FULL TEXT - Antropomotoryka

NR 51
AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA
2010
PHYSICAL FITNESS PROGRESSION IN WOMEN
WITH OBESITY UNDER THE INFLUENCE
OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
POPRAWA SPRAWNOŚCI FIZYCZNEJ KOBIET
Z OTYŁOŚCIĄ POD WPŁYWEM REGULARNEJ
AKTYWNOŚCI RUCHOWEJ
Jan Ślężyński*, Ilona Ślężyńska**, Marzena Ślężyńska***
****Prof. dr. habil., the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
****MSc, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
****Student, the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
Key words: obesity, physical activity, healthy lifestyle
Słowa kluczowe: otyłość, aktywność fizyczna, zdrowy styl życia
SUMMARY • STRESZCZENIE
Cel pracy. Wykazać, że regularna aktywność ruchowa, w połączeniu z racjonalnym trybem życia, wpływa
korzystnie na poprawę sprawności fizycznej oraz redukcję tkanki tłuszczowej i zmniejszenie masy ciała kobiet
z otyłością.
Materiał i metody. Badaniom poddano 40 kobiet o różnym stopniu nadwagi i otyłości w wieku 20–55 lat;
średnia wieku 39,3 lat. Do pomiaru masy ciała i procentowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej w ustroju posłużyła
waga Tanita. Urządzenie wykorzystuje technikę impedancji bioelektrycznej. Przez 9 miesięcy badane kobiety
uczęszczały trzy razy w tygodniu na zajęcia ruchowe (aerobik i pływanie). Sprawność fizyczną oceniano próbami
sprawnościowymi wykonywanymi w maju 2002 roku i lutym 2003 roku, w skład których wchodziły: siady z leżenia,
skok w dal z miejsca, bieg wahadłowy 3 × 10 m i skłon w przód.
Wyniki. Badania wykazały, że 9-miesięczna regularna aktywność ruchowa w znacznym stopniu wpłynęła na
poprawę sprawności fizycznej oraz zmniejszenie procentowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej u badanych kobiet.
Wnioski. Pomiary somatyczne i sprawnościowe motywowały kobiety z nadwagą i otyłością do zaakceptowania,
wdrożenia i promowania aktywnego ruchowo stylu życia.
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Aim of the work. To prove that regular physical activity combined with rational lifestyle have positive influence on physical fitness improvement, adipose tissue reduction and weight loss in obese women.
Material and methods. The research was conducted on 40 women with different obesity degree, aged between 20–55; the average age 39.3. Body mass measurements and adipose tissue proportional measurements
were performed using the Tanita scales, the device that uses the bioelectrical impedance analysis. During the
9-month observation the subjects took part in physical activities (aerobic and swimming) three times a week.
Physical fitness was evaluated by the fitness tests in May 2002 and in February 2003. Sit-ups, standing long
jump, shuttle run agility test 3×10 m and forward bends were measured.
Results. The researchers showed that this 9-month period of regular physical activity had a significant impact
on the improvement of physical fitness and the reduction of adipose tissue among tested women.
Conclusions. Somatic and fitness measurements have motivated obese women to accept, implement
and promote healthy lifestyle.
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Jan Ślężyński, Ilona Ślężyńska, Marzena Ślężyńska
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Introduction
Obesity is the tendency to accumulate the fat tissue in
human body. It can be divided into 3 types which are
characterized by the increased number of fat cells
(hyperplasic obesity) or by the increased size of the
adiposities (hypertrophic obesity) or both of these tendencies (mixed obesity) [1, 2] . Normal proportion of
adipose tissue in adult women should be 12–16% and
in men 12–14% of total body mass. Obesity in men is
diagnosed when the adipose tissue exceeds 25% and
in women when it exceeds 30% of body mass.
There are several methods of obesity and overweight evaluation. Most common in use is body mass
index, calculated with formula: BMI= body mass in kilos/ (height in meters). The World Health Organisation
(WHO) has accepted the following body mass index
classification: the norm → overweight (20–24.9 kg/m2)
→ obesity I° (30–34.9 kg/m2) → obesity II° (35–39.9
kg/m2) → and obesity III° (over 40 kg/m2).
Fat deposition can be also evaluated by the skin
folds thickness, usually measured below the shoulder
blade, over the triceps brachii and in the abdomen.
Body mass is usually controlled by the traditional
scales which are not sensitive enough to measure fat
deposition in the body. Therefore, it should be emphasized that the real danger is not the weight (over normal
body mass) but excessive fat deposition. Reduction
of adipose tissue that usually goes hand in hand with
weight loss is the main goal of balanced diet and physical activity.
Fast working so-called ‘magic diets’, although lower
body mass, but by reducing muscle mass and by body
dehydration. Those who exercise systematically can
be dissatisfied with the slow pace of weight loss, since
the reduction of fat tissue is usually combined with the
increase of muscle mass. The ‘average‘ scales do not
distinguish it. The latest technique of body tissue constituents evaluation is bioelectrical impedance analysis
which send a weak, safe electric current through body
tissues. In this way, thanks to such devices as Tanita,
body mass weight as well as fat, muscle and water deposition in human body can be evaluated.
There are several obesity classifications. Anthropometrical measurements describe the waist-to-hip ratio
(WHR ratio). This way gynoid obesity (pear-like), characteristic for women, is described: rounded hips, more
fat located in the upper part of the body, buttocks, and
thighs. Android (visceral) obesity (apple-like) is characteristic for men.
Visceral obesity (apple-type) is diagnosed when the
WHR ratio is equal or higher than 0.8 in women and
1.0 in men. If the ratio is below 0.8 in women and 1.0 in
men, the gynoid obesity (pear-type) is diagnosed [2].
Increased adipose tissue mass that causes overweight or obesity also contributes to various metabolic,
functional and organic disorders, especially in motor
system and circulatory system.
Obesity is connected with more frequent occurrence
of such diseases as diabetes type 2, hypertension, hyperlipidosis (the ratio between ‘good’ cholesterol HDL
and ‘bad’ LDL is important), cerebral haemorrhage,
ischemic heart disease, cholecystolithiasis, arthrosis
– especially gonarthrosis and spondyloarthrosis and
aricose veins of the lower extremities [3, 4, 5].
Basic obesity treatments:
1. Diet – aside from low calorie food it is recommended fat and monosaccharide intake reduction together with great increase of vegetables and fruits
intake. The diet should consist of 30–50% protein,
25% fats and 25–40% carbohydrates.
2. Physical activity – apart from diet and physical activity – is the fundamental component of slimming
diet; it increases metabolism and eliminates metabolic dysfunctions.
3. Pharmacological treatment – it is used when BMI
exceeds 30.
4. Surgical treatment – is used when BMI exceeds
40.
5. Psychological stimulation – increases the therapy
efficacy regardless of the body mass reduction and
changes in nutrition habits.
Proper physical activity can regulate body mass,
equalize energy balance and diminish the risk of
obesity-accompanying diseases. The higher physical
activity – the more reduction in body mass can be expected.
Body mass reduction is possible under condition that
physical activity is combined with proper diet and doing exercises with the intensity around 70% of maximal
oxygen uptake (VO2 max). As we understand, physical
activity is every physical exertion of the skeletal muscles
with energetic expenditure over the static level or indispensible for sustaining vital body functions.
Regular physical exercise is usually accompanied
with profitable changes in the body, which are essential
elements in obesity prevention and treatment. Physical
activity can be spontaneous or organized, programmed.
Highly recommended are: energetic march, jogging
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Physical fitness progression in women with obesity under the influence of regular physical activity
and jogtrot, cycling, sport games, gymnastics, swimming, rowing, aerobic, ski running, hiking and mountain
hiking.
Elderly people should avoid exercises with sudden
body movements, excessive loads on joints and exertions with head upside down. Before starting physical
exercising, physical efficiency should be evaluated.
In case of circulatory insufficiency, ischemic heart
disease, hypertension, acute infections, unstabilized diabetes – excessive physical exertion is contraindicated.
Physical activity is an essential element of healthy lifestyle. Obesity reduces life expectancy for 10–12 years.
People with body mass lower for about 10% live longer.
Suffering from overweight and obese bear additional
costs of every physical exertion after its finishing [4, 6].
Movement therapy can be effective in moderate
obesity. In massive obesity the therapy must be combined with adequate diet and intensive physical exercises. The extreme forms of obesity are treated mainly
with dietetic and pharmacological or sometimes surgical treatment [3, 6].
Thanks to physical activity increase it is possible to
maintain the energy without strict diet which may cause
some nutritional deficiency. Physical activity is the
physiological must from early childhood to old age as it
stimulates physical and psychological development and
favours human vitality. The basis of movement is the
activity of the skeletal muscles that intensifies metabolism. The researches have proved that obesity causes
negative health consequences and physical activity is
a great chance for positive changes. Positive influence
of physical activity in human body is more and more
appreciated in contemporary civilization [7–17].
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Research objective
The objective of the research was to evaluate tissue
components, especially the level of physical fitness in
women with overweight and obesity before and after
their 9-month participation in fitness improving exercises. Suitable chosen efficiency tests were to diagnose
and control changes related to this physical activity. It
was also important to create a motivation of self-aware
physical fitness stimulation and healthy life promotion.
Materials and research methods
The research was conducted on 40 women with different obesity degree, aged between 20–55 (the average
age 39.3) who took part in the movement therapy in
‘Plus-size Club’ in Knurów. The therapy was held three
times a week for one hour (swimming and aerobic) during the period of 9 months.
Among the subjects there were 72% married women, 23% unmarried women and 5% widows. The families of 3 persons (44%) and of 4 persons (33%) were in
majority with few exceptions of the numerous families
(18%) and of 2 persons families (5%). The workingclass origin was dominant (47%) subsequently there
was intellectual-class origin (28%) and rural origin
(25%). Most of the participants completed secondary education (52%) and had higher education (25%),
only a few of them had elementary education (15%)
and incomplete higher education (8%). On the basis of
waist-to-hip ratio the WHR ratio was calculated, and as
a result 29 women were classified as having visceral
(androidal) obesity and 11 women as having gynoid
obesity.
For the measurements of the body mass and the
percentage of adipose tissue was used the Tanita scale
which uses – as it has been mentioned before – the
bioelectrical impedance analysis. The measurements
were taken twice: in May and in November 2002.
For physical fitness evaluation, which took place
in May 2002 and in February 2003, the fitness tests
including the measures of sit-ups, standing long jump,
shuttle run test and forward bends1 were used.
Method of fitness tests performance:
1. Sit-ups (strength) – lying down on back, legs bent
at 90-degree angle in knee-joint, feet spread at the
width of about 30 cm, hands with intertwined fingers
and placed under the head, the partner on knees
between the recumbent person’s feet, pressing
them to the mattress. On the signal, the recumbent
person touched knees with elbows, and after that
she immediately returned to recumbent position to
enable her intertwined fingers contact with the floor
and anew was doing sit-up without pushing herself
back with elbows off the mattress. The number of
sit-ups properly done in 30 seconds was registered.
2. Standing long jump (force) – tested person stood
astride with feet parallel to the fixed line, next slightly
leaned the torso forward, bent legs (not more than
90-degree) simultaneously waving arms forward
and vigorously rebounded from the floor to make
the longest jump. One out of three jumps, measured
1
The tests were taken from International Physical Fitness Test [18] with
slight modifications.
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Jan Ślężyński, Ilona Ślężyńska, Marzena Ślężyńska
to the closest trace left by the hill, was registered
(in centimetres).
3. Shuttle run 3 × 10 meters (agility) – running from
standing position from the start-line to pole B, located 10 meters from the start-line, next running
around it – returning to the start line, where “field A”
was located, again running around it and running
back to “field B” were was the finishing line. The
fastest result out of two runs was registered with up
to 0,1 sec. accuracy.
4. Forward bend (flexibility) – the tested person was
standing at the elevation with toes at the verge of
that elevation, feet together, legs straight in kneejoints. In this position the person was doing forward bend trying to reach with fingers the lowest
line with the scale and hold this position for 2 sec.
The centimetre scale was placed perpendicularly to
the elevation surface. The elevation, on which the
tested person was standing, was marked as 0, over
the elevation was the positive scale and below the
negative scale. Better score out of two was registered.
Furthermore, from May 2002 till March 2003 in two-month intervals the measurements of chest, hips and
waist ambit as well as the measurements of body weight
were taken. Systematic measurements enabled to control adipose tissue loss in specific body parts and were
encouraging factors in continue physical exertion.
In March 2003, the participants were asked to fill
in the questionnaire for informative and preventive purposes. The questionnaire played important role in recognizing the habits and demeanours influencing positively or negatively on overweight or obesity.
The data of measurements was statistically com–) and standard
piled to calculate arithmetic means (x
deviation (s) as well as variation coefficient (V). The
differences relevance of arithmetic means was evalu-
ated by the Student’s t-test. Two relevance levels were
taken: p < 0.01 and p < 0.05.
The main findings
In May 2002 following degrees of obesity were identified among tested women: 12.5% in the standard; 45%
on the border of the normal, close to obesity; 25% obesity I°; and 17.5% obesity II°, while in March 2003 this
proportion positively changed: 17.5% in the standard,
47.5% before obesity, 25% obesity I°; and 10% obesity II° (Table 1).
Average height of examined women was 163.5 cm.
The measurements of tissue components were made
twice, using Tanita scales: in May and in November
2002. After half a year of physical exercises (twice
a week aerobic and once a week aqua aerobic) in
women with different obesity degrees following features were reduced: body mass BMI, the basal metabolism, body impedance for electric impulse flow,
adipose tissue mass, tissue-free total body mass and
general body water volume. In May 2002 average BMI
was 29.87 and in November 2002 – 28.92 unit measurement (Table 2).
Proportionally to body mass the basal metabolic
rate BMR was lowered. It evaluates the metabolism in
repose, and indispensable energy expenditure for sustaining basic vital functions. In May 2002 BMR rate was
1546 kcal and in November 2002 –1511 kcal.
Simultaneously with adipose tissue loss the body
impedance for electric impulse flow was also lowered.
The muscles acts as electrical while tissue as resistor;
the less tissue content the lower is the body impedance.
In May 2002 average was 464.8 Ω, and in November
2002–475,9 Ω. There was also slight adipose tissue
loss. Fat mass in total body mass was in May 2002 –
36.9% and in November – 36.2%,
Table 1. Obesity degrees in examined women determined by Body Mass Index
May 2002
March 2003
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Obesity degree
%
n
%
Normal
5
12.5
7
17.5
Overweight
18
45.0
19
47.5
Obesity I°
10
25.0
10
25.0
Obesity II°
7
17.5
4
10.0
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n
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Physical fitness progression in women with obesity under the influence of regular physical activity
Table 2. Somatic features of the examined women in May 2002 (I) and October 2003 (II)
Feature
Examination
Min–max
x
s
V
I
59.1–105.3
79.95
11.53
14.45
II
57.7–101.7
77.19
11.05
14.31
I
22.0–39.7
29.87
4.32
14.46
II
21.7–39.7
28.92
4.22
14.59
I
5277–7511
6469
509
7.87
II
5221–7261
6323
462
7.31
I
1261–1795
1546
121
7.87
II
1248–1736
1511
110
7.31
I
304–600
464.8
70.9
15.25
II
344–578
475.9
59.3
12.56
I
41.6–60.9
50.10
4.58
9.14
II
41.2–57.4
48.79
3.87
7.93
I
26.2–46.8
36.88
5.19
14.07
II
25.6–46.2
36.22
5.50
15.18
I
16.4–44.4
29.81
7.91
26.53
II
15.7–45.6
28.51
8.12
28.48
I
30.5–44.6
37.05
3.04
8.20
Body mass in kg
Body mass index
Basal metabolism in kJ
Basal metabolism in kcal
Body impendence
Fat free body mass
Body fat percentage
Adipose tissue mass
Body water volume
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t
–2.76
0.987
–0.95
0.85
–146
1.32
–35
1.32
11.1
0.74
–1.31
1.36
–0.66
0.54
–1.30
0.71
–1.34
II
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d
30.2–42.0
Hence it can be concluded that the percentage of
fat mass in total body mass was reduced. Similar effect
was observed in tissue mass; before starting physical
activity the average was 29.8 kg and in November 2002
– 28.5 kg. Accordingly, slight reduction in tissue of the
examined women was observed.
Fat-free body mass was also measured (muscles,
internal organs, bones and water) and it also underwent positive changes; in May 2002 it was average
50.1% and in November 2002 it was lowered to 48.8%.
General body water volume measurements were also
significant as it composed of 50–70% of total body
mass. Higher hydration level is observed in men than
in women what is connected to their bigger muscle
mass. Fluctuations of body hydration are physiological
and dependent mainly on nourishment and physical
35.71
2.81
2.02
7.86
activity. Among examined women following volumes
of body water were registered: in May 2002 – 37.0 kg,
in November 2002 – 35.7 kg. Therefore, general body
water volume was reduced.
Summarizing, it is should be stated that under the
influence of physical activity during those 6 months the
body mass and the BMI was reduced. Proportionally to
lower body mass, the basal metabolism was lowered.
Comparing the proportional tissue content in total body
mass in May 2002 and November 2002 it is resulted
that in majority of the women (28) it was lowered.
Similar observations were made to tissue mass.
Therefore, physical activity has brought the expected
effects to those women.
Physical efficiency examinations (table 3) have revealed that systematic movement exercises significant-
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Jan Ślężyński, Ilona Ślężyńska, Marzena Ślężyńska
Table 3. Physical efficiency in May 2002 and February 2003 (II)
Feature
Examination
Min–max
x
s
V
I
8–22
15.95
3.46
21.69
II
12–25
18.87
3.32
17.59
I
110–170
136
15
11.02
II
100–190
146
20
13.69
I
–18–15
3.33
7.72
231.83
II
–15–19
4.75
9.75
205.26
I
10.1–15.5
12.28
0.81
6.59
II
10.2–14.0
11.61
0.76
6.54
Sit-ups – strength
Standing long jump – force
Forward bend – flexibility
Shuttle run test – agility
d*
t
2.92
3.80
10
2.49
1.42
0.71
–0.67
3.76
* the differences (d) which are significant on level 0.01 were distinguished with bold print and on level 0.05 with italics
ly improved abdominal muscle strength of participants,
and that was confirmed by the increase in average
sit-ups number between the scores in May 2002 (15.9)
and November 2002 (18.9).
The researchers observed significant improvement
in examined women’s force: in May 2002 the average score of standing long jumps was 136 cm and in
November 2002 – 146 cm. The slight progress in agility
(forward bend) was also made: from 3.33 cm to 4.75
cm in February 2003. Examined women significantly
improved the results in shuttle run test 3 × 10 m (agility): in May 2002 the average score was 12.3 sec. while
in February 2003 it was 11.6 sec. Most of the subjects
(36) obtained better results and only few of them (4) had
worse results.
Summing up all results of efficiency tests it should be
stressed significant agility, force and strength improvement and slight flexibility improvement. Regular 9-month
physical activity, apparently has lead to versatile physical
effectiveness improvement in examined women.
Conclusions
The research allows to formulate following conclusions:
1. Physical activity turned out to be a significant factor to counteract obesity. Among women who were
exercising, the body mass was lowered as well as
the breast ambit and waist ambit and slightly hips
ambit. Adipose tissue was reduced together with
slightly fat-free body mass reduction.
2. Under the influence of physical activity the movement activity was improved significantly: strength,
agility, force and slightly flexibility. Better physical
fitness is simultaneously better life comfort.
3. Rational lifestyle and physical activity influenced
positively on reduction of overweight and obesity.
Somatic and fitness measurements have motivated
women with obesity to healthy acceptance, implementation and promotion of healthy lifestyle.
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