assessment of operation efficiency of the selected transport means

Transkrypt

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
ISSN 1429-7264
2013: Z. 4(148) T.2
S. 83-93
Polish Society of Agricultural Engineering
http://www.ptir.org
ASSESSMENT OF OPERATION EFFICIENCY
OF THE SELECTED TRANSPORT MEANS
IN THE FARMS OF SOUTHERN POLAND
Maciej Kuboń, Dariusz Kwaśniewski,Urszula Malaga-Toboła
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Informatics, University of Agriculture in Kraków
Mariusz Łapka
Department of Biosystems Egineering, Opole University of Technology
Abstract. The objective of the paper was to determine the efficiency of transport means on
the example of the selected farms of the southern Poland. Operation efficiency of means was
expressed through performance of transports and the amount of work time and labour inputs.
The research covered 9 farms located in Małopolska region. Based on the analysis of work
time structure and labour inputs and performance of transport means operation, one may
clearly state that the work efficiency of the selected means for the transport of the analysed
load is very low. The highest labour inputs were incurred for the transport of vegetables with
a tractor with a tractor wagon and the lowest for transport of fertilizers with a tractor with
a trailer. The set composed of a tractor and two trailers achieved the highest performance
among the analysed means through high loading capacity and a high index of load capacity
use.
Key words: transport, transport means, assessment, efficiency, inputs, performance
Introduction
Agricultural production is irretrievably related to the constant relocation of production
means as well as produce not only within the farm but also outside it. Specification of agricultural production causes that transport belongs to the most difficult link of supply and
distribution (Parafiniuk, 2006; Kuboń, 2008). The number and assortment of transport
means depends on the used machines, technology of production as well as a seasonal character of works. Appropriate selection of transport means at proper organization of works
and rational determination of demands and inputs related to the performance of transport
constitutes a basis for the correct functioning of agricultural production. Taking into consideration the fact that mainly farms themselves execute transport tasks - which forces them
to have their own transport means – it is justifiable to constantly deal with the issue of
M. Kuboń, D. Kwaśniewski, U. Malaga-Toboła, M. Łapka
efficiency of operation of the said means. Present economic reality forces farmers to make
compromise between the quality and efficiency of the machine labour and the costs of its
purchase, therefore it is very important to rationally use the owned transport means. Lowering the costs of agricultural production including the costs of transport service at ensuring
the proper quality of produce relocation is especially significant.
According to the literature sources, inputs incurred in a farm for transport constitute
40-60% of the total time of mechanical tractive force labour and 30-40% of total labour
inputs. Simultaneously, mechanization of loading activities becomes significant in transport
works as these works absorb even 60-70% of labour inputs and 40-50% of work time of
tractive force in the transport (Kokoszka et al., 2002; Parafiniuk, 2006; Kuboń, 2008).
According to the research of Kokoszka and Kuboń (2002b; 2005a,b) increase of the index
of loading works mechanization by 10% causes decrease of inputs of work time of the
means by 3.71% and labour at the average by 6.65%. According to the same authors
(1999a, b) increase of the load capacity use from 0.3 to 1.0 causes the decrease of work
time inputs per one tonne of the transported load by 65% and lowering the costs of transport by 70%. Load capacity of the transport means as well as transport distance are significant in the size of the inputs incurred for transport. For example increase of the load capacity of the tractor set from 1.5 to 8 tonnes causes the decrease of work time inputs per one
tonne of the transported load by 82.3% and lowering the costs of transport by 75.90%.
Previous research concerning agricultural transport simultaneously shows that the assessment of efficiency of transport means exploitation in agricultural farms meets numerous obstacles (Kuboń, 2005a). Complexity of the problem results mainly from the difficulties of determination of basic indices of effectiveness related to the wide assortment of the
transported loads, specific conditions of performing transports and varied distance of transport.
The objective and scope of the paper and research methodology
The objective of the paper was to assess the efficiency of operation of transport means
in the selected farms of the Southern Poland. Efficiency of the operation of means was
expressed through performance of transports and the amount of work time and labour inputs at the transport of the selected groups of goods..
The scope of research covered 9 farms located on the territory of 3 communes of Tarnowski province in Małopolskie Voivodeship. Objects for research were selected randomly
but the main criteria of selection was whether a farm owned transport means (a tractor
wagon,a trailer, a delivery car or a truck).
Research was carried out at the turn of 2010/11 and consisted in two parts: first part –
survey – concerned general characteristic of a farm, the second included detailed timings of
operation time of the selected transport means.
The research covered 5 the most frequently occurring transport sets, which were compared on account of transport efficiency and incurred inputs. Transport means differed
from each other with technical, exploitation parameters and with structure. Load capacity
may be, inter alia, included to the first group and the mass of the transported load and the
speed with which the load is transported to the second group. Mass of the transported load
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Assessment of operation efficiency...
in connection with the load capacity reflects the use of potential technical means whereas in
connection with the transport speed decides on the performance.
The following transport sets were analysed:
– SET A – tractor + tractor wagon (grains – 10 repeats, root crops – 12 repeats, green
forage – 6 repeats, fertilizers – 9 repeats);
– SET B – tractor + trailer (grains – 26 repeats, root crops – 18 repeats, green forage
– 10 repeats, fertilizers – 12 repeats),
– SET C – tractor + two trailers (grains – 20 repeats, root crops – 18 repeats),
– SET D – tractor + spreader (grains – 16 repeats, root crops – 14 repeats, green forage
– 11 repeats, fertilizers – 6 repeats),
– SET E – truck (wheat – 6 repeats, root crops – 13 repeats, fertilizers – 10 repeats).
Characteristics of the transport process
Effectiveness of the transport means exploitation in farming is measured with various
indices. It depends, inter alia, on the equipment with transport means, organization of work
and conditions of performing transports. Transport performance, which results from cooperation of many factors of technical nature (type and characteristic of the transport means),
organizational (organization of means operation) and exploitation (conditions of means
operation) belong to the basic measures allowing assessment of effectiveness of the used
transport means. Time of the means operation is one of the basic elements which affect the
efficiency and results of work. On account of the specific agricultural transport features
(inter alia the seasonal character of transports), inputs of the work time of means and people are particualrly high, whereas the use of means throughout the whole year is small and
varied depending on work conditions and the size of an agricultural farm (Kuboń, 2002a).
Table 1 presents the basic parameters characterising the transport process and table 2 an
average time of duration of the transport cycle of the accepted transport sets with division
into particular loads. The highest load capacity was reported for C set – 8.29, the lowest for
the set A – 1.49. The table also presents the index of using the load capacity and the run of
the means as indices, which also affect the work efficiency and at the same time decide on
the costs of transport. The highest index of using the load capacity was reported in case of
a truck (0.93) and the lowest for the set with a tractor and a spreader (0.16). The use of the
run for all sets was at the level from 0.50 which proves that the loads were transported only
in one direction. This phenomenon is unfavourable for performance of the transport
process but is unavoidable in agriculture.
The longest average time of the cycle was for the transport of vegetables with a truck –
11.82 h. It results from very low level of mechanization of loading works and considerably
higher transport distances. Whereas, the shortest average time of the cycle was reported at
the use of a tractor with a wagon for transport of beets – 1.89 h.
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Table 1.
Basic parameters, which characterize the transport process
Load type
Sugar beets
Fertilizers
Vegetables
Grain seeds
Green forage
Type of the transport set
Parameter
C+2P
8.25
0.81
0.5
8.29
0.74
0.5
-
Average load capacity of the set (t)
Use of the load capacity (-)
Use of the run (-)
Use of the run (-)
Use of the run (-)
Use of the run (-)
Use of the run (-)
C+P
3.42
0.89
0.5
3.32
0.5
0.5
4.38
0.65
0.5
4.65
0.72
0.5
3.64
0.39
0.5
C+R
3.11
0.89
0.5
2.94
0.54
0.5
3.33
0.66
0.5
3.66
0.65
0.5
3.83
0.16
0.5
C+W
1.75
0.84
0.5
1.7
0.41
0.5
1.83
0.49
0.5
1.49
0.67
0.5
2.0
0.32
0.5
SC
6.0
0.75
0.5
5.83
0.93
0.5
6.93
0.7
0.5
-
C+2P – tractor with two trailers; C+P – tractor with a trailer; C+R – tractors with a spreader; C+W – tractor with
a tractor wagon; SC – truck
Table 2.
Average time of cycles of transport sets for particular loads (h)
Load type
Sugar beets
Fertilizers
Vegetables
Grain seeds
Green forage
Type of the transport set
C+2P
5.21
6
-
C+P
3.99
2.87
6.54
2.84
3.21
C+R
3.86
2.5
4.98
2.97
2.95
C+W
1.89
2.35
2.26
2.70
2.53
SC
3.38
11.82
5.1
-
Results of the research
Performance and the effects of transport means operation depend on the duration and
effective use of the transportation cycle. By shortening and maximum use of the time of
transport means operation we obtain specific economic advantages e.g. in the form of decreasing the incurred work time or labour inputs. Therefore, we also obtain immeasurable
economic effects but equally significant affecting our work and well-being (Kuboń,
2002a).
Figure 1 presents the time structure of transport means operation, which transport
determined loads. The following types of loads were accepted for research: fodder beet,
fertilizers (agricultural limestone), vegetables, grains, green forage. Timings of work time
of means prove that loading was the most time consuming activity. Loading fertilizers and
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vegetables was the longest, it was approx. 57-58% of all loading activities and loading of
beets was the shortest. For all loads stoppages lasted at the average 23% and the drive 19%
in comparison to the loading activity. Unfavourable structure of work time results mainly
from low mechanization of loading works, resulting from harvesting technology. In majority of farms, harvesting was manual.
100%
19,21
90%
27,80
29,42
31,67
30,44
80%
70%
60%
50%
48,47
Stoppages
58,73
40%
57,23
50,49
50,2
Vegetables
Grains
Green forage
Loading
Drive
30%
20%
10%
0%
Beet
Fertilizers
Figure 1. Structure of work time in the aspect of the transported load (%)
When analysing the structure of work time in the transport process in the aspect of the
transport means type (fig. 2) similar relations and proportion as in case of the structure of
work time for the transported loads were reported. The highest participation in the structure
of work time was taken by loading activities (38.7-55.0%) and the lowest for halts (12.236.9%).
Effective time (T1) means time, in which a machine operates according to its destination
and its elements are loaded. Contrary to it, the exploitation time (T07), next to the effective
time includes also all losses of work time, resulting from reasons attributable and nonattributable to the method of the researched process.
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100%
90%
12,2
24,6
26
36,9
80%
70%
60%
50%
55
Stoppages
38,7
44,1
Loading
40%
Drive
49,7
30%
20%
10%
0%
C+2P
C+P
C+R
C+W
Figure 2. Structure of work time in the aspect of the type of the transport means of the load (%)
Table 3 presents the amount of the incurred inputs of time of transport means operation.
Based on the given amounts, one may notice, that the highest differences between the particular transport means concern exploitation time T07. The lowest work time inputs were
reported for transport of beets with set A (1.89 h) and were by approx. 2.7 times lower than
the transport of the same load with set C. The highest inputs of work time occurred in case
of transport of vegetables with set E (11.82 h). For transports of fertilizers, differences
between the lowest and the highest work time input were slight. The highest increase of
input in comparison to the effective time (T1) occurred in the operational time (T02). The
highest index of growth in time T02 was reported in case of a tractor with two trailers for
transport of beets (16.2) and the lowest for a tractor with a tractor wagon for transport of
fertilizers (4.4). In case of tractor wagons, loading is considerably simplified on account of
low located and opened loading box. For the working time (T04) the highest increase of the
index was reported also in case of a tractor with 2 trailers in case of transport of beets
(17.3) and the lowest for a tractor with a spreader in case of transport of fertilizers (5.6).
Concluding, one has to state that from among transport means the highest increase of operation time ocurrs during transport of vegetables with a truck (11.82 h).
For effective course of operation processes, a high degree of use of the exploitation
time, measured with high participation of the effective time in the exploitation time (K07) is
of significance. It is possible only when losses of time related to non-load crossings and
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stoppages resulting from other reasons are limited to the minimum. Thus, value of this
index depends slightly on the degree of the technical means itself.
Table 3.
Operation time of transport means in the aspect of transport means and the transported load
Load type
Sugar beets
Fertilizers
Vegetables
Grains
Green forage
Transport means
Collective work time
C+2P
T1
0.20
T02
3.23
T04
3.46
T07
5.21
C+P
0.27
2.59
2.74
3.99
C+R
0.21
2.31
2.48
3.86
C+W
0.16
1.40
1.54
1.89
C+P
0.38
2.06
2.37
2.87
C+R
0.39
1.87
2.20
2.52
C+W
0.33
1.46
1.96
2.35
SC
0.33
2.38
2.53
3.38
C+P
0.36
3.29
4.84
6.54
C+R
0.64
3.40
3.93
4.98
C+W
0.10
1.53
1.72
2.26
SC
1.06
6.95
9.32
11.82
C+2P
0.46
4.23
5.24
6.00
C+P
0.30
1.96
2.53
2.84
C+R
0.21
2.24
2.62
2.97
C+W
0.27
1.86
2.23
2.70
SC
0.62
2.85
4.18
5.10
C+P
0.18
2.07
2.98
3.21
C+R
0.11
1.72
2.62
2.95
C+W
0.14
1.48
2.32
2.53
Table 4 presents inputs of labour per a tonne of the transported load for particular
transport means. Labour inputs in the exploitation time were within 1.19 and 12.23 man
hour per tonne of the transported load. The highest labour inputs were incurred for transport of vegetables with a tractor with a tractor wagon and the lowest for transport of fertilizers with a tractor with a trailer.
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Table 4.
Labour inputs in the aspect of transport means and the transported load
Load type
Sugar beets
Fertilizers
Vegetables
Green forage
Grains
Type of the transport
means
C+2P
C+P
T1
3.49
T02
T04
(man-hour·t-1)
5.66
5.81
T07
6.85
1.61
2.31
2.38
2.78
C+R
4.13
7.5
8.63
10.71
C+W
2.17
3.28
3.44
3.63
C+P
0.56
1.01
1.09
1.19
C+R
2.51
4.05
4.05
4.52
C+W
4.95
5.28
5.45
5.76
SC
1.19
1.65
1.66
1.86
C+P
0,96
1,8
2,19
2,25
C+R
1,87
3,01
3,32
3,97
C+W
5,45
8,7
10,16
12,23
SC
1,09
2,05
2,67
2,88
C+P
1.47
2.22
2.28
2.79
C+R
1.35
2.1
2.1
2.31
C+W
3.66
5.8
6.34
7.21
C+2P
1.07
1.71
1.76
2.19
C+P
1.69
2.74
3.11
3.32
C+r
1.82
3.05
3.32
3.72
C+w
5.12
7.82
9.15
11.31
Sc
2.63
4.43
4.94
5.77
Performance is a ratio of the amount of the transported load to the duration of the transport cycle expressed in tonnes per hour. In order to show impact of duration of loading
activities and stoppages, performance of transports was presented in the effective time (T1),
operational time (T02) and exploitation time (T07). Table 5 presents performance of transport of transport means in relation to the transported load.
Effective performance depends considerably on the driving time with a load, load capacity of the means and its use. A set C with a tractor and 2 trailers achieved the highest
performance for transport of beets (35.64 t·h-1), and a tractor with a tractor wagon the lowest for transport of fertilizers (2.57 t·h-1). A tractor with two trailers achieved the highest
performance among the analysed means through high loading capacity and a high index of
the load capacity use. Operational performance W02 is affected in particular by loading
works and technological stoppages related with it. Kuboń and Tabor (2005) confirm it in
their research. For transport of grains and green forage, the biggest difference in the operational performance was reported. For transport of grains with a truck it was the highest
value and was 2.37 t·h-1 and for green forage with a tractor with a spreader – the lowest
value (0.35 t·h-1).
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Table 5.
Performance of transport of transport means
Load type
Beets
Fertilizers
Vegetables
Grains
Green forage
Type
of the transport means
Performance (t·h-1)
C+2P
W1
35.64
W02
2.2
W04
2.09
W07
1.44
C+P
18.45
1.33
1.26
0.97
C+R
16.81
1.34
1.25
0.8
C+W
12.05
1.14
1.04
0.94
C+P
6.51
0.88
0.81
0.70
C+R
6.07
0.95
0.87
0.74
2.57
C+W
0.45
0.37
0.32
SC
13.5
1.86
1.73
1.40
C+P
10.1
0.84
0.63
0.45
0.58
C+R
6.60
0.76
0.71
C+W
11.52
0.56
0.53
0.42
SC
8.07
0.82
0.62
0.49
C+2P
19.81
1.56
1.19
1.02
C+P
8.17
1.01
0.83
0.76
C+R
12.52
1.07
0.96
0.87
C+W
6.77
0.67
0.57
0.48
SC
20.15
2.37
1.40
1.22
C+P
9.61
0.69
0.52
0.48
C+R
7.19
0.35
0.24
0.21
C+W
5.28
0.41
0.26
0.24
Operational performance W04 is affected not only by loading activities but also technical stoppages and stoppages related to the removal of technical and technological faults.
The biggest decrease of performance was reported at the transport of grains and green
forage. In case of grains, decrease of performance was from 40.9% to 10.3% and in case of
green forage from 36.6% to 24.6%. The lowest was in case of transport of beets and fertilizers - 17% to 5%.
Exploitation performance includes all time losses during the transport process and is the
most reliable in comparative analyses. The highest exploitation performance was reported
for set C (a tractor with two trailers) for transport of beets – 1.44 t·ha-1, which constituted
65% of operational performance and 4% of effective performance. The lowest was reported
for set D (a tractor with a spreader) for transport of green forage – 0.21 t·ha-1, which constituted 60% of operational performance and 2.9% of effective performance. A visible,
high decrease of performance of transports results mainly from a low level of loading
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works, resulting from the applied harvesting technology and frequent stoppages caused by
faults of technical means. Both in the first as well as in the second case, a manner of loading and unloading had significant impact on the obtained indices.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis of work time structure and labour inputs and performance of
transport means operation, one may clearly state that the work efficiency of the selected
means at the transport of the analysed load is very low. It results mainly from:
– low use of load capacity (0.16 to 0.93),
– low use of run - 0.5 for all sets,
– labour consuming technologies of harvesting,
– low mechanization of loading works,
– frequent faults of technical means (base machines as well as transport means).
Labour inputs in the exploitation time are within 1.19 and 12.23 man hour per tonne of
the transported load. The highest labour inputs were incurred for transport of vegetables
with a tractor unit and the lowest for transport of fertilizers with a tractor with a trailer.
A tractor with two trailers achieved the highest performance for transport of beets (1.44 t·h-1),
and a tractor with a tractor wagon the lowest for transport of fertilizers (0.32 t·h-1). For
transport of grains and ferilizers, the biggest difference in the operational performance was
reported. For transport of grains, the decrease of the operational performance in relation to
effective was from 87.6 to 92.1% and fertilizers from 86.2 to 82.5%. Improvement of
situation in this scope may be carried out through:
– modification of harvesting technology (more effective machines and full mechanization
of load).
– increase of unit batches of load,
– increase of the use of transport means load capacity,
– the use of means with bigger load capacity and exploitation speed for transport,
– better organization of the machines and transport means operation.
References
Kokoszka, St.; Kuboń, M. (1999a). Możliwość obniżenia nakładów czasu pracy i kosztów w transporcie rolniczym. Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej, 3, 85-90.
Kokoszka, St.; Kuboń, M. (1999b). Ładowność środka transportowego a nakłady czasu pracy
i koszty transportu rolniczego. Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej, 3, 91-96.
Kokoszka, St.; Kuboń, M.; Roczkowska-Chmaj, St.; Borcz, J. (2001). Analiza i uwarunkowania
rynku usług i urządzeń w transporcie wiejskim. Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Rolniczej, Kraków, 98-100.
Kokoszka, St.; Kuboń, M.; Sęk St. (2002b) Wpływ mechanizacji prac ładunkowych na efektywność
pracy środków transportowych. Inżynieria Rolnicza, 6(39), 229-234.
Kokoszka, St.; Kuboń, M. (2005a). Mechanizacja prac ładunkowych a nakłady w transporcie rolniczym Cz. I – wydajność i nakłady. Inżynieria Rolnicza, 6(66), 329-336
Kokoszka, St.; Kuboń, M. (2005b). Mechanizacja prac ładunkowych a nakłady w transporcie rolniczym Cz. I – analiza statystyczna. Inżynieria Rolnicza, 6(66), 337-343.
92
Kuboń, M. (2002a). Ocena efektywności użytkowania własnych środków transportowych w gospodarstwach rolniczych. Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej, 1. 73-80.
Kuboń, M. (2005c). Ocena technologii w transporcie rolniczym. Inżynieria Rolnicza, 3(63). Kraków.
271-278.
Kuboń, M.; Tabor, S. (2005). Poziom wyposażenia i wykorzystania maszyn ładunkowych na przykładzie gospodarstw woj. podkarpackiego. Inżynieria Rolnicza, 7(67), 51-57.
Kuboń, M. (2008). Koszty eksploatacji środków technicznych w gospodarstwach o różnym typie
produkcji rolniczej. Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej, 1, 55-62.
OCENA EFEKTYWNOŚCI PRACY
WYBRANYCH ŚRODKÓW TRANSPORTOWYCH
W GOSPODARSTWACH POLSKI POŁUDNIOWEJ
Streszczenie. Celem pracy było określenie oceny efektywności środków transportowych na przykładzie wybranych gospodarstw Polski południowej. Efektywność pracy środków wyrażono poprzez
wydajność przewozów oraz wysokość nakładów czasu pracy i robocizny. Zakresem badań objęto
9 gospodarstw rolniczych położonych w rejonie małopolskim. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy struktury czasu pracy i nakładów robocizny a także wydajności pracy środków transportowych
można jednoznacznie stwierdzić, że efektywność pracy wybranych środków przy przewozie analizowanych ładunków jest bardzo niska. Największe nakłady robocizny ponoszono na transport
warzyw ciągnikiem z wozem ciągnikowym, a najmniejsze na transport nawozów ciągnikiem z przyczepą. Zestaw ciągnik z dwoma przyczepami poprzez dużą ładowność oraz wysoki wskaźnik wykorzystania ładowności osiągnął wśród analizowanych środków największą wydajność.
Słowa kluczowe: transport, środek transportowy, ocena, efektywność, nakłady, wydajność
Contact details:
Maciej Kuboń; e-mail: [email protected]
Instytut Inżynierii Rolniczej i Informatyki
Uniwersytet Rolniczy w Krakowie
ul. Balicka 116B
30-149 Kraków
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assessment of operation efficiency of the selected transport means

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