
4%
Other
3%
Transport
26%
!"!
Manufacturing
33%
Services
9%
Transport
25%
Manufacturing
38%
2
Services
12%
Households
29%
Total final energy consumption: 285 EJ
Households
21%
Total direct and indirect CO2 emissions: 21 Gt CO2
Sources: IEA, 2007c; IEA, 2007d; IEA, 2007e.
Note: Other includes construction and agriculture/fishing.
Figure 2.2
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70
6
60
50
7
8
9
10
11
12
Natural Gas Market Review 2008 • Regional demand & supply balance to 2015
37
REGIONAL DEMAND AND
SUPPLY BALANCE TO 2015
Gaz ziemny
Wydobycie, rynki, transport
This section highlights regional supply and
demand balances for the years to 2015,
based on data and analysis published in
November 2007 in the IEA’s World Energy
Outlook 2007. Price assumptions in that
analysis were centred on oil prices at USD
60, with gas priced at around USD 7-8
per MBtu and coal at USD 60 per tonne,
reflecting the market outlook at the
time the analysis commenced. Analysis
for this year’s World Energy Outlook will
be conducted with significantly higher
price assumptions, more reflective of
current energy prices as of May 2008, of
USD 130 oil, gas at USD 10-12 per MBtu,
and coal over USD 150 per tonne in some
markets. This is likely to lead to differing
projections, both in overall energy use and
gas. The 2008 World Energy Outlook will
be available in early November 2008.
World primary energy demand in the
WEO 2007 Reference Scenario is projected
to grow by 55% between 2005 and
2030, an average annual rate of 1.8%.
Demand reaches 17.7 billion tonnes of oil
equivalent, compared with 11.4 billion toe
in 2005. The pace of demand growth slows
progressively over the projection period,
from 2.3% per year in 2005-2015 to 1.4%
per year in 2015-2030. Demand grew by
1.8% per year over 1980-2005.
Global demand for natural gas grows by
2.6% per year from 2 854 bcm in 2005 to 3
689 bcm in 2015. As with oil, gas demand
increases quickest in developing countries.
The biggest regional increase in absolute
terms occurs in the Middle East, where gas
resources are extensive and prices low.
North America and Europe nonetheless
remain the leading gas consumers in
13
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and are cheap to build, compared with coalbased and nuclear power technologies.
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its lower emissions, especially of carbon
dioxide. However, the choice of fuel and
technology for new power plants will
hinge on the price of gas relative to other
generating options.
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to
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production in the period to 2015. Output
+'%
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also increases markedly in Africa and Latin
America. Natural gas supplies will continue
to come mainly from conventional sources,
though coalbed methane and other nonconventional supplies are expected to play
a growing role in some regions, notably
North America. As with oil, projected gasproduction trends generally reflect the
relative size of reserves. However, unlike
oil, transporting gas over long distances is
© OECD/IEA, 2008
38 !"#$%&'
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M3F508H5&8CC=8G&0815&/A&H0/N12+
15
bcm to 350 bcm in 2015. North America,
which only recently started importing LNG
bcm
!"#$%&'((
regional LNG supplier, as well as an LNG
supplier to China.
!"#$%&'$%&'()**+,'-).+--/'0-1'234!'1"56-%('.-'789:
1 000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
2005
2015
2005
OECD Europe
2015
2005
OECD North America
Regional production
2015
OECD Pacific
LNG imports
Pipeline imports
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© OECD/IEA, 2008
17
18
© OECD/IEA, 2008
0
19
Rynki regionalne - gaz ziemny
U.S.A.
20
Zasoby gazu i
główne rejony
użytkowania
21
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Km
0 200 400
CANADA
Central
Pacific
5
Midwest
Western
6
1
Ocean
1
Northeast
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Supply bottleneck
Demand bottleneck
Southeast
4
1 REX pipeline
2 Carthage to Perryville pipeline
Southwest
3
2
3 Enterprise Sherman extension
Ocean
4 Gulf Crossing pipeline
5 NE-07 project
Atlantic
MEXICO
6 Dawn-Trafalgar system
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22
OECD countries and regions
EU
ted
ing
ant
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hat
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the
een
put
t to
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und
ere
6%
gas consumption. Main import sources
for gas supplies to Europe are Russia (24%
of consumption), Norway (15%) both by
pipeline and Algeria (11%), by both pipeline
and LNG. LNG imports were about 13% of
total gas needs, with the major suppliers
being Algeria, Libya, Qatar, and Nigeria.
!"#$%&'()
23
!"#$%&#'()*+,&#-.//01
Other 8%
Qatar 2%
Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan 1%
Norway 21%
Egypt 2%
Russia 41%
Nigeria 4%
Algeria 18%
Libya 2% Trinidad and
Tobago 1%
!"#$%&'()*+
24
© OECD/IEA, 2008
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps included in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the IEA.
growing role in meeting EU energy needs,
and for a growing relationship with the
is possible that achieving the EU’s March
2007 energy policy commitments could
Mtoe
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80
Natural Gas Market Review 2008 • Investment in new supply projects
70
60
55
50
40
30
20
Trans-Caspian issues
break of seven years, and Turkmenistan
announced in spring 2008 a decision to re0
A summit
meeting
of
Caspian
leaders
open an Embassy in Azerbaijan.
The most
BEL ESP FRA ITA DEU
EST SWE SVN LUX LVA LTU BGR GRC IRL PRT FIN ROU SVK AUT CZE POL HUN
DNKOctober 2007 showed little
in Tehran
in
visible sign of the warming of relations was
-10
GBR
sign of consensus on issues of oil and gas
the visit of President Berdymukhammedov
-20
transportation or on the legal status of
to Baku in May 2008.
NLD
the -30
Caspian Sea. Instead, the development
1990
2000 Turkmenistan
2006
The relationship
between
with most potential implications for transand Azerbaijan is a pivotal one for the
Caspian energy trade was the improvement
prospects of trans-Caspian gas trade,
in relations between Turkmenistan and
!"#$%&'()#$"*+,+whether this is in the form of Turkmen
Azerbaijan.
offshore gas being landed in Azerbaijan,
After President Berdymukhammedov came
trans-Caspian gas shipments (possibly
to power in Turkmenistan in February 2007,
as CNG) or, in the medium-term, a fully
formal inter-governmental contacts were
fledged trans-Caspian pipeline feeding
resumed in the autumn of 2007 after a
into the Azerbaijan gas pipeline
!"#$%&'(")*+,-.,,)*(/$$01*2%$%2'-',(*')*3445*%)6*3478
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Used capacity
cm
113
bcm
Existing LNG terminal
Russia
Finland
7b
Projected capacity
bcm
Norway to
OECD Europe
Norway
Existing capacity
86
!"#$%
Russia to
OECD Europe
and Balkans
Sweden
Atlantic LNG
Ireland
46
b
cm
U
27 sed:
bcm
151
25
Denmark
UK
Estonia
Latvia
Russia Lithuania
3
22
6
15
The
Neth.
Belarus
Belg. Germany
Poland
Lux.
Czech
Rep.
Slovakia
France Switz.
Ukraine
Austria
Mold.
Slov. Hungary
Croatia
Romania
Bos. &
Italy
Herz. Serbia
bcm
Portugal
Mediterranean
LNG
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
North Africa
Greece
pipeline to
OECD Europe
m
bc
b
85
cm
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Russia
Bulgaria
Alb. FYROM
32 b
cm
58 b
cm
U
29 sbed:
19 b cm
cm
42 b
51 b cm
cm
Spain
m
bc
Georgia
Turkey
Syria
Natural Gas Market Review 2008 • Investment in new supply projects
Azer.
Arm.
52 bcm Iran
Turkmenistan
18 bcm
Used: 6 bcm
Iraq
Iran
58
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© OECD/IEA, 2008
26
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Main existing gas pipeline
Planned/proposed gas pipeline
Production area
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Planned/proposed terminal
AL
M
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RD
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TA
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istan
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I
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27
© OECD/IEA, 2008
10
Nordstream
Gazoprojekt
28
29
30
Gaz ziemny
LNG - Liquified Natural Gas
31
LNG - Liquified Natural Gas
32
33
34
Gazoprojekt
35
36
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38
LNG w Polsce
Świnoujście
Terminal o przepustowości 2.5 bcm/year
(109 m3), projekt zakontraktowany u SNC
Lavalin (Kanada) za USD 10.6 milionów.
9 m-cy projektowania,
uruchomienie 2012 lub później
obecnie ponad 90% gazu z Rosji
prawdopodobny dostawca LNG to Algieria i Katar
39
© OECD/IEA, 2008
!"#$%&')
84
Rynki narodowe - gaz ziemny
Polska
40
41
42
44
Gazoprojekt
Gazoprojekt
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
Rynki narodowe - gaz ziemny
Niemcy
Włochy
Chiny
Indie
51
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0.34
DENMARK
Ellund
1.7
Dornum
Natural Gas Market Review 2008
• OECD countries and regions
150
1.17
1
Emden
Bunde
High
caloric
1.2
4
Low 1.15
caloric
POLAND
Amsterdam THE
NETHERLANDS
0
00
3
1.
1.25
3.00
Winterswijk
GERMANY
1.5 Bocholtz
0
Bonn
Competition and
liberalisation issues
Mallnow
2.
Zevenaar
Berlin
antitrust proceedings
against the Italian
1.5
3
1.
gas incumbent
in relation to the potential
38
exclusion of new
entrants in the Italian
Prague
CZECH
market. Eni
is Rbeing
accused of capacity
3.7
EPUBLIC
hoarding and strategic underinvestment
on the Italian gas transmission network,
intending market foreclosure which
0.7
3
would threaten
not only development of
0.4
2
competitionA U but
also security of supply
STRIA
for Italian customers.
Deutschneudorf
Eynatten
Olbernhau
BELGIUM
LUX.
Lux. City
Since the beginning of European
liberalisation the Italian authorities
have undertaken a series of compulsory
changes to the structure
of the Italian
FRANCE
gas market in order to ensure fair access
to pipelines and effective competition in
supply. Notably, these measures included
Main gas pipeline
Bern
LIECH.
very precise and progressive Sgas
release
Import entry point WITZERLAND
0.42
maximum flow rate (million m /h)
programs, and ownership and market share
Despite several measures aiming to
limitations for the!"#$%&'()*+(,$*-+./++/"-(0#$"1&2()*+(3-4$*+5$#%5#$&(0#$"1&2(6%5"7&$(899:2(%".1*-;(/-4"$.*5/"-2(30<(*-*=;+/+>
incumbents.
However,
restrain
Eni’s
dominant position in the
?"5&'(@*A/.#.(4="B($*5&(*5(0.C&-(&D#*=+(5"5*=(.*A/.#.(4="B($*5&(*5(5E&(&-5$;(./-#+(%*1*%/5/&+(C&+5/-&C(4"$(5E&(?&5E&$=*-C+(*+(
1&$(F(G*-#*$;(899H>(
the dominant position of Eni is still an issue
Italian market, the incumbent operator
for the regulatory authorities and in 2007
sells nearly half of all end-user gas. In the
the European Commission commenced
midstream sector of the market, Snam
Waidhaus
Oberkappel
Burghausen
0 Miles
100
3
0 Km
100
© OECD/IEA, 2008
!"#$%
52
!"#$%&'()*$+"'"+%*,$')(-.+*#$%/$0*"1,
Existing supply capacity (pipeline and LNG): 101
TAG pipeline
Russia
TENP pipeline
Netherlands-Norway
Under development: 98 - 113
36
21
Under construction: 19.75
Possible import capacity: >230 bcm/y
Monfalcone - 8
Zaule - 8
Rovigo - 8
Panigaglia
expansion,
under dev.
- 4.5
Panigaglia - 3.5
Le Marche - 5-10
Livorno - 3.75
Rosignano - 8
Brindisi - 8
Taranto 8
10-20
8
TAP
ITGI pipeline
8
Gioia Tauro - 12
GALSI pipeline
32
Transmed Algeria
Priolo - 8
8
Porto
Empedocle 8
Greenstream Libya + 3
LNG terminal
Natural Gas Market Review 2008 • Non-OECD countries and producing regions
!"#$%&'()*+,(-./.01$2("3()/4#01$2,(%"567/2(0"#$%&08
53
!"#$%
© OECD/IEA, 2008
182
9"1&'(7::(/#5;&$0(&<6$&00&4(./(;%58
!"#$%&$%'()%*&+%,&#$-)%,')(.'()/
RUSSIA
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
West to East pipeline
Beijing
N. KOREA
TAJIKISTAN
JAPAN
KOREA
CHINA
Shanghai
NEPAL BHUTAN
Fujian
INDIA
0 Miles
0 Km
400
600
Gas pipeline
BANG.
Gas pipeline planned
MYANMAR
Guangdong
LAOS
LNG terminal
LNG terminal planned
!"#$%&'()&*$"+&#,(-%".",/0*(1.2(3-45
54
Saturday,
Marchconditions,
23, 2013
under
current market
but
government policy aimed at diversifying
Additional LNG infrastructure is being
build to meet the immediate shortfall
!"#$%
!"#$%"&'%(&$")*%(+*,-+,*.
Amritsar
CHINA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
Delhi
New Delhi
NEPAL
BHUTAN
Jaipur
Patna
CHINA
Bhopal
Dahej
Jamnagar
OMAN
BANGLADESH
MYANMAR
Kolkata
I N D I A
Hazira
Cuttack
LAOS
Mumbai
Kakinada
Dabhol
Hyderabad
THAILAND
Chennai
Bangaluru
0 Miles
500
0 Km
500
Kochi
Gas pipeline
SRI LANKA
Trivandrum
Gas pipeline planned or under const.
LNG import terminal
LNG import terminal under const.
!"#$%&'()&*$"+&#,(-%".",/0*(1.2(3-45
55
Southeast Asia
oil and gas reserves is recurring border
disputes i.e. the Brunei and Malaysia
Natural
Gas Market
2008 • Non-OECD
countries claims
and producing
regions
Traditionally, the demand for
gas
in Review
dispute,
overlapping
areas
between
Southeast Asia was satisfied by gas
Thailand and Cambodia in the Gulf191of
producing countries within the region.
Thailand, and various countries’ claims
Recently, demand for energy has
on the Spratly Islands. The exploration
accelerated; the challenge will be to ensure
and development at these areas could
that gas supply meets this increasing
be intensified if the affected countries
demand, given that the alternative is
could resolve these disputes, and allow
likely to be oil products.
for example joint-sharing of benefits. An
LPG and condensate production in 2004,
to export, gas is consumed domestically in
example of this is the joint development
before exporting LNG from Darwin,
electricity production, petrochemicals and
Indonesia, the biggest LNG exporter in
area (JDA) model that was successfully
Australia in 2006.
other energy intensive industries. Close to
the region, is experiencing falling LNG
adopted by Malaysia and Thailand for
100% of electricity is gas-fired.
production. Other producing countries,
Block A-18 in the Gulf of Thailand, which
Overall, and despite these obstacles, there
such as Malaysia and Brunei, are expected
started to produce gas in 2005, following
Brunei is intensifying its efforts in the
are reasonable prospects for untapped
to offer modest prospects of additional
a similar example of the Bayu Undan joint
exploration and development of new
gas resources in Southeast Asia, with new
volumes. Issues of resource nationalisation
venture project in the Joint Petroleum
fields to enable it to extend its contracts
players emerging in the region’s gas market
also arise regularly within the region.
Development Area (JPDA) between East
with Japan and South Korea subsequent to
like Papua New Guinea and East Timor.
Another obstacle to the development of
Timor and Australia. That venture started
the expiry of the current contacts in 2013.
Brunei Darussalam
The recent Bubut offshore gas discovery,
15 km from Brunei LNG (BLNG) by Brunei
Brunei, which was a pioneer in the
Shell Petroleum Company Sdn Bhd, a
development of liquefaction plant in
joint venture between Shell and Brunei’s
Western Pacific, is currently the world’s tenth
government, offers hope for possible
largest LNG producer; oil and gas exports
contract extension beyond 2013. Efforts
account for more than half of its GDP. The
are also being made in rejuvenating its
majority of its gas is exported under long36-year old LNG facility. This project,
term contracts; 90% of its LNG goes to
which commenced in 2004, is expected to
Japan and the remainder is sold under longbe completed in 2010 extending the plant
term contract to Korea’s Kogas. In addition
life to 60 years.
!"#$%
© OECD/IEA, 2008
Azja Południowo-Wschodnia
Ameryka Południowa
Afryka
56
!"#$%&'($)*(+',)-'()+,./'($/#0$#/&
Existing gas pipeline
THAILAND
VIETNAM
Mariveles
LNG (Baatan)
Bangkok
CAMBODIA
Map Ta Phut
Phnom Penh
Ho Chi Minh
Manila
LNG export plant
Planned LNG
export plant
Planned LNG
import terminal
PHILIPPINES
Palawan
Khanom
Mindanao
Krabi
BRUNEI
Arun
Medan
Planned or under
construction gas pipeline
Gas production area
Luzon
Yangon
Kuala Lumpur
SINGAPORE
Sumatra
Natuna
MALAYSIA
Dumai
Bandar Seri
Begawan
500
500
Bintulu MLNG
Jurong Isl.
Bontang
Kalimantan
Sungiasalak
Senipah
Tangguh
Plaju
West Java
0 Miles
0 Km
Lumut
Sulawesi
Jakarta I
N
D
O
Java Surabaya
Pasuruan
East Java
Bali Sumbawa
Flores
Lombok
Seram
N
Dili
E
Masela
EAST TIMOR
Papua
S
I
A
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
Port Moresby
!"#$%&'()&*$"+&#,(-%".",/0*(1.2(3-45
57
© OECD/IEA, 2008
!"#$%&
!"#$%&'(&)#*&+,&-'-#.&/$+0#$1&%,%$)1&*2//.1&+,&3%,-$#.&#,4&!'2-"&50%$+6#&#,4&7%8+6'
Mexico
27%
Trinidad
87%
Venezuela
39%
Colombia
22%
Udział gazu w
całkowitych
dostawach
energii
Brazil
9%
Peru
12%
Bolivia
27%
Chile
26%
Argentina
52%
58
!"#$%&'()*+,
With this volume, the region would remain
a niche from the perspective of the global
LNG market, but South American countries
will become more exposed to international
price levels.
!"#$%%
!"#$%&'()*+,-.&/-0&+.1*-0$*#,$#*)
pronounced, particularly during hot
summers or cold winters. Residential
tariffs remain frozen at 2001 prices,
thereby creating a strong disincentive
to save energy and encouraging rapid
demand growth. These artificially low
Argentina
prices have further hampered investment
MEXICO
in new(FR.)production capacity and new
BELIZE
GUADELOUPE
GUA.that
HONDURAS
The gas shortages
started
in
2004
transmission facilities. While Argentina
BARBADOS
Gran Mariscal
EL SAL. NIC.
TOBAGO
Caracas TRINIDAD
in Argentina are becoming
even more
pays &USD
7 per MBtu for natural gas from
Cartagena
Port of Spain
Infrastruktura
gazowa w
Ameryce
Południowej
COS. RICA PAN.
Atlantic LNG
VENEZUELA Georgetown
Medelin Santander
Paramaribo
Bogota
GUYANA
Cayenne
Apiay
Cali
SURINAME FRENCH GUYANA
COLOMBIA
Quito Shushufindi
Pecém
Manaus
ECUADOR
Fortaleza
Coari
Natal
Pucallpa
BRAZIL
Recife
Porto Velho
PERU
Lima
Mataripe Aracaju
Salvador
Peru LNG
BOLIVIA
Cuiaba
Brasilia
La Paz
Sao Mateus
Ilo
Corumba
Betim
Potosi
Vitoria
Campos
Tocopilla
Mejillones
PARAGUAY
Sao Paulo Rio Guanabara Bay
Antofagasta
Salta
Campos Basin
Paposo
Asuncion
Sao Fransisco do Sul
Catamarca
Uruguaiana
CHILE La Rioja
Porto Alegre
Cordoba
Quintero
Rio Grande
Valparaiso
San Lorenzo URUGUAY
Santiago
Montevideo
La Mora Buenos
Aires
Conception/Talcahuano
Mar del Plata
Bahia Blanca
Neuquen
Viedma
ARGENTINA
Caleta Cordova
Caleta Olivia
Gas pipeline
Gas pipeline
planned or under const.
San Julian
Gas fields
LNG export plant
Punta Arenas
0 Miles
LNG export
plant planned
Ushuaia
1 000
0 Km
LNG import
terminal planned
1 000
!"#$%&'()&*$"+&#,(-%".",/0*(1.2(3-45
© OECD/IEA, 2008
!"#$%&
© OECD/IEA, 2008
211
213
59
!"#$%&'()&*($'"#&*+#,%+,#Algiers
Skikda
Arzew
Rabat
Madeira (Port.)
TUNISIA
SYRIA
Baghdad
ELNG Damietta
Marsa T1 & T2 LNG
el Brega
Tripoli
Hassi
Messaoud
MOROCCO
IRAQ
JORDAN
Cairo
Canary Isl. (Spain)
LIBYA
EGYPT
ALGERIA
Sahara Desert
KUWAIT
SAUDI
Qena
Riyadh
ARABIA
MAURITANIA
Cape
Verde
Nouakchott
NIGER
MALI
SENEGAL
ERITREA
Asmara
CHAD
Dakar
NLNG (Bonny Isl.)
TOGO
BENIN
Niamey
Banjul Bamako BURKINA FASO
THE GAMBIA
Ndjamena
Bissau
Ouagadougou
NIGERIA
GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA
Kaduna
Conakry
Abuja
IVORY
Freetown
COAST
CENTRAL
SIERRA LEONE Yamoussoukrou P. Novo OK LNG
AFRICAN
Lome
CAMEROON
Monrovia
REPUBLIC
LIBERIA AbidjanAccra
Brass LNG
GHANA
Infrastruktura
gazowa w
Afryce
In Amenas
In Salah
WESTERN
SAHARA
Byoko Isl.
San’a
Y
Karthoum
DJIBOUTI
Djibouti
Addis Ababa
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA
Bangui
Yaounde
EQUA. GUINEA
UGANDA
KENYA
Kampala
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE Libreville CONGO
Mogadishu
RWANDA
Nairobi
GABON
Kigali
DEMOCRATIC REP.
Bujumbura
Brazzaville OF CONGO
Mombasa
Kinshasa
BURUNDI
Pointe Noire
Malongo CABINDA
Dodoma
Quinfuquena
TANZANIA
Luanda
Comoro
ANGOLA
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
0
Miles
0
Km
Lilongwe
Lusaka
Harare
1 000
1 000
ZIMBAWE
NAMIBIA
Existing gas pipeline
Planned or under
construction gas pipeline
Gas production area
Gas field
LNG export plant
Under const. or planned
LNG export plant
Planned LNG
import terminal
Windhoek
Alexander Bay
BOTSWANA
Antananarivo
MADAGASCAR
MOZAMBIQUE
Gaborone
Pretoria
Maputo
Johannesburg
Mbabane
Sasolburg
SWAZILAND
Maseru
Richard’s Bay
LESOTHO
Durban
SOUTH
AFRICA
Cape Town
Mossel Bay
!"#$%&'()&*$"+&#,(-%".",/0*(1.2(3-45
© OECD/IEA, 2008
60
Gaz ziemny - dane podstawowe
Ceny, kaloryczność - globalnie
onversion (MEP)2009
4/08/09
18:34
Page 60
61
Wybrane
krajowe wartości
opałowe
Selected
country-specific
gross calorific
values
Natural gas*
kJ/m3
Russian Federation
37578
United States
38341
Canada
38110
Islamic Rep. of Iran
39356
Norway
39668
Netherlands
33339
Algeria
42000
Qatar
41400
Indonesia
40600
People's Rep. of China
38931
*for the top-ten producers in 2008.
Note: to calculate the net calorific value,
the gross calorific value is multiplied by 0.9.
62
Conventions
for electricity
IN SELECTED
COUNTRIES in US dollars/unit
Nat. gas for Nat. gas for Steam coal Electricity for Electricity for
industry
households for industry(f) industry(g) households(g)
(107 kcal GCV(e)) (107 kcal GCV(e))
(tonne)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Ceny w wybranych
Figures for electricity production, trade, and final
consumption are calculated using the energy
krajach
w
60
..
..
c
357.00
582.62
614.12
c
372.25
607.28
..
643.89
753.00
..
616.23
646.48
..
499.53
..
433.14
..
..
..
1024.28
..
512.68
538.45
848.87
..
520.61
920.40
..
1214.18
748.76
..
1033.95
1152.69
..
633.96
..
736.07
1239.93
..
..
242.64
..
..
..
c
..
216.75
..
..
..
..
41.50
..
143.68
133.40
117.67
..
..
745.36
572.88
445.98
369.11
..
1093.51
659.24
825.82
525.28
..
216.41
92.60
124.54
69.99
..
0.1541
..
..
0.0672
0.1512
..
0.0969
0.0595
..
..
0.1697
..
0.1859
0.2898
..
0.0602
..
0.1260
c
0.0714
0.0636
0.1193
0.1313
0.1739
0.1252
..
0.0938
0.1388
0.1459
0.0702
..
0.2572
..
..
0.0856
0.1915
0.3960
0.1724
0.1690
..
..
0.2234
..
0.2672
0.3053
..
0.0886
..
0.0961
0.2426
0.1644
0.1639
0.1930
0.2197
0.2196
0.2180
..
0.1543
0.1648
0.2313
0.1135
content of the electricity (i.e. at a rate of 1 TWh =
0.086 Mtoe). Hydro-electricity production (excluding
USD/jednostkę
pumped storage) and electricity produced by other
non-thermal means (wind, tide/wave/ocean,
photovoltaic, etc.) are accounted for similarly using
1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe. However, the primary energy
equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from
the gross generation by assuming a 33% conversion
efficiency, i.e. 1 TWh = (0.086 ÷ 0.33)
× Mtoe. In the
..
case of electricity produced from geothermal
heat, if
c
×
×
..
the actual geothermal
efficiency
is 105.26
not known, then
531.71
933.26
531.92 is 1066.38
.. assuming an
the primary equivalent
calculated
622.70
785.56
..
486.59
1026.80
efficiency of 10%, so 1 TWh = (0.086 ..÷ 0.1) Mtoe.
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chinese Taipei
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
(d) Unleaded premium gasoline (95 RON); unleaded regular for Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand and the
United States. (e) Gross calorific value. (f) Brown coal for Turkey. (g) Prices excluding tax for the United States.
.. not available x not applicable c confidential
43
5
63
References
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
E N E R G Y
A G E N C Y
Worldwide Trends in
Energy Use and Efficiency
Key Insights from IEA Indicator Analysis
In support of the G8 Plan of Action
ENERGY
INDICATORS
64

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