space management at the local level in view of the

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A R C H I T E C T U R E
C I V I L
E N G I N E E R I N G
E N V I R O N M E N T
T h e S i l e s i a n U n i v e r s i t y o f Te c h n o l o g y
N o. 3 / 2 0 1 6
SPACE MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN VIEW
OF THE CONDITIONS AND PLANNING THEORY ON THE EXAMPLE
OF MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES IN THE ŁÓDŹ REGION
Sylwia KRZYSZTOFIK *
* MSc Eng. Arch.; Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lodz University of Technology, Politechniki Avenue 6,
Building B6, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
E-mail address: [email protected]
Received: 7.12.2015; Revised: 10.12.2015; Accepted: 30.06.2016
Abstract
The planned directions for development in space management within the commune are indicated by, among others, a study
and a document drawn up mandatorily for the entire municipal area. The analysis of the study record for the Kutno and
Opoczno show that municipalities determine areas for newly urbanized housing sites. The use of new buildings would
involve a dramatic increase in local community. The number of the inhabitants is decreasing and these trends are likely to
remain. The results of the calculations show that the study records, which should describe the conditions of its development
are constructed without taking into account a constant reduction of the number of residents. A study of conditions and
directions of spatial planning for Kutno and Opoczno were compared with the assumptions of the theory with the theory of
crossing the barrier of urban development by Bolesław Malisz and creative vision of the city described by Charles Landry.
Streszczenie
Planowane kierunki w zarządzaniu przestrzenią wskazuje m.in., studium, dokument sporządzany obowiązkowo dla całej
gminy. Analiza zapisów studium dla dwóch miast - Kutna i Opoczna pokazuje, że gminy ustalają powiększenie terenów zabudowy mieszkaniowej. Wykorzystanie nowych obszarów wymagałoby znacznego zwiększenia lokalnej społeczności. Liczba
mieszkańców obu miast się zmniejsza, a prognozy przewidują utrzymanie trendu spadkowego. Wyniki obliczeń pokazują,
że zapisy studium, które powinno wyznaczać kierunki rozwoju miasta są konstruowane bez uwzględnienia ciągłego
zmniejszania się liczby mieszkańców. Ustalenia studium uwarunkowań i kierunków rozwoju Kutna i Opoczna zostały
porównane z założeniami teorii rozwoju progowego miast Bolesława Malisza i wizją kreatywnego miasta opisanego przez
Charles’a Landry.
K e y w o r d s : Space management; The theory of limits in city development; Creative city.
1. INTRODUCTION. JUSTIFICATION
FOR THE TOPIC CHOICE
The space should be regarded as one of the most
important environmental resources, and at the same
time of a non-renewable value [8].
Planning in municipalities is intended to provide rational management of the municipality, including the
space, through provisions in the planning documents
such as a study and development strategy.
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A study of conditions and directions of spatial planning is a document drawn up obligatorily for each
municipality. Records in this document should
describe management of the municipality, its development and define the directions of space management
in the future.
The analysis of records of the study in several municipalities suggests that the cities with the need of new
land urbanization as well as requiring a new road system and technical infrastructure should be a matter of
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S .
K r z y s z t o f i k
interest. Absorbtion of the planned urban areas
shows that municipalities provide for an increase in
the number of inhabitants – the users of newly urbanized space. The article is an attempt to demonstrate
to what extent planning takes into account local conditions and to compare the results with some selected theories of planning.
2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The aim of the discussion is to introduce planning at
the local level by performing an analysis of the directions taken in the study and development opportunities of selected cities and to compare the results with
the assumptions of the theory by Bolesław Malisz and
with a creative city vision by Charles Landry.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Two cities in the Lodz region have been chosen for
the study, which are the central local centers –
Opoczno and Kutno. The area of the existing and
planned land for urbanization has been calculated
according to the assumptions of the study.
Absorbtion rate of the residential areas was calculated by single family detached houses, downtown housing and multifamily housing, due to the different
structure of each of the distinct types of buildings.
Estimated numbers of inhabitants per hectare in both
cities are different and result from the conducted
inventories. They include, among others, the intensity of the existing urban tissue and the number of residential floors. Demographic changes in the selected
cities have been analyzed based on data from the
Central Statistical Office.
4. SPACE MANAGEMENT IN THE STUDY
The calculation results show areas of the existing and
planned residential land and the number of inhabitants needed for the use of the planned space.
Implementation of the Kutno study provisions would
require an increase of residential areas by 63% and
an increase of the population by 128%. By achieving
the objectives of the Opoczno study, residential areas
would increase by 61% compared to the already
existing ones, and a full use of the planned areas
would ensure an increase in the current number of
inhabitants by 44%.
Table 1.
Own elaboration
Kutno
Opoczno
Absorbtion rate number Absorbtion rate number
of people / area (ha)
of people / area (ha)
Different
types of
Current
housing
single-family
25 018 /
detached
371.18
houses
downtown 1 103/
housing 6.82
multifamily 46 826 /
housing 144.74
Total
72 946 /
522.74
Proposed
Current
Proposed
7 987 /
163
14 749 /
301
1 103/
6.82
2 016 /
16
2 016 /
16
50 347/
155.64
13 770 /
51
14 580 /
54
120 709 / 23 773 /
1190.04 230
34 345 /
371
69 259 /
1027.58
5. THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS
The analysis of number of inhabitants in Kutno and
Opoczno has been made on the basis of data from the
Central Statistical Office. The population of both
cities continues to decline due to migration and negative natural growth. The estimated population by
2035 provides for the maintenance of the downward
trend in the number of Kutno and Opoczno residents.
Figure 1.
Kutno – the number of inhabitants in the years 1995–2014,
Source CSO
Figure 2.
Opoczno – the number of inhabitants in the years 1995–2014,
Source CSO
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S P A C E M A N A G E M E N T A T T H E L O C A L L E V E L I N V I E W O F T H E C O N D I T I O N S A N D P L A N N I N G T H E O R Y. . .
a
Figure 3.
Kutno – the scheme of existing residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration
Figure 4.
Kutno – the scheme of existing and planned residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration
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S .
Figure 5.
Opoczno – the scheme of existing residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration
6. RESULTS
The analysis of the study assumptions shows that in
both municipalities – in Kutno and Opoczno, the creation of new residential areas is allowed and the new
land could be used if a substantial increase of the local
community took place. The basis of data from the
Central Statistical Office show that the population is
decreasing in each of the cities. The forecasts indicate
maintaining a downward trend. The assumed development trends do not take into account decreasing number of inhabitants. Urbanization planning of new areas
with the declining population leads to dilution of the
existing urban tissue and generates costs related to the
implementation of communication and technical
infrastructure for the newly urbanized areas. When
enlarging the territory and the intensity decrease in the
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center we are dealing with a spillage of urban development – i.e. the processes of deurbanization [5].
7. THE THEORY OF CROSSING THE
BARRIER OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The theory consists of the fact that the city can easily
grow to a certain level at which there is a necessity for
a significant additional investment to sustain its
development. The theory of limits of the city development, created by Boleslaw Malisz assumes that the
city in connection with the expansion of urbanization
on the additional areas overcomes several threshold
limitations: physiographic, those arising from the use
and ownership of land, technical infrastructure development, structural barriers and urban sprawl can be
realized by several variants. The theory of the thresh-
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a
Figure 6.
Opoczno - the scheme of existing and planned residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration..
old development assumes that the city should be
developed according to the most economically beneficial option. The barriers described in the Malisz
theory still have an impact on the progressing urbanization. The failure to giving a city development a
proper direction in the planning documents, including the lack of identifying priority areas and areas
protected from urban expansion, leads to changes
that are not economically beneficial for the city.
Municipalities are planning development (allocating
land for specific functions) above and beyond the
anticipated needs (the estimated number of the population, and hence – the number of apartments and
service and production functions). This results in
scattered housing development, the rising cost of
technical infrastructure, deterioration of the quality
of the environment [4].
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8. CREATIVE CITY
The theory of a creative city described by Charles
Landry apparently has no common ground with the
management of the space at the local level. However,
Landry in his book emphasizes that what is important
for the development of the city is the work of municipal authorities, which should work in a creative way
in order to improve the quality of life through new
non-standard solutions. The quality of life improvement is also understood as an upgrade of space
through revitalization of the existing urban tissue.
The urbanization of new areas when reducing the
number of its users leads to degradation of the city
center.
Ignoring the possibility of commune development by
local municipalities is the cause of a reduction in
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S .
Figure 7.
Kutno – the scheme of residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration
Figure 8.
Opoczno – the scheme of residential land, Source study of conditions and directions of spatial planning, own elaboration
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9. DISCUSSION
Municipalities are required by existing legislation to
draft documents of planning, without specifying the
rules of other actions related to the space management. So we have a situation in which the planning
processes are carried out in cities and municipalities
and at the same time the processes of space development are neglected. The current formulation related
to the overall area of the city, which is the Study of
Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development
does not have the power of local law and therefore
tends to be disregarded [8].
The analysis of the study records on the example of
Kutno and Opoczno shows that management of
space in the documents drawn up by the municipality
does not correspond to local conditions. Ignoring the
decreasing number of inhabitants in space management is contrary to the theory of planning, including
the threshold theory of urban development and
vision of the creative city. With the decreasing population such issues as improving the quality of already
urbanized areas and reducing expenses on the implementation of new road systems and infrastructure
development should be considered as a priority by
local governments.
ning, understood as a method of shaping the space, is
largely the result of social attitudes and widespread
ignorance for spatial order [5].
The study, which should indicate the directions of
space management does not reflect the real possibilities of the development of the city, but only the promotion feature of the local government activities. It is
necessary to return to planning that takes into
account the possibility of municipalities with the
objective of sustainable development – this means an
activity by three general principles: respect for
resources due to their limitations, harmonizing environmental, social and economic development goals;
long-term approach to analyzing, planning and
implementing development goals [9].
REFERENCES
[1]
Chmielewski J. M.; Dezurbanizacja niweczy ład
przestrzenny (Deurbanization destroys the spatial law
and order), Kwartalnik Urbanistyki i Architektury,
3/2002 (in Polish)
[2]
Domański R.; Gospodarka przestrzenna. Podstawy
teoretyczne (Spatial Management. Theoretical
bases), PWN, Warszawa 2013 (in Polish)
[3]
Gzell S.; Suburbanizacja a projektowe strategie
urbanistyczne [w:], S. (red.), Miasto zwarte. Problem
terenów granicznych (Suburbanisation and urban
design strategies. Compact City. The problem of border areas), Akapit-DTP, Warszawa 2011 (in Polish)
[4]
Grochowski M.; Samorząd terytorialny a rozwój
zrównoważony obszarów metropolitalnych, (Local
Government and the sustainable development of
metropolitan areas), Mazowsze, Studia Regionalne 2,
Warszawa, 2009, pp.73-88 (in Polish)
[5]
Hanzl M.; Przemiany struktury przestrzennej
wybranych małych i średnich miast. (Transformations
of spatial structure of selected small and mediumsized cities), (ed.) Bartosiewicz B., Marszał T.,
Struktura przestrzenna małych miast z perspektywy
20 lat transformacji (The spatial structure of small
towns from the perspective of 20 years of transformations), WUŁ, Łódź, 2011 (in Polish)
[6]
Landry Ch.; Kreatywne miasto. Zestaw narzędzi dla
miejskich innowatorów. (The creative City Revised.
A Toolkit for Urban Innowators), Narodowe
Centrum Kultury, Warszawa 2013 (in Polish)
[7]
Lisowski A., Grochowski M.; Procesy suburbanizacji.
Uwarunkowania, formy i konsekwencje, Processes of
suburbanization. Conditions, forms and consequences, [online], Ekspertyza do Koncepcji
Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2008–2030,
Expertise of the National Spatial Development
Concept 2008–2030 http://www.mrr.gov.pl (access
30.08.2015) (in Polish)
10. SUMMARY
Spatial planning is incomprehensible or underestimated as a tool to analyze the actual demographic
and economic situation in the municipality and as a
tool for determining the directions of development.
The issue of land use and related issue of creating
and implementing spatial policy seems to be marginalized (…) The practical expression of this is, for
example, underestimation of spatial policy as such by
local authorities and treating these issues often as a
burdensome obligation [8]. Ignoring planning is the
cause of irrational space management, results in
adverse changes in the structure of the city and generating unnecessary costs for the municipality, which
is contrary to the theories of planning. Lack of plan-
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functional capacity of cities and their ability to properly planned and effective development, it deteriorates environmental quality and aesthetic value of
urban spaces. It should be added that the proper
management of space has a positive effect not only
on creating spatial law and order in planning, but also
on the local community, its health and economic
development [11].
a
S .
[8]
Lorens P.; Gospodarowanie przestrzenią a polityka
zrównoważonego rozwoju (Spatial management vs.
Sustanable urban development policy); Studia
Regionalne i Lokalne (Regional and Local Studies),
4(22)/2005, pp.27-34 (in Polish)
[9]
Lorens P.; Suburbanizacja w procesie rozwoju miasta
postsocjalistycznego (Suburbanisation in the development of post-socialist city [in:] Lorens P. (ed.)
Problem suburbanizacji, (The problem of suburbanization) Biblioteka Urbanisty 7, Urbanista, Warszawa,
2005 (in Polish)
[10] Solarek K.; Ocena możliwości strukturalizacji stref
podmiejskich (A Study of the possibilities of structuring suburban areas [in:], Dziewulska A., Królikowski J.,
Starzyk A. (ed.), Rewitalizacja a kultura przestrzeni.
Sytuacje i wzorce (Revitalization and culture space.
Situations and patterns) Szkoła Wyższa im. Bogdana
Jańskiego, Warszawa 2015 (in Polish)
[11] Paszkowski Z., Schneider-Skalska G., WęcławowiczBilska E.; Tendencje w rozwoju polskiej urbanizacji
(The trends in the development of Polish
urbanization), Przestrzeń życia Polaków raport,
www.sarp.org.pl, access: 22.10.2015, pp.15-37 (in
Polish)
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