Jaworska_Murowana_ec.. - Society of Ecological Chemistry and
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Jaworska_Murowana_ec.. - Society of Ecological Chemistry and
E C O L O G I C A L C H E M I S T RY A N D E N G I N E E R I N G A Vol. 15, No. 1–2 2008 Magdalena JAWORSKA JAWORSKA* and Dorota MUROWANA INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION ON ENTOMOFAUNA OF CITY GARDENS WPŁYW ZANIECZYSZCZENIA ŚRODOWISKA NA ENTOMOFAUNĘ ZIELENI MIEJSKIEJ Summary: It has been found that the hornbeam hedge of a newly constructed garden situated 50 metres from a busy road was settled in the first year of vegetation by twice the number of sucking insects than the old garden hedge situated 300 m from the same road. Predatory Col., Carabidae beetles and also Araneida and Myriapoda occurred in twice smaller numbers in the object located closer to the road. Chemical analysis of both gardens did not reveal any significant differences in pH or heavy metal pollution. Both gardens, located close to each other, had similar meteorological conditions. Our observations confirmed the effect of distance from the road with intensive traffic on plant settlement by sucking pests, plant healthiness and numbers of beneficial epigeal fauna. Keywords: aphids, Carabidae Carabidae,, plant disease, distance from roads Accumulation of harmful chemical substances in plants and soils along the roads has been observed for a long time. It was found that the phenomenon grows proportionately to traffic density but diminishes with the distance from the road. Only at the distance of between 100 and 150 m emission of heavy metals from petrol fumes is low. The observations aimed at an identification of possible influence of petrol fumes on the occurrence of harmful and beneficial entomofauna of city gardens. Material and methods Observations on the entomofauna of a hedge of European hornbeam ((Carpinus Carpinus betulus L.) were conducted in 2004 in two city gardens in Krakow, situated close to each other by the same busy road, ie in Łobzów garden (over 10-year-old hedge, situated 300 m from the road) and in Michalitów garden (1-year-old hedge, distanced less than * Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, Agricultural University in Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, tel./fax (012) 6624399, email:[email protected] 72 Magdalena Jaworska and Dorota Murowana 50 m from the road). Entomofauna was monitored from April to October, using Barber’s traps, yellow tables, Maerick vessels and intravitally. Soil mineral composition, heavy metal ion concentrations and pH were determined by the Agricultural Chemistry Station in Krakow. Atmospheric air pollution values in the 2004 season were compiled on the basis of measurements conducted by the Meteorological and Environment Protection Station in Krakow. Results and discussion The soils of both gardens were characterized by slight acidity. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils of the old Łobzów garden and the newly created Michalitów garden were similar and according to the IUNG classification, natural for nickel and copper, elevated for lead, cadmium and zinc (Table 1, 2). Table 1 Characteristics of soils in Łobzów and Michalitów gardens Soil mechanical group Soil characteristics Garden Łobzów III Garden Michalitów III 6.5 6.9 pH in 1M KCl Table 2 Nutrient and heavy metal concentrations in soil of Łobzów and Michalitów gardens Soil chemical element concentration [mg/kg] P 2O 5 Garden Łobzów > 300 Garden Michalitów > 300 K 2O 440 150 Mg 123 96 Cd 0.7 0.5 Ni 10.9 8.9 Cu 18.9 16.5 Zn 194.3 158.4 Pb 52.9 50.4 Permissible norms of air gaseous pollution in the Krakow quarter where both studied gardens are situated were exceeded. The amount of suspended particulate matter and sulphur dioxide exceeded the standard value in September. The amount of ozone exceeded the standard value in June, September and October. Sucking insects prevailed among the hornbeam entomofauna. Their number was twice higher on young hornbeam plants in the first year after planting close to (50 m) a busy street (Michalitów garden). Leaf chewing insects occurred in both gardens in similar numbers and the degree of leaf damage was similar. Beneficial predatory epigeal Influence of Environment Pollution on Entomofauna of City Gardens 73 fauna in the newly created Michalitów garden occurred during the vegetation period in 2004 but was half less numerous than in the neighbouring Łobzów garden. Hedge healthiness was better in the old Łobzów garden, situated 300 m from the road (Table 3). Insects respond differently to environmental pollution [2]. Our observations confirmed the stimulation of the sucking insect population by atmospheric air pollution [3]. City gardens situated in close vicinity of busy roads are more prone to diseases and sucking insects. Worse healthiness of plants growing along busy roads is an indicator of the environment pollution. Table 3 Entomofauna and mean degree of hornbeam leaf damage from hedges in city gardens of Krakow in 2004 Fauna and healthiness of hornbeam Sucking insects [pcs.] Chewing insects [pcs.] Hornbeam hedge in Garden Michalitów Garden Łobzów 4356 2025 1191 1446 Epigeal fauna [pcs.] 99 191 Mean degree of leaf damage 12 9 Black leaf spot disease [%] 54 46 Erysiphe sp. [%] 62 0 References [1] Curzydło J. and Kostuch R.: Oddziaływanie autostrady na pola i lasy lasy.. Nowoczesne rolnictwo, 1996, (10) 10),, 40–41. [2] Jaworska M., Ropek D. and Gospodarek J.: Effect of environmental pollution on insects insects.. Chem. Inż. Ekol. 2000, 7(11), (11), 1179–1187. [3] Cichocka E. and Sahajdak A.: Liczebność i rozwój mszycy jabłoniowej na jabłoniach o różnym stopniu zanieczyszczenia środowiska środowiska.. Post. Ochr. Rośl., 1996, 36 36(2), (2), 354–356. WPŁYW ZANIECZYSZCZENIA ŚRODOWISKA NA ENTOMOFAUNĘ ZIELENI MIEJSKIEJ St r es zczenie Stwierdzono, że żywopłot z grabu nowoutworzonego ogrodu położonego 50 metrów od ruchliwej drogi, został zasiedlony w pierwszym roku wegetacji przez dwukrotnie większą liczbę owadów kłująco-ssących w porównaniu ze starym żywopłotem ogrodu, którego odległość od tej samej drogi wynosiła 300 m. Drapieżne chrząszcze z rodziny biegaczowate ((Col., Col., Carabidae Carabidae), ), a także pajęczaki ((Araneida Araneida)) i wije ((Myriapoda Myriapoda)) wystąpiły w ilości dwukrotnie mniejszej na obiekcie bliższym drogi. Jak wykazała analiza chemiczna gleb obu ogrodów, nie stwierdzono znaczących różnic pod względem pH i zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi. Oba ogrody położone blisko siebie miały podobne warunki meteorologiczne. Nasze obserwacje potwierdziły wpływ odległości od drogi z intensywnym ruchem samochodowym na zasiedlanie roślin przez szkodniki kłująco-ssące, na zmniejszoną zdrowotność roślin oraz liczebność pożytecznej fauny naziemnej. Słowa kluczowe: mszyce, biegaczowate, choroby roślin, odległość od ulicy