jerzy zwierzyński - Digital Library IGiK

PROCEEDINGS
OF
TH E IN ST IT U T E
OF
GEODESY
AND
CARTO G RA PHY
Volum e X X I X , No. 1, 1982
JE R Z Y ZW IE RZYŃ SK I
Revision of large scalę maps
A b s t r a c t . F acto rs w hich influen ce the loss of tim eliness of larg e-scale
m aps a re p resen ted in th is paper. T he m a in fe a tu re s of basie m aps d ra fte d to
th e scales of 1 : 500, 1 : 1 000, 1 : 2 000 and 1 : 5 000 and th e ir fu n d a m e n ta l p rin cip les
and ru les fo r th e ir c u rre n t and tem p o ral u p -d a tin g a re also discussed. The p ap e r
also presełits conclusions concerning th e efficiency of ap p ly in g p a rtic u la r m ethods
of su rv ey in g n ew elem ents of th e m ap ’s con ten ts in th e process of te m p o ral re vision of th e basie map.
1. Introduction
T errain changes w ith th e passing of tim e cause th a t m aps become
out of date.
The level of th e loss of tim eliness depends on:
— the level of in ten sity of in vestm ent im plem entation of th e given
area,
•— the period of tim e w hich passed sińce the m om ent of m ap’s ela­
boration till the m om ent of its application by th e user,
— the level of m inuteness of detail of the m ap ’s contents.
The level of investm ent in ten sity is, in generał, th e dom inating factor.
The tem poral factor is closely connected w ith the te rra in changes.
How ever, th e re are areas, w hich do not change in tim e, for exam ple old
tow n districts, the m ajo rity of forested areas.
The factor of the level of m inuteness of detail of the m ap inereases
th e n um ber of changes on the m ap. It u sually is in direct proportional
re la tio n — th e higher the m inuteness of detail, th e higher the level of
possible loss of up-datedness of the m ap.
Considering how ever, p a rtic u la r elem ents of the m ap ’s contents and
classifying them into app ro p riate groups from the point of view of th e
differen tiated ra te of the loss of tim eliness, some groups of elem ents
can be distinguished, characterised by a d ifferen tiated ra te of changes.
F or exam ple in th e group of elem ents presenting th e m ap’s te rra in relief
the ra te of changes is m inim al, excluding of -course areas, w hich are
changed due to technical factors (for exam ple areas dam aged by m ining),
or due to anthropogenic activities, w hich lead to artificial m odelling of
te rra in in resu lt of in v estm en t processes (for exam ple designing of roads,
settlem ents, strip m ines, etc.).
6*
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How ever in the group of elem ents of the m ap’s content as buildings
and constructions, including also underground arm am ent, w ithin the
,,live” m unicipal and in dustrial centres, the rate of changes in census
borders etc., is considerably higher.
The level of m inuteness of the m ap’s details is generally in teg rated
w ith the scalę of the m ap. T herefore, the larger the scalę, the higher
level of the m inuteness of detail and thus the problem of m ap updating
becomes m ore im portant. It concerns especially large-scale m aps, w hich
in view of the rangę of contents and practical socio-econcmic activity
become fundam ental, supplying not only source inform ation on the state
of te rra in im plem entation, b u t th ey are alśo cartographic source and
background m ateriał f<Sr elaborating various them atic m aps.
Such large-scale m aps in Poland are represented by:
— the basie m ap to the scalę of 1 i 500, 1 : 1 000, 1 : 2 000 and 1 : 5 000,
— the topographic m ap to the scales of 1 : 10 000, 1 : 5 000 (the m ap
l,o the scalę of 1 : 5 000 was d rafted for the purpose of densely b u ild-up
areas, w hich cover approxim ately 4% of the area of the country).
Besides, the basie m ap, in the fu tu rę, will also be a cartographic
source m ateriał for revising the topographic m ap, d rafted to the scalę
of 1 : 10 000 (1 : 5 000).
The objective of this paper is to present the principles. of u p-dating
the basie m ap. These principles w ere elaborated a t the In stitu te of Geo­
desy and C artography and th en on th eir basis techm cal guiding p rin ­
ciples, norm alizing the process of revising the basie m ap in Poland, w ere
carried out by the geodetic-cartographic institutes, subordinated to the
Head Office of Geodesy and C artography. The guiding principles complexively em brace the m ethods and technical rules characteristic for the
c u rre n t and tem poral up-dating processes of the basie m ap, excluding
the digital m ethod. The guiding principles w ere adapted to the obligatory
„Organizationa-1 ru les of the basie m ap revision” , elaborated by the H ead
Office of Geodesy and C artography.
2. Characteristic features of the basie map
The basie m ap is the source cartographic elaboration, containing in­
form ation on spatial location of generał geographical sites as w ell as
elem ents of ground registers and land arm am ent.
The basie m ap is:
— a basie cartographic m ateriał, utilized for various needs of the
national economy, and in p articu lar for ru ra l economy, and tow n and
co u n try planning, designing investm ent łocations, etc.,
— a source cartographic elaboration for d raftin g derivative and other
large-scale and m edium -scale them atic m aps as w ell as for th e revision
of th e topographic m ap to the scalę of 1 : 10 000 (1 : 5 000).
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D epending on the density of te rra in elem etns, the level of th e u n d e r­
ground arm am ent and forecasted investm ent activities, the basie m ap is
d rafted to the following scales:
1) 1 : 500 — for city areas, of a high level of investm ents or for areas
forecasted for intensive investm ents,
2) 1 : 1 000 — for areas of sm ali tow ns, su burbs of large cities, tow n
a n d in d u strial agglom erations, as w ell as country se ttle m en t areas in
villages w hich are com m une h e a d ąu a rte rs,
3) 1 : 2 000 — for the rem aining com pact se ttle m en t areas, ag ricu ltu ral
areas of sm ali u n reg u lar fields and census borders, larg er com pact agri­
c u ltu ra l and forested areas w ith in the adm in istrativ e borderś of the
cities,
4) 1 : 5 000 — for areas w ith sc atterre d ru ral-b u ild in g s, arabie land
a n d forests w ithin the area of com m unes.
The basie contents of th e basie m ap is described by K - l technical
in stru ctio n „The basie m ap” , published by th e H ead Office of Geodesy
and C artography in 1978. According to this instruction, the contents of
th e basie m ap consists of:
— horizontal and vertical points of the geodetical netw ork, and the
points of the basie gravim etric netw ork, cen tu rial m agnetic points —
m ark ed by stable field points,
— borders: of the country, of the adm inistrative division, reg ister
units, ru ra l plots and surface division of the areas belonging to th e stata
fo restry ,
— fences,
— buildings and constructions,
— technical-engineering devices (overground and uderground a rm a ­
m ent),
— road and concurrent devices,
— railroads and con cu rren t devices,
— w a te r and concurrent devices,
— te rra in relief and artificial te rra in form s,
— types of arabie lands and vegetation cover,
— recreatio n al areas,
— m onum ents, cem eteries, statu es and w ayside crosses,
— descriptive tex ts connected w ith the m ap ’s contents,
— contours of th e land classification and th e ir sym bols as w ell as
n u m b ers of plots, according to th e ground registers.
It should be und erlin ed th a t before the new technical ru le s (K -l)
cam e into force th e basie m ap w as u sually d rafted as a section of situ atio n a l-a ltitu d e m ap or only as a situational m ap.
P a rallely to it, for th e sam e given area individual ground reg ister
m aps w ere elaborated to the scales of 1 : 1 000, 1 : 2 000 and 1 : 5 000 and
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m aps of land arm am ent to the scales of 1 : 200, or 1 : 250, (the so called
road ro u tes w ithin the u rb an areas).
The new technical principles established an uniform rangę of c o n te n ts
of the basie m aps, introducing new, additional contents from the g round
reg ister m ap and from the m ap of underground arm am ent. This assignation was m ade in order to decrease the num ber of changes introduced
during the up-datlng process. Till now, the situational elem ents, re c u rre n t
in the above m entioned m aps u n derw ent up-dating on th re e se p a ra te
m aps, and on the basie m ap — only once.
3. Fundam ental principles and assum ptians of revising the basie map
Such com plex and broadly conceived contents of the basie m ap, in
generał including the elem ents of the th ree m aps, existing recen tly in
practical activity of the country — nam ely the basie m ap considered as:
the situ atio n al-altitu d e m ap w ith its rangę of contents sim ilar to th e
contents of the topographic m ap; the ground reg ister m ap and the d e ta il
m ap of ground arm am ent — faced the revision process w ith a v e ry
difficult and com plicated problem . It reąu ired the elaboration of technical
directions, allowing for the standardization of w orks connected w ith th e
revision of the basie m ap for the entire country and specification of
m ethods and principles of surveyings and cartographic w orks during th e
process of revision of the basie map, carried out accordingly to the to -d a te
instructions of GUGiK and also for the revision of the existing m aps
drafted on the basis of other instructions. The la tte r concerns the up~
-dating of th e existing basie m ap, the m ap of ground arm am ent a n d
th e ground register m ap. For these m aps, it was necessary to d eterm in e
th e ran g ę of w orks .connected w ith the process of revision and the carto ­
graphic form of presenting the contents, w hich due to the u p -d atin g
process u n derw ent a change.
Considering the revision process of the basie m ap from the point o f
view of its im m ediate aims, and above all the aims resulting from th e
necessity of up-dating the m ap’s contents, two types of revision can b e
distinguished, nam ely:
— c u rre n t revision,
— tem poral revision.
The c u rre n t revision should be understood as a group of outdoor and
laboratory w orks, allow ing to determ ine the shape and location of new ly
b u ilt constructions and o th er details composing the contents of the basie
m ap, im m ediately a fte r these elem ents have been created and drafted
on the first copy of the basie m ap. This is th e p a rtial revision, of the
m ost im p o rtan t elem ents of the m ap’s contents. The m ap, first of all,.
eoncerns th e foliow ing contents:
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— buildings, reąuiring the perm ission of local au thorities fo r th e ir
construction,
— adm inistrative borders, districts of the ground reg ister system ,
arabie ground plot borders and classification borders,
— descriptive, (connected w ith th e m ap’s contents).
The c u rre n t revision is carried out on the basis of:
— the resu lts of inventory surveys, in the case of building sites,
— geodetic-cartographic technical docum entation, elaborated for legał
purposes, in the case of ad m inistrative border changes and plot changes,
— docum entation of the soil classification in the case of changes of
arabie grounds and the grade of the soil,
— resu lts of other m easurem ents, elaborated on the area covered by
th e basie map,
— decision of the ad m inistrative authorities, concerning the descriptiv e contents of the m ap (for exam ple nam es of streets, the ordinal
n u m b ers of imm ovables).
D uring the c u rren t revision process, the so called „d u ty m ap ” is
c a rrie d out, w hich is elaborated on the copy of th e basie m ap or any
o th e r m ap. Changes of those elem ents of th e basie m ap contents w hich
undergo the c u rre n t revision, occurring in the country side, are schem atically d rafted on the „duty m ap” .
The introduction of the d u ty m ap in the process of revision of the
basie m ap is v ery im p o rtan t for controlling the activitieś connected w ith
th e im plem entation of building sites, due to registering on it:
— issued building perm issions,
— dem arcation of the sites,
— im plem ented in v en to ry surveying of alread y b u ilt-u p sites.
The d u ty m ap, also registers the fact of draftin g a given site on the
f irs t copy of th e basie m ap. It is predicted th a t also stage d raftin g on
th e d u ty m ap of changes of the ground reg iste r as w ell as changes of
descrip tiv e contents of th e basie m ap (name of localities and physiog rap h ic sites and also nam es of streets and ordinal num bers of im m ovables). This perm its to control elem ent changes of th e ground reg ister
a n d the descriptive contents of th e basie m ap.
A p art from th a t, on the d u ty m ap, the new ly d rafted elem ents, are
accom panied by successive num bers ta k e n e ith e r from „The set of
announcem ents of the new ly im plem ented building sites” or from „The
s e ts of proofs of changes” , w orked o ut w ith in the ground register.
Considering, th a t some elem ents of th e m ap ’s contents are n o t em braced by the c u rre n t revision, and th a t some elem ents can be om m itted
in the process it is necessary to perfo rm th e so called „control of the
c u rre n t revision” . This control should an n u a lly include 20% of the basie
le v e l adm inistrative u n it area (com m unes, tow ns, to w n districts).
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The resu lts of control should enable to present the om m itted and n o t
d rafted in the first copy of the basie m ap elem ents and to determ ine thepercentage of the changes occurring in the given area.
The resu lts of control should also allow to establish the possible needs
for perform ing tem poral revision.
The tem poral revision, opposed to the c u rre n t revision, em braces
all the elem ents of the basie m ap’s contents. Such understood tem poral
revision of the basie m ap includes the set of outdoor and lab o ra to ry
activities, carried out at tim e intervals, resulting from c u rre n t needs„
enabling consistence of the contents of the basie m ap w ith the te rra m
situation. It is perform ed on the basis of results of su p p lem en tary s u r veying and the existing geodetic, cartographic and branch docum entation.
The choice of the supplem entary surveying and the revision m eth o d
depends on the:
— occurring percentage of changes,
— size of the area,
— scalę of the m ap,
— accessible eąuipm ent,
— costs,
— urgency of the revision,
— existing geodetic, cartographic and branch m aterials ąualified fo r
im plem entation a fter th eir previous analysis.
In effect of th e economical analysis of the In stitu te of Geodesy a n d
C artography perform ed on experim ental sites concerning the estim ation
of efficiency of geodetic m ethods for m easurem ents of new elem ents of
situational contents of the basie m ap in the revision process, the follow ing
conclusions w ere draw n:
1. F or m aps d rafted to the scales of 1 : 500, and 1 : 1 000, w ith changes
of up to 30%, it is econom ically reasonable to apply the m ethod of direct
m easurem ent, w hile of the changes of 30— 60% and m ore th an 60%, it is
reasonable to apply two eąuipoderant m ethods, nam ely th e m ethod of
direct m easurem ents and the stereophotogram m etric m ethod.
2. For m aps d rafted to the scalę of 1 : 2 000, w ith changes up to 30%,
it is econom ically reasonable to apply th e m ethod of direct m ea su rem e n t
or the m ethod utilizing th e photogram m etric m ap (orthophotom ap, photom ap), w hile for changes from 30% to 60% and m ore th a n 60%, it is;
reasonable to apply the m ethod utilizing th e photogram m etric m ap.
3. F o r m aps d rafted to th e scalę of 1 : 5 000, irrespective of th e p e r­
centage of changes, it is reasonable to apply the m ethod utilizing th e
photogram m etric m ap.
The above conclusions concerning th e probability of applying p a rticu lar m ethods of surveying new elem ents of the m ap’s contents, havebeen established u n d er the assum ption th a t th e area for w hich the a e ria ł
photographs w ere tak en (for one flight) was not sm aller than:
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— 600 ha for the seale 1 : 500
— 1200 ha for the scalę 1 : 1 000
— 3000 ha for the scalę 1 : 2 000
— 6700 ha for the scalę 1 : 5 000
In o rd er to determ ine the percentage of changes a principle was
accepted, th a t the fuli contents of the revised m ap com prise of:
a) the existing elem ents on the first copy and in the terrain ,
b) the new elem ents d rafted from geodetic, cartographic and b ran ch
m aterials,
c) the new elem ents d rafted on the basis of resu lts of su p p lem en tary
surveying.
On the other hand, the percentage of changes in lab o rato ry w orks is
determ ined according to the fuli contents of the revised m ap and it is
th e to tal sum percentage of the elem ents presented above in points *b
a n d c, w hile the percentage of outdoor w ork is determ ined by the p e r­
centage of the elem ents, stated in point c.
The determ ination of the percentage of changes is perform ed on the
basis of com paring the m ap w ith the terrain , w hile the determ in atio n of
percentage of elem ents which are predicted for m easurem ent — on the
basis of com paring the m ap w ith the terrain , considering its d raftin g
from the cartographic and branch m aterials onto the first copy.
The principle of determ ining the percentage of changes does not take
into consideration elem ents w hich are on the first copy of the m ap, b ut
not ex istan t in the terrain . This is due to the fact, th a t the cost of om m itting an elem ent from the m ap’s contents in relatio n to d raftin g a new
elem ent (connected w ith its m easurem ent and laboratory elaboration) is
p ractically foresaken.
In su p p lem en tary m easurem ents connected w ith the revision of the
basie m ap a possibility was introduced to accept the points of th e m easuring grid on the chasen points of stable situational objects, w hich can
be explicitly identified in th e te rra in (for exam ple corners of buildings,
projection of th e corner of eaves, the centre of the ground cover of the
u n d erg ro u n d arm am ent) as w ell as m arking of points of the m easuring
grid by m eans of signification (detection or painting) of the sign, for
exam ple on kerbs, concrete plates, etc.
Sim ultaneously, the obligation was introduced to perform topographic
descriptions of points of the m easuring grid, w hich in the fu tu rę w ould
facilitate to detect er ree re ate those points in the te rra in and to m easure
th e new ly created situational elem ents on the basis of the sam e m easuring
grid, inereasing this w ay th eir accuracy of lccation in the m ap (drafted
for exam ple, during the c u rre n t revision) in rela tio n to the n e a re st si­
tu atio n al elem ents alread y existing in the m ap. T here is also the possibiiity to base th e m easuring lines on the situational points of the ls t
accuracy group (earlier m easured on the basis of points of the geodetic
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grid oe w ith coordinates determ ined in a laboratory by the photogram ­
m etric m ethod), w hich are identified in the terrain , in the m ap or in
the photogram m etric photograph. This can occur in such cases, w hen
the length cif the controlling elem ents refe rrin g to the points of the
detail grid exceeds 400 m for u rban areas and 600 m for a g ricu ltu ral and
forested areas, how ever, under th e condition th a t basing the m easurem ent
line on the situational points of the ls t accuracy group ensures the
reą u ire d accuracy in draftin g the resu lts of supplem entary surveying in
th e map.
In the case of perform ing supplem entary surveying by m eans of the
photogram m etric m ethod, it is recom m ended to utilize the aerial photo­
graphs in laboratory, photogram m etric determ ination of coordinates of:
— new ly stabilized points of the m easuring grid, previously reg istered
in the terrain ,
— chosen stable points of te rra in objects, clearly visible on th e aerial
photograph and possible to be explicitly identified in the te rra in and
w hich w ere the additional points of the m easuring grid,
— points of corners of changed borders (adm inistrative, ground r e ­
gister and of groups of plots), m arked by border signs and reg istered
before the flight.
This recom m endation aim s at decreasing the hardship and costs of
determ ining coordinates above the m entioned points, w ith the utilization
of the direct m easurem ent m ethod. It w ill also facilitate the direct su p ­
p lem en tary surveying of situational details w ithin the tem poral revision
and the fu tu rę c u rre n t revision.
P resenting the user w ith the m ost up to date basie m ap, containing
fre ą u e n t introduction of changes to it (introduced w ithin the c u rre n t
revision) causes, th a t due to technical-and-econom ical reasons, it should
be published to the order of the interested users by m eans of the contact
photoreproduction process.
The contact photoreproduction process should be perform ed on tra n s ­
p a re n t m ateriał, usually in the form of a diaso p rint. This is conditionęd
by the ąuick loss of tim eliness of the basie m ap’s contents and by th e
high costs of the m ap’s reproduction by m eans of o ther techniąues (sm ali
edition).
4. Conclusions
The above presented basie principles and assum ptions of the m ap
revision w ere to tally applied to elaborate technical directives of th e
basie m ap’s revision. These directives are considered obligatory technical
and technological advice, adapted to practical application by geodetic-and-cartographic enterprises and field services, in the process of w orks
connected w ith the basie m ap revision. The directives com plexively
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include the technical m ethods and principles, characteristic for the process
of the c u rre n t and tem poral revision. Besides, th ey include a num ber
of appendices w hich are models and exam ples of reg istratio n of data
acąu ired in the revision process. T heir purpose is to im prove and facilitate w orks connected w ith m ap revision and standardization of the
m eth o d and form of presenting the results of w orks in Poland.
These appendices are:
— a list of conventional sym bols for the „duty m ap” ,
— the d u ty m ap of the basie m ap ’s c u rre n t revision to the scalę of
1
:
2 000,
— the d u ty m ap of the new ly constructed building sites, to the scalę
of 1 : 2 000,
— the d u ty m ap of ground reg ister to the scalę of 1 : 2 000,
— an approxim ate economic analysis of the application of d ifferent
geodetic and cartographic m ethods in the process of the basie m ap
revision,
— a te rra in sketch of the situational su p p lem en tary surveying on the
copy of the first sketch copy,
— a new ly d rafted te rra in sketch. of the te rra in situational supple­
m en tary surveying,
— a te rra in sketch of the situational su p p lem en tary surveying on
the copy of the laboratory revised basie m ap,
— a te rra in sketch of the situational su p p lem en tary surveying on
the copy of the photographic m ap (tonal map) and line elem ents of the
contents taken from the laboratory revised basie map,
— a te rra in sketch of situational su p p lem en tary surveying on the
copy of the photographic m ap (aerial photograph),
— additional sym bols applied on the te rra in sketches of the situational
su p p lem en tary surveying,
— a diagram of drafting the first copy of the basie m ap on the carto­
graphic foil, in the case of applying the direct surveying m ethod in the
su p p lem en tary m easurem ents,
— a diagram of draftin g the first copy of the basie m ap on the
cartographic foil, in the case of cpplying the stereophotogram m etric
m ethod in the su p p lem en tary m easurem ents,
— a diagram of d raftin g the first copy of. the basie m ap on the
cartographic foil, in the case of applying the photographic m ap in the
su p p lem en tary m easurem ents,
— a diagram of d raftin g the first copy of the basie m ap on the
cartographic plate, in the case of applying the direct surveying m ethod
in the supplem entary m easurem ents,
— a diagram of draftin g the first cepy of the basie m ap on the
cartographic plate, in the case of applying the stereophotogram m etric
m ethod in the su p p lem en tary m easurem ents,
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—
a diagram of drafting the first copy of the basie m ap on the
cartographic plate, in the case of applying the photographic m ap in th e
supplem entary m easurem ents.
Concluding, it should be m entioned, th a t the application of o th er
revision and m odernization m ethods of the basie m ap, th an those determ ined by the directives b u t being the re su lt of technical-and-organizational progress in the field of geodesy and cartography, is recom m ended
in th e condition of m aintaining the technical p aram etres re ą u ire d u n d e r
the K -l and G-4 instructions for the finał product.
T ran slation : Jacek D om ański
JERZY ZWIERZYŃSKI
ACTUALISATION DES CARTES AUX GRANDES ECHELLES
Re s u me
Le degre de la d esactu alisatio n des cartes au x g ran d es echelles est influence
p ar: le degre d’in ten sificatio n de l’investissem ent de 1’am en ag em en t du te rrito ire
donnę, le tem ps e n tre le m om ent de 1’elab o ratio n de la c a rte et le m om ent de son
ex p lo itatio n p a r 1’u tilisa te u r ain si que le nom bre de d etails dans le con ten u de
la carte.
E n Pologne les cartes su ivan tes co n stitu en t les ca rtes au x gran d es echelles de
caractere fon dam ental:
— ca rte fo nd am entale au x echelles 1 : 500, 1 : 1 000, 1 : 2 000 et 1 : 5 000 (pour
un te rra in donnę on adopte seulem ent un e de ces echelles en fo nction des besoins
et du c a ra c te re du terrain ),
— c a rte to p o g rap h iąu e au x echelles 1 : 1 0 000 et 1 : 5 000 (la c a rte a 1’echelle
1 : 5 000 a ete etab lie seulem ent pour quelques regions d’u n degre eleve d ’u rb a n isatio n qui ne con stitu en t que 4% de la su rface du pays).
V u que la c a rte fo n d am en tale consitue le m a terie l ca rto g ra p h iq u e de source
p our 1’ac tu a lisa tio n de la ca rte to po grap hiqu e (aux echelles 1 : 10 000 et 1 : 5 000)
on a discute les prin cip es techn iq ues de 1’actu a lisa tio n co u ran te et perio d iq u e de
la ca rte fo ndam entale.
D ans le cadre du procede de l’ac tu a lisa tio n co u ran te il est d resse une carte
dite „carte de service” sur laqu elle on m a rą u e de faęon sch em atiq u e les chan g em en ts qui ont lieu dans le te rra in ; on y en reg istre: des au to risatio n s p o u r la construction , des im p lan tatio n s de b atim en ts dans le te rra in , des leves d’in v e n taire
de constru ctions baties, des changem ents. annonces dans- le cad re du ca d a stre fonęier ain si que des changem ents co ncern ant le con ten u descrip tif de la carte. De
plus su r la „carte de seryice” on signale le fa it du m a rą u a g e su r le p la n -m in u te
des nouveaux elem ents de la ca rte fo n d am en tale et de l’elim in atio n du p la n -m in u te
d’elem ents perim es.
Vu q u ’une p a rtie des elem ents du con ten u de la ca rte n ’est pas soum ise
£ 1’actu a lisa tio n co u ra n te et q u ’au cours de cette a c tu a lisa tio n p eu v en t e tre ommis
les elem ents qu i doiyent e tre actualises, on realise su r le te rra in u n „contróle de
1’ac tu a lisa tio n co u ra n te”. Celle-ci concerne an n u ellem en t 20% de la su rface fo n ­
d am en ta le de l’u n ite ad m in istrativ e.
Les re su lta ts de ce contróle p e rm e tte n t de d eterm in e r le p o u rcen tag e des ch an ­
gem ents m ontres sur la c a rte et le besoin eventuel d’ex ecu tio n de 1’ac tu a lisa tio n
periodique.
L ’actu a lisa tio n periodique, co n tra irem e n t a 1’a c tu a lisa tio n co u ran te, concerne
tous les elem ents du contenu de la carte.
Le choix d’une m ethode des leves com p lem entaires et d’une m ethode de 1’ac tu a lisation du p la n -m in u te depend du p ou rcentage des chan g em en ts su rv en a n t, de la
g ran d e u r dę la surface, de 1’echelle de la carte, de 1’ap p a reillag e dont dispose le
gśom etre, des frais, de la nćcessite d’ex ecu tion de 1’ac tu a lisa tio n et de l’xistence
des m ateriels geodesiques, carto g rap h iq u es et d’au tre s specialises (co n cern an t les in ­
stallatio n s souterraines).
T ra d u it p ar: M. B ohdan Jak ub ow sk i
93
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JERZY ZWIERZYŃSKI
A K TU A LIZA CJA MAP W IELKOSKALOW YCH
Streszczenie
Na stopień d ezaktu alizacji m ap w ielkoskalow ych w p ły w a: stopień in te n sy w ­
ności inw estycyjnej zagospodarow yw ania danego teren u , czas u p ły w ający od m o­
m en tu opracow ania m apy do m om entu jej w y k orzy stan ia przez u ży tk o w n ik a oraz
stopień szczegółowości treści m apy. Czym w iększa sk ala m ap y ty m w iększa szcze­
gółowość treści i ty m w ażniejszy sta je się pro blem ak tu aliza cji m apy.
Rolę w ielkoskalow ych m ap o ch a rak te rz e podstaw ow ym p ełn ią w Polsce:
— m apa zasadnicza w skalach 1 : 500, 1 : 1 000, 1 : 2 000, 1 : 5 000 (dla danego
te re n u p rzyjm ow an a je st ty lko jed n a ze skal m apy w zależności od w y stęp u jący ch
po trzeb i c h a ra k te ru terenu),
— m apa topograficzna w skalach 1 : 10 000 i 1 : 5 000 (m apa w skali 1 :5 000
została założona tylko d la w y b ran y ch rejonów silnie zurbanizow anych, stan o w ią­
cych około 4% pow ierzchni kraju ).
Z uw agi na to, że m ap a zasadnicza stanow i k arto g raficzn y m a te ria ł źródłow y
do ak tu alizacji m apy topograficznej (w sk ali 1 : 10 000 i 1 : 5 000), w a rty k u le omó­
wiono zasady techniczne ak tu aliza cji bieżącej i okresow ej m apy zasadniczej.
W ram a ch procesu ak tu aliza cji bieżącej prow adzi się tzw. „m apę d y żu rn ą”, na
k tó re j sygnalizuje się w sposób schem atyczny zm iany zachodzące w teren ie, r e je ­
stru j.ąc na niej: w y d an e pozw olenia na budow ę, w ytyczenia obiektów b u dow lanych
w terenie, w ykonane p om iary in w en tary za cy jn e w ybud o w an y ch obiektów oraz
zm iany zgłaszane w ram a ch ew idencji gruntów , ja k rów nież zm iany dotyczące
treści opisowej m apy. P o nadto n a m apie d y żu rn ej zaznacza się fa k t w niesienia
now ych elem entów na pierw orys m ap y zasadniczej i u sunięcia z p ierw o ry su ele­
m entów n ieaktualn ych.
Z uw agi na fakt, że część elem entów treści m apy nie je st o b jęta zakresem
ak tu aliza cji bieżącej oraz, że w czasie te j ak tu aliza cji m ogą być pom inięte ele­
m en ty w chodzące w jej zakres, przep row adza się w te re n ie tzw. „k o n tro lę a k tu a li­
zacji bieżącej”. O bejm uje ona co rocznie 20% pow ierzchni podstaw ow ej jed n o stk i
ad m in istracy jn ej.
W yniki kontroli um ożliw iają określenie p rocen tu zm ian zaistn iały ch w te ren ie
i w a ru n k u ją ew e n tu aln ą potrzebę przep row ad zenia ak tu aliza cji okresow ej.
A ktu alizacja okresow a w odróżnieniu od ak tu aliza cji bieżącej o b ejm uje w szyst­
kie elem enty treści m apy.
W ybór m etody pom iarów uzupełn iający ch oraz m etody ak tu aliza cji p ierw o ­
ry su uzależnia się od procentu zm ian, w ielkości obszaru, skali m apy, posiadanego
sprzętu przez w ykonaw cę, kosztów, pilności w yk on an ia ak tu alizacji, istn iejący ch
m ateriałó w geodezyjnych, k artog raficzny ch i branżow ych — dotyczących urządzeń
podziem nych.
CONTENTS
BOGDAN NEY
T he In stitu te of Geodesy and C a rto g rap h y — its scientific outline, c a r­
tog raph ic investigations and in te rn atio n a l activ ity
....................................
5
HENRYK ZENON KOW ALSKI
A n in teg rated system fo r acąuisition, processing and displaying c a rto ­
graphic info rm atio n
.................................................................................................. 23
JA N CIESIELSK I
T hem atic m aps in th e in form ation system of th e tow n and country
p la n n in g ..............................................................................................................................31
KRYSTYNA PODLACHA
The subsystem of socio-economic m aps fo r the needs of ratio n al u tility
47
of ru ra l a r e a s ........................................................................................................ .......
ANDRZEJ CIOŁKOSZ
Rem ote sensing as th e info rm atio n source for them atic carto g rap h y
61
KRYSTYNA LADY DRUŻYCKA
JA CEK DOMAŃSKI
Them atic elaborations in the field of digital analysis of satellite im ages
71
JERZY ZWIERZYŃSKI
Revision of arge scalę m a p s .................................................................................... 83
SOMM AIRE
BOGDAN NEY
L’In stitu t de Geodesie et de C artographie — son p rofil scientifiąue, recherches en carto g rap h ie et activites i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s ................................. 18
HENRYK ZENON KOW ALSKI
System e integre d ’acquisition, de traite m e n t et de visualisatio n des inform ations c a r t o g r a p h i ą u e s .................................................................................... 28
JA N CIESIELSK I
C artes th em atiąu es dans le system e d ’inform ation de 1’am enagem ent
local du t e r r i t o i r e ..................................................................................................
.
44
KRYSTYNA PODLACHA
Sous-system e des cartes socio-econom iąues pour l’exploitation ratio n nelle de te rrain s r u r a u x ........................................................................................... 59
ANDRZEJ CIOŁKOSZ
La teledetection comme source d’inform ation pour la carto g raph ie th em a t i ą u e ..............................................................................................................................68
KRYSTYNA LADY DRUŻYCKA
JA CEK DOMAŃSKI
E laborations th e m atiąu e s du dom aine de l’analyse n u m eriąu e des im a­
ges de s a t e l l i t e ................................................................................................................ 78
JERZY ZW IERZYŃSKI
A ctualisatio n des cartes aux grandes e c h e l l e s ................................................. 93
CO
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13
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CTBeHH0r 0 njiaHMpoBaHMH................................................................
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K a p " .j j i h
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45
p a u iK H a jib iK J c o
M c n 0 J i Ł 3 0 B a H M a .c e j i b C K M j : n p o e r p a n C T B ..................................................
.
.
.
53
A H ^JK E tft H M O JIK O U I
^ M C T aH I^ M O H H O e 3 0 H 3 H p 0 B a H I i e
necK O M
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K a p T b i .......................................................................................................................
,a a H
TeMcTT A —
.
.
.
63
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HII.EK ftO M A H bC K M
T eM aT w necK M e
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C H H M K O B .............................................................................................................................................................. ...........
73
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OBHOBJleHHe KpyriHOMacuTa5Hbix K a p T ....................................
s p i s
t r e
S
c
. . .
:
BOGDAN NEY
I n s ty tu t G eodezji i K arto g rafii — jego p ro fil n aukcw y, b a d a a ia z d zie­
dziny k a rto g ra fii i aktyw ność m i ę d z y n a r o d o w a ...........................................
HENRYK ZENON K OW ALSKI
Z integro w any system pozyskiw ania, p rze tw arzan ia i zobrazow ania in ­
form acji k a r to g r a f ic z n y c h ............................
. . . . . . . .
JA N C IE SIE L SK I
M apy tem atyczne w system ie info rm acy jn y m teren o w eg o (miejscowego)
p lan o w an ia p r z e s t r z e n n e g o ................................................................
KRYSTYNA PODLACHA
P odsystem m ap społeczr.o-gospodarozych do potrzeb racjo n aln eg o ubyt­
ko w an ia obszarów w ie j s k ic li........................................................ .......
A N DRZEJ CIOŁKOSZ
T eledetekcja jako źródło inform acji dla k a rto g ra fii tem aty czn ej . . .
KRYSTYNA LADY DRUŻYCKA
JA CEK DOMAŃSKI
O pracow ania tem atyczne z zak resu an alizy cyfrow ej obra?ów s a te li­
ta rn y c h ...................................................................................................
.
.
JERZY ZW IERZYŃSKI
A k tu alizacja m ap w ielkoskalow ych . . . . . . .
.
.
7 P ra c e IG iK z. 1 to m X X IX
91
21
30
4S
S)
70
£0
£5
In d e k s 37357
PPW K , W arszaw a 1982 r. N akład 700+100 2gz., ark. wyd. 8, ark . d ru k u 6,25 P apier
d ruk. sat. kl. IIC 71 g, 7DXlO». O ddano do sk la ć u 12.XII.1981 r. Podpisano do d ru k u
v/ kw ietn iu 1£82 r. D ru k ukończono w m a ju 1982 r. Cena zł 48,—
ZGK_ Zakzad n r 5 -fy B ytom iu, zam. 9002 — 104