FULL TEXT - Antropomotoryka

NR 49
AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA
2010
MOTOR FITNESS AND COORDINATION ABILITIES
VS. EFFECTIVENESS OF PLAY
IN SITTING VOLLEYBALL
SPRAWNOŚĆ MOTORYCZNA I ZDOLNOŚCI
KOORDYNACYJNE A SKUTECZNOŚĆ GRY
W SIATKÓWCE NA SIEDZĄCO
Łukasz Jadczak*, Andrzej Kosmol**,
Andrzej Wieczorek***, Robert Śliwowski*
****Dr, University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
****Dr habil., assoc. prof., Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
****Dr habil., assoc. prof., University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
Key words: sitting volleyball, motor fitness, coordination abilities, efficiency
Słowa kluczowe: siatkówka na siedząco, sprawność motoryczna, zdolności koordynacyjne, skuteczność
Cel pracy. Celem pracy było poznanie zależności między zdolnościami koordynacyjnymi i sprawnością motoryczną a skutecznością gry zawodników w piłce siatkowej na siedząco.
Materiał i metody. Materiał badań stanowiło 60 zawodników polskiej ligi piłki siatkowej na siedząco. Badania
sprawności motorycznej ogólnej obejmowały: siłę dynamiczną kończyn górnych, siłę statyczną ręki, wytrzymałość
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Aim of the work. To find relations between coordination abilities, motor fitness and effectiveness of play
of sitting volleyball players.
Material and methods. The study material consisted of sixty players of the Polish sitting volleyball league.
The test of general motor fitness included: dynamic strength of upper limbs, static strength of hand, muscular
endurance of upper limbs, muscular strength of body, body flexibility (back muscles), endurance-speed. For
the measurement of special motor fitness the following tests were used: attack, serve, overhand pass, forearm
pass, tip. For the assessment of coordination abilities computer tests of coordination abilities were used which
included measurement of time of simple reaction to visual stimulus (simple reaction), time of complex reaction
to visual stimulus (complex reaction), effect of visual-motor coordination (Piórkowski test), orientation ability
(a cross matching test), attention divisibility, orientation ability – perception. The assessment of effectiveness
of play was performed according to the formula proposed by Coleman [1].
Results. The analysis of correlation between general and special fitness as well as coordination abilities and
effectiveness of play indicates that the greatest impact on effectiveness of play of players in the Polish sitting
volleyball league was exerted by the results of the following tests: body flexibility with endurance-speed in
general fitness, ball passes, both overhand and forearm, and attack in special fitness, and in terms of coordination abilities particularly great impact was noted in the test of attention divisibility, orientation-perception and
complex reaction.
Conclusions. The level of majority of tested properties of motor fitness and coordination abilities shows
a statistically significant relation with the effectiveness of basic technical and tactical actions applied when
playing sitting volleyball.
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SUMMARY • STRESZCZENIE
Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski
mięśniową kończyn górnych, siłę mięśni tułowia, gibkość tułowia (mięśni grzbietu), wytrzymałość-szybkość. Do
pomiaru sprawności motorycznej specjalnej wykorzystano następujące próby: atak, zagrywka, odbicie sposobem
oburącz górnym, odbicie sposobem oburącz dolnym, „kiwnięcie”. Do oceny zdolności koordynacyjnych zastosowano natomiast komputerowe testy zdolności koordynacyjnych, które obejmowały pomiar czasu reakcji prostej
na bodziec wzrokowy (reakcja prosta), czasu reakcji złożonej na bodźce wzrokowe (reakcja złożona), efektu koordynacji wzrokowo-ruchowej (test Piórkowskiego), zdolności orientacji (test krzyżowy), podzielności uwagi, zdolności
orientacji-postrzegania. Oceny skuteczności gry dokonano wg wzoru zaproponowanego przez Colemana [1].
Wyniki. Analiza korelacji między sprawnością ogólną i specjalną oraz zdolności koordynacyjnych ze skutecznością gry wskazuje, że największy wpływ na efektywność gry zawodników w polskiej lidze piłki siatkowej na
siedząco miały wyniki testów: gibkości tułowia wraz z wytrzymałością – szybkością w obrębie sprawności ogólnej,
odbicia piłki zarówno sposobem górnym, jak i dolnym oraz atak w obrębie sprawności specjalnej, a w zakresie
zdolności koordynacyjnych szczególnie istotny wpływ odnotowano w teście podzielności uwagi, orientacji – postrzegania oraz reakcji złożonej.
Wnioski. Poziom większości badanych cech sprawności motorycznej, jak i zdolności koordynacyjnych wykazuje istotny statystycznie związek ze skutecznością podstawowych działań techniczno-taktycznych mających
zastosowanie podczas gry w piłkę siatkową na siedząco.
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Introduction
The requirements of sports championship level make
one to realise the significance of somatic, motor and
psychomotor components of the actions of top players
in a given discipline. This undoubtedly close relation of
constitutional properties, motor fitness and motor abilities can be explained also on the basis of the theory
of effective action. In praxeology of sports game, the
factors determining the perfection of a player and
a team (including motor abilities, somatic properties)
are defined as dispositions to play which are displayed
in various play situations in the form or so called interdispositions, make individual and/or team action possible for a player. The player’s (team’s) action abilities are
thus defined as a dispositional and situational possibility to carry out a certain action and it is possessed by
a player (team) who, using one’s individual dispositions,
can carry out specific action in existing circumstances.
The measure of championship of a player (team) is an
ability of an effective action in more and more difficult
competitive conditions [2].
Regular checking of physical preparation and technical abilities is significant for the assessment of training results. Due to an ever growing interest and dynamic development of sitting volleyball visible in the international arena, there is a demand for reliable, precise and
accurate analysis and assessment of the sports level
of players as well as teams. There are no tests assessing special motor fitness of sitting volleyball players in
specialist literature. With some modifications resulting
from specific character of moving on the court, the tests
by Downs and Wood [3], Bolach [4], Bartlett et al. [5]
prepared for disabled standing volleyball players can
be adapted.
Coordination abilities, in particular sport and technical abilities, are of particular significance in the process
of sports training. They determine the degree and quality of motor learning, mastering and stability of motor
abilities and their appropriate and effective application
in changing conditions [6, 7].
The effects of coordination abilities on sports level
have been widely documented in volleyball of healthy
players [8, 9, 10, 11]. The lack of reports on the relation
between coordination abilities, general and special motor fitness, as well as effectiveness of play in disabled
sitting volleyball players indicates the need to fill in
this gap. The level of coordination motor abilities plays
a significant part in the actions of complex nature, and
such occur in sitting volleyball. An equally important issue seems to be specifying the level of coordination
motor abilities depending on the degree of disability.
This issue has not been explored in literature either.
The significance of watching competition in sports
practice is very well known. Information collected in this
way makes it possible to assess the play in quantitative (duration of play, the number of elements of play,
its topography) and qualitative terms (effectiveness of
actions, character of player’s behaviour) and has been
used in sports team games for years as a part of tactical preparation. In sitting volleyball similar actions are
undertaken. However, the differences resulting from
the adaptation of rules of the game should be taken
into consideration.
In volleyball of able-bodied players quite varied
methods of recording the play have been used. Renner
[16] recorded information on effectiveness of attack
from zone II, III and IV, whereas Pieron and Ligot [17]
assessed the effectiveness of selected elements of play
on various levels of competition. Attempts have been
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Motor fitness and coordination abilities vs. effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball
made to record the play using video tape recorder [18]
as well as symbols and diagrams [19].
Kaplan [20, 21] combined the assessment of effectiveness and topography of play in attack with a detailed
factor analysis, whereas Żeczew et al. [after Wołyniec
and Saryczew 22] suggested their own method of assessment of effectiveness of play, combined with data
processing with electronic digital machines. Subject to
the assessment were both individual components of technique of volleyball play, e.g. block [23] and attack [24], and
comprehensive technical and tactical actions of the team
[25], using the methods of calculating effectiveness of basic elements of play developed by the authors.
The discussed issues were also dealt with by Polish
theorists [26, 27, 28, 29]. A computer assisted method
of analysis and assessment of play, using an element of
theory of extensive games developed by Wołyniec et al.
[30] deserves particular attention. Nowadays computer
programmes for quantitative and qualitative assessment of play are known and generally used in volleyball
[31, 32, 33]. The data used in this way, often given still
during the sports competition, increase the sports level
of the team, and are used to prepare strategy and carry
out game tactics with a specific opponent [34, 35, 36].
Sitting volleyball has all the hallmarks of sport of setting records, therefore it seems by all means justified
to use this type of tool also in this discipline. This kind
of analysis of play in sitting volleyball of the disabled
cannot be found in literature. Thus the aim of the study
was to find the relation between coordination abilities,
motor effectiveness and effectiveness of play of sitting
volleyball players.
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Material and methods
The participants of the study were sixty players of the
Polish sitting volleyball league. The material includes
the results of measurements of general and special
motor fitness, coordination abilities and effectiveness
of play.
The assessment of technical and tactical skills of
the players was made on the basis of the effectiveness of basic elements of play (attack, serve, receiving
a serve, block, the set, defence).
The tests of motor fitness and coordination abilities
as well as effectiveness of play (video recordings) performed at the Polish Championships tournaments were
carried out twice, six months apart, in order to verify
whether the studied relations change in time, i.e. in different periods of training.
All tests (except for the assessment of effectiveness
of play) were carried out in home training centres of
the studied teams (Poznań, Elbląg, Wrocław, Kielce,
Jelenia Góra, Szczecin, Katowice).
The effectiveness of play was assessed according
to the formula [1, 34]:
WS =
PZ − PS
ΣWD
where: WS – effectiveness indicator, PZ – points scored,
PS – points conceded, WD – total of all actions.
Each technical element (attack, block, defence, set,
serve) was assessed in a three-degree scale according
to the observation sheets used by the Polish Volleyball
Association.
The following tests were used for the assessment
of general fitness:
● Static strength of hand measured with a hand dynamometer [37].
● Muscular endurance of upper limbs measured with
a bent arm hang test [37].
● Dynamic strength of upper limbs measured with
a seated medicine ball throw [38].
● Strength of body muscles measured with bends in
30 s [39].
● Flexibility of body measured with a body lifting test
[40] – from lying on the front, hands resting along
the body, the subject was lifting the body as high
as possible. The distance between the floor and the
chin of the subject was measured.
● Endurance and speed test [41] was modified and
involved covering the appointed distances moving
on the buttocks. Instead of sitting on a medicine ball
the subject was to touch the appointed circle with at
least one buttock.
The following tests were used for the measurement
of special fitness:
a. Serve [42] – performing 24 serves from any place of
serving area, aiming at selected zones alternately
on the straight line and diagonally. For hitting the
correct zone the player scored 1 point, for a good
serve that missed 0 points, for a bad serve –1
point.
b. Attack [43] – the player stands in the position of the
left attack (behind the connection of the attack line
with side line). The setting player is in the zone III
at the net (middle of attack) facing the player per-
– 59 –
Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski
forming the test. The attacking player passes the
ball to the setting player then performs a run-up and
a spike. After the attack he performs the action 10
times.
c. The tip [43] – the player takes position on the right
attack (behind the connection of the attack line and
the side line). The setting player is in the zone III at
the net (middle of attack) facing the player performing the test. The tested player passes the ball to the
setting player who sets it along the net. The player
performs a run-up, like for the attack, and then at
the last moment hits the ball with a one-hand finger
pass to a selected zone of the court (on the other
side of the net).
d. Overhand pass [44] – the test involved receiving
and passing the ball overhand to a rectangle sized
1.5 m by 1.2 m on the wall at the height of 115 cm,
from the distance of 1.5 m.
e. Forearm pass [45] – a player makes forearm passes for the height of 1 m for one minute in the circle
of the diameter of 4 m.
For the assessment of coordination abilities computer tests of coordination skills [46] were used, which
included the following tests:
● Measurement of time of simple reaction to a visual
stimulus (simple reaction).
● Measurement of complex reaction to visual stimuli
(complex reaction).
● Measurement of effect of visual and motor coordination (Piórkowski Test).
● Measurement of orientation ability (cross test).
● Measurement of effect of attention divisibility (component of the ability to adjust) – attention divisibility.
● Measurement of the effect of perception (component of orientation ability) – orientation – perception.
For the assessment of relations between motor
fitness and coordination abilities and effectiveness of
play Spearman’s rank correlation was used.
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Results
The isolation of so called prognostic features which
determine the achievement of high sports performance
is very significant for the training process. It helps to
establish the character of training in its various phases,
in particular in the period of a sensitivity of a given property to motor stimulation [47].
The results of the tests of motor fitness and coordination skills on two dates of tests and the effectiveness of play in the Polish sitting volleyball league were
presented in Table 1. The structure of motor fitness of
sitting volleyball players was assessed with battery of
tests, taking into consideration motor abilities most useful during the play i.e. the strength of abdomen muscles
– body bends in 30 s, strength of hand grip measured
with a hand dynamometer, muscular endurance measured with a bent arms hang, dynamic strength of upper
limbs – a medicine ball throw, flexibility of the body and
endurance-speed. While establishing the set of tests of
special motor fitness in sitting volleyball, the main criterion was the analysis of technique of play in this discipline and they were selected in such a way so that all
most frequent elements of play are contained in them
– overhand and forearm passes, serve, attack, tip. The
players representing high sports level are characterised
by a similar and very high development of mechanisms
of adaptation to physical exertion. An important factor
which influences the results of competition, in particular
in technical disciplines – and sitting volleyball is one of
them – is the neuromuscular coordination. Its high level
determines the achievement of sports success [46]. It
is generally known that the basis of every sport discipline is the technique and the ability of its appropriate
application in the conditions of sports competition. The
rate of learning movement technique and its mastering depends mainly on the level of coordination abilities which are a “genetic” basis for mastering a sports
technique [48]. Thus in the presented study the level
of coordination abilities was assessed using the following tests: simple reaction, complex reaction, Piórkowski
test, cross test, test of attention divisibility, orientationperception test. Previous analyses of motor fitness and
coordination abilities are the basis for the assessment
of psychomotor and technical potential of individual
players. In team games these elements are used in the
conditions of sports competition. The measure of this
competition is the effectiveness of the team which determines the final result of a match (Table 1).
Table 2 presents correlations between general fitness on two dates of tests and effectiveness of play in
the Polish sitting volleyball league. Only some general
fitness properties show significant relations with the effectiveness of specific technical elements. In the tests
of lifting the body and in endurance-speed test significant relation was noted between effectiveness and all
tested play components. In able-bodied people lower
limbs play a very significant role in each element of
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Motor fitness and coordination abilities vs. effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball
Table 1. The results of tests of motor fitness and effectiveness of play in the Polish league of sitting volleyball in the 1st and 2nd tests
Participants
n = 60
TESTS
Body bends in 30 s
Bent arm hang [s]
Lifting the body [cm]
Medicine ball throw
[m]
Endurance-speed [s]
Hand grip strength [kg]
Overhead pass
[number of cycles]
Underhand pass
[number of cycles]
Serve [pts.]
Attack [pts.]
Tip [pts.]
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Simple reaction [s]
Participants
n = 60
TESTS
Number of test
I
II
x
19.90
19.86
SD
x
2.93
2.81
19.93
21.42
14.52
15.56
34.82
32.37
SD
x
12.31
10.60
6.58
6.67
SD
x
1.04
0.99
41.83
40.22
8.71
8.59
51.17
51.81
7.62
7.93
16.05
16.85
6.05
5.94
19.73
22.08
8.25
9.51
5.80
6.52
3.89
3.01
13.63
14.35
3.28
2.99
15.52
15.92
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
2.70
2.50
0.26
0.26
SD
0.05
0.04
play. In sitting volleyball their function in largely limited,
thus it should be assumed that disabled athletes compensate these limitations with other properties of motor fitness, including also the range of body movement.
A large range of movement related to the greatest possible sway of the body plays an important part in defence,
during attack and receiving of the ball. Significant relations of technical and tactical elements and speed endurance seem to be obvious. This property determines
the speed and precision of moving in a long period of
time which is constantly used in the game in each of its
components.
Also explosive strength of upper limbs, measured
with a medicine ball throw test showed a significant correlation with effectiveness of serve (on two dates of tests
0.30 and 0.31), receiving (0.31 and 0.31), attack (0.36
and 0.35), block (0.29 and 0.33) and defence (0.29 and
0.30). Only setting of the ball did not show significant
relations with the dynamic strength of the upper limbs
Complex reaction [s]
Piórkowski Test [s]
Cross test [s]
Divisibility of attention [%]
Orientation-perception [%]
Number of test
I
II
0.45
x
0.47
SD
x
0.16
0.13
45.17
44.35
SD
x
9.47
7.89
57.93
56.14
SD
x
13.49
10.93
47.00
46.60
SD
x
21.97
20.40
51.10
51.40
SD
12.11
11.67
EFFECTIVENESS [%]
Serve
Receiving
Attack
Block
Set
Defence
x
–5.0
SD
x
12.4
6.66
SD
x
16.05
SD
x
12.58
SD
x
10.01
SD
x
13.28
SD
16.58
7.8
3.9
4.5
6.6
which is probably related to the performing technique
of this element, where the fastest possible reaching of
the place where the ball is played and precision of its
performance play a more important part.
On the opposite end of the correlation between
general fitness and effectiveness there are strength of
abdomen muscles measured using a 30 s body bends
test, muscular endurance measured in the bar hang test
and static strength of hand measured using a hand dynamometer. The lack of significant correlations between
these properties and the effectiveness of technical and
tactical elements may be related to a smaller part they
play in the game and may indicate the direction of players’ training. These results confirm the earlier studies in
which no significant correlations were noted between
muscular endurance of upper limbs, static strength of
hand and elements of special fitness.
The data presented in Table 3 relates to correlation
between the properties of special fitness (overhand and
– 61 –
Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski
Table 2. Correlation coefficients between general fitness and effectiveness of play in the Polish sitting volleyball league
Technical and tactical elements
Test
No. of test
Serve
[%]
Receiving [%]
Attack
[%]
Block
[%]
Set
[%]
Defence
[%]
Body bends in
30 s
I
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.14
0.04
0.09
II
0.09
0.08
0.18
0.08
0.00
0.07
I
0.04
0.11
0.09
0.12
0.10
0.10
II
0.02
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.09
I
0.36**
0.34**
0.42**
0.32*
0.35**
0.33*
II
0.32*
0.35**
0.41**
0.35**
0.34**
0.36**
Bar hang
[s]
Body lifting
[cm]
Medicine ball
throw
[m]
I
0.30*
0.31*
0.36**
0.29*
0.21
0.29*
II
0.31*
0.31*
0.35**
0.33*
0.23
0.30*
Endurance-speed
[s]
I
–0.31*
–0.37**
–0.37**
–0.36**
–0.31*
–0.32*
II
–0.29*
–0.35**
–0.36**
–0.35**
–0.31*
–0.32*
I
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.13
0.17
II
0.18
0.18
0.21
0.19
0.13
0.16
Hand grip strength
[kg]
* r significant with p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ r significant with p ≤ 0.01
forearm passes, serve, attack, tip) and the effectiveness of basic technical and tactical components (serve,
receiving, attack, block, set, defence). Significant correlations were noted in tests of overhand and forearm
passes and attack with the effectiveness of all studied
technical elements of the play. Significant correlation
was noted of the serve attempt with the effectiveness
of this element in the game (0.37) and attack (0.39)
which resembles a serve. The questions of correlation between the attempted tip with the effectiveness
of technical and tactical elements i.e. serve (0.27 and
0.30), attack (0.29 and 0.32), block (0.30 in the 2nd test),
set (0.28 in the 2nd test) and defence (0.29 in the 2nd test)
is quite different. A statistically significant relation with
serve and attack may be related to a similar movement
structure.
The data presented in Table 3 clearly show significant correlation between coordination abilities and effectiveness of play in the Polish sitting volleyball league.
The relations of coordination abilities and the quality of
serve are most visibly manifested in attempts of simple
reaction (–0.35 and –0.39), complex reaction (–0.37
and –0.41), attention divisibility (0.35 and 0.43) and orientation-perception (0.34 and 0.52). The reaction times
allow to quickly initiate and perform a short-term motor movement responding to a special signal which is
Table 3. Correlation coefficients between special fitness and effectiveness of play in Polish sitting volleyball league
No. of test
Overhand passes
[number of
cycles]
I
0.45**
0.53**
0.56**
0.52**
0.51**
0.56**
II
0.46**
0.55**
0.57**
0.53**
0.54**
0.58**
Serve
[%]
Receiving
[%]
Attack
[%]
Block
[%]
Set
[%]
Defence
[%]
Forearm passes
[number of
cycles]
I
0.43**
0.37**
0.47**
0.44**
0.39**
0.44**
II
0.41**
0.39**
0.46**
0.42**
0.39**
0.43**
Serve
[pts.]
I
0.14
0.07
0.16
0.15
0.12
0.08
II
0.37**
0.34**
0.39**
0.44**
0.48**
0.40**
Attack
[pts.]
I
0.35**
0.43**
0.36**
0.38**
0.37**
0.42**
II
0.41**
0.50**
0.45**
0.48**
0.45**
0.49**
I
0.27*
0.17
0.29*
0.22
0.18
0.21
II
0.30*
0.25
0.32*
0.30*
0.28*
0.29*
-
-
-
-
-
Technical and tactical elements
Test
Tip
[pts.]
* r significant with p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ r significant with p ≤ 0.01
– 62 –
Motor fitness and coordination abilities vs. effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball
Table 4. Correlation coefficients between coordination abilities and effectiveness of play in the Polish sitting volleyball league
Technical and tactical elements
Test
No. of test
Simple reaction
[s]
I
Serve
[%]
Receiving
[%]
Attack
[%]
Block
[%]
Set
[%]
Defence
[%]
–0.35**
–0.21
–0.21
–0.20
–0.19
–0.19
II
–0.35**
–0.39**
–0.32*
–0.32*
–0.33**
–0.33**
Complex reaction
[s]
I
–0.37**
–0.47**
–0.39**
–0.50**
–0.45**
–0.50**
II
–0.41**
–0.55**
–0.45**
–0.57**
–0.52**
–0.56**
Piórkowski test
[s]
I
–0.09
–0.16
–0.18
–0.10
–0.12
–0.14
II
–0.28*
–0.37**
–0.34**
–0.31*
–0.31*
–0.33**
I
–0.27*
–0.34**
–0.35**
–0.34**
–0.31*
–0.34**
II
–0.37**
–0.43**
–0.45**
–0.47**
–0.43**
–0.44**
I
0.35**
0.37**
0.39**
0.39**
0.40**
0.41**
II
0.43**
0.45**
0.45**
0.48**
0.45**
0.49**
I
0.34**
0.35**
0.38**
0.43**
0.32*
0.42**
II
0.52**
0.53**
0.52**
0.59**
0.50**
0.57**
Cross test
[s]
Attention divisibility
[%]
Orientationperception
[%]
*r significant with p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗ r significant with p ≤ 0.01
the movement of the arm hitting the ball (attack, serve).
Due to a complex structure of movements in sitting volleyball (determining the position of the whole body and
its individual parts in relation to the ball, net, court) the
need to watch the opponent’s and own player’s movements, making decisions in a small space in a short
time, the relation of the described coordination tests
and effectiveness of play seems very significant. Only
in the first test of the simple reaction and Piorkówski
test no statistically significant correlation with effectiveness of the analysed play components was observed.
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Discussion
It was assumed that the scope and level of motor fitness, coordination abilities and somatic features is the
basis for effective competition in sports team games.
Thus, exploring the conditions of effectiveness of team’s
actions may contribute to an improvement in quality
of play. On the other hand, a number of factors which
determine the sports performance of players and their
effectiveness in play are an incentive to search for relations between them, which from the cognitive and practical point of view are of fundamental importance in the
process of motor and tactical preparation of players.
Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the
effect of motor fitness and coordination abilities on the
effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball.
The studies of Klocek and Żak [11] on female
players indicate that high level of general and special
– technical – motor fitness determined their higher effectiveness in play. In motor area, the most significant
components determining the quality of play are speed
and strength components, which together with the age
of studied players determine a higher degree the effectiveness of presented technique. It has to be emphasized that special orientation and visual-motor coordination determine the quality of play in the area of
coordination abilities. Referring the above observation
to the results of the studies carried out by Szczepanik
and Szopa [49] on a group of beginner, able-bodied volleyball players confirm that among the features of motor
fitness, explosive strength of upper limbs and running
speed determine the effectiveness of play. Although in
sitting volleyball, due to disability, these abilities do not
play any part, the changes in the levels of general fitness properties, including explosive strength of upper
limbs and endurance-speed, and special fitness in own
study confirm a large part of these motoricity components in the area of quality of play, including also sitting
volleyball.
In the analysis of the collected material it should be
borne in mind that a correlation coefficient, being a static measure, does not fully reflect the cause-and-effect
relation between the level of the studied coordination
abilities, motor fitness and effectiveness of play. The
number of factors which may affect the relationships
studied in this work is much larger and often difficult
to study, in particular in the context of widely varying
disabilities of examined players. The level of tactical
– 63 –
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Łukasz Jadczak, Andrzej Kosmol, Andrzej Wieczorek, Robert Śliwowski
trainedness (individual and team), programme of training and technique mastering, level of motivation, mental
resistance, state of health etc. may all be significant.
However, the noted relations may provide interesting
information on the area of science that so far has not
been much explored.
The study of young female volleyball players carried
out by Klocek and Szczepanik [47] and concerning the
relation of motor fitness and coordination abilities with
the effectiveness of serve, receiving a serve and attack
showed only a high relation of precision of receiving
a serve and the results of the test of locomotive speed
(r = 0.58) and spatial orientation (r = 0.43). Fitness abilities did not show correlation with the effectiveness of
serve or attack. In own studies a statistically significant
negative correlation was found between the endurancespeed test, corresponding to the locomotive speed test,
and effectiveness of all assessed elements of play, i.e.
serve, receiving a serve, attack, block, defence and
set. The ability of fast moving in a longer period of time
plays a very significant part during the game of sitting
volleyball. This property determines the time necessary
to take an appropriate position and potential adjustment
of the stance before passing the ball. Body flexibility
also showed statistically significant relation with the effectiveness of all technical components of the play. In
volleyball played in a sitting position, where the impact
of the lower limbs is small, the ability to manoeuvre the
body in the greatest possible range of movement is very
important and largely facilitates correct overhand and
forearm passes as well as one-hand passes. Greater
backward sway of the body in the form of so called
“drawn bow” may contribute to a greater dynamics of
the attack and, as a consequence, its better effectiveness. These speculations confirm significant relations
of special fitness test in attack and tipping of the ball
with the effectiveness of play in attack (0.36 and 0.45 in
the 1st test and 0.29 and 0.32 in the 2nd test). Statistically
significant correlation of special fitness tests in attack
and tip with effectiveness of serve may result from
a similar structure of movement in the above elements.
The relations between tests of overhand and forearm
passes and the effectiveness of all assessed technical
and tactical activities are not surprising, as their effective performance requires from the player a very good
mastering of the basics of technique. A more controversial question is the one of the relation between the
results of tests of passes and serve and attack in which
the ball is hit with one hand with an inside part of the
hand, not the fingers (overhand pass) or lower arms
(forearm pass). Also in a block, due to the manner of
performance the ball is not hit in any of the above ways.
This may be explained only partly by scoring points
after returning of the ball on the opponent’s side (onehanded and two-handed) which was qualified as attack
or performance of the serve by underhand one-handed
pass. Using other types of tests could complete and
explain the reasons for the above situations.
The tests aiming to find a set of features which characterise a high class volleyball player involved studying
their relations with the sports level and effectiveness
of play. They confirmed the significance of appropriate
body build [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57], in particular
the significance of height, body proportion and length
of limbs was emphasised. Also the significance of the
level of some fitness abilities was emphasised, in particular speed and strength [11, 58, 59, 60]. On the basis
of own studies aiming to find motor fitness features and
coordination abilities which have the greatest impact on
the effectiveness of play of players in the Polish sitting
volleyball league, it is difficult to indicate unambiguously the properties which to a largest extent contributed
to more effective play of individual players, formation
or teams. Nevertheless, within properties of general
fitness we may indicate mainly endurance, speed and
body flexibility, as well as, to a lesser degree, dynamic strength of upper limbs as the ones which played
a greater part in the effectiveness of play then others.
The effect of the endurance-speed test on the effectiveness of play in the context of great age differences
of the participants seems logical. On the other hand the
manner of moving on the court required the participants
to have an appropriately high level of body flexibility.
Dynamic strength of upper limbs affects the dynamics of such technical and tactical elements as attack
and serve, which significantly influence the course of
a match in sitting volleyball. In terms of special fitness,
both overhand and forearm passes, as well as attack
correlated to the effectiveness of play to a largest extent. Ball passes occur in various forms in almost every
situation in the match, therefore their high level determines the effectiveness of such technical and tactical
elements of the game as set, receiving or defence of
the ball. The attack is the main source of scoring points,
hence a high correlation with the effectiveness of play
is unquestionable.
The studies on the significance of coordination
abilities in volleyball indicate that there is a relationship between spatial orientation and usefulness for the
game [61], reaction time and effectiveness of defence
– 64 –
Motor fitness and coordination abilities vs. effectiveness of play in sitting volleyball
and block [62], as well as between balance, spatial orientation and visual-motor coordination and the level
of technique [8, 9]. The own study confirms the significance of the effect of orientation-perception, visualmotor coordination (cross test) and complex reaction
on the effectiveness in all studied technical and tactical
elements. The complexity of the game, changeability
of situations, the need to constantly watch and control
the actions of players of one’s own and the opponent’s
teams as well as the ball in play explains the statistically significant correlation of attention divisibility and
effectiveness of play.
The analysis of correlation between general and
special fitness and coordination abilities and effectiveness of play indicate body flexibility and endurancespeed within general fitness, as well as overhand and
forearm passes and attack within special fitness, as
those that have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of play in the Polish sitting volleyball league. In
terms of coordination abilities, attention divisibility, orientation-perception and complex reaction had a particularly great impact on the effectiveness of play on
both dates of tests. In team games, including sitting
volleyball, where the situation is constantly changing
and players have to take into account the positions of
the opponents, the ball, net, and floor in relation to one
another, and this in a very short time, a high level of the
above coordination abilities impacts the course of the
game in a particular way.
In this study we tried to explore the relationships between the motor fitness and coordination abilities and
the effectiveness of play of sitting volleyball players.
An important methodological question, which would
require a future verification, is the selection of tests
the reliability and precision of which will take into account the problem of various types of disabilities, which
makes it very difficult to assess the motor fitness – and
therefore its impact on the effectiveness of play.
Conclusions
1. The effectiveness of basic technical and tactical
elements (serve, receiving, attack, block, set, defence) show close relations with the level of motor
fitness and coordination abilities.
2. In special motor fitness tests overhand and forearm
passes as well as attack have the greatest impact
on the effectiveness of basic elements of play in sitting volleyball.
3. The properties which have the greatest impact on
the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions
in sitting volleyball are endurance-speed and flexibility of back muscles with the participation of body
in tests of general motor fitness.
4. Among coordination abilities orientation-perception,
attention divisibility and complex reaction show the
greatest impact on the effectiveness of elementary
components of play in sitting volleyball.
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