LIST T OF ARTI ICLES IN CZASOPIS SMO PSYC 1996 CHOLOGIC

1
LIST
T OF ARTIICLES IN CZASOPIS
SMO PSYC
CHOLOGIC
CZNE – PS
SYCHOLOG
GICAL JOU
URNAL (CP
PPJ)
1996
1996 VOLUME
E 2 (1)
7-30
31-35
37-46
Janusz Reykkowski, Instytut Psychologii PA
AN, Warszawa
Poziom poliitycznego myśllenia a rozwiązzywanie społeccznych zadań koordynacyjny
k
ych
THE LEVEL
LS OF POLITIICAL THINKIN
NG AND SOLU
UTION OF SOCIAL COORDINATION TASSKS
There are tw
wo prototypical forms of manaaging the social coordination taasks (such as) organization
o
of collective actio
on, regulation of
o access
to available goods, managging everyday relations
r
betweeen group's meembers): one iss based on the principle of hierarchy
h
(authooritarian
nciple of equallity (democratic coordination). It can be ppostulated that successful dem
mocratic
coordinationn) and the othher on the prin
coordinationn depends on thhe developmentt of certain cogn
gnitive instrumeents (social persspective, decent
ntration) related to the advanceement of
conceptual rrepresentation of
o the political process. In thee present study we have focuseed on a specificc instance of su
uch representatiion, i. e.
on the characteristics of the
t popular con
ncept of democcracy. The ressearch consisted
d in the longittudinal study (by means of specially
s
n, SES, and ppolitical involv
vement. The foollowing
developed ppaper and penccil techniques)) of 160 adultts differing in their education
conclusions have been reacched: 1) the diffferences in inteerpretation of th
he concept of democracy
d
refleect different staages of developpment of
g, two major sttages can be id
dentified: lowerr and higher, aand a transition
n stage; 2) the level of
the politicall thinking; geneerally speaking
developmennt of political thhinking is related to education aand participatio
on in democratic institutions; 33) people repressenting the highher level
of political tthinking are less likely to accep
pt infringementts on democratiic institutions and 4) are less liikely to supportt non-democrattic styles
and strategiies of social coordination,
c
su
uch as unilater
eral imposition of one's will,, contentious sstrategies in conflict situatioons. The
interpretatioon of the results emphasize the role of the devvelopment of deecentration in po
olitical thinkingg.
Key words: political thinkiing, social coorrdination, sociall tasks
wski, Warszawa
Jan Strelau, Wydział Psychhologii, Uniwerrsytet Warszaw
ndywidualne i wynikające
w
stąąd konsekwenccje społeczne
Psychologicczne różnice in
INDIVIDUA
AL PSYCHOLO
OGICAL DIFF
FERENCES AN
ND THEIR SOC
CIAL CONSEQ
QUENCES
The article ddeals with indiividual differen
nces and their ssocial context. It is postulated
d that individuaal differences are
a caused in thhe same
degree by ggenetic and sociial factors. Botth of them playy a crucial role in understandiing human behhavior but only in combinationn and in
mutual mann-environment relationships.
r
The
T author queestions the assu
umption accord
ding to which tthe genetically determined inndividual
differences m
may alone consstitute the groun
nd on which to ddiscriminate po
ower for individ
duals or social ggroups.
Key words: individual diffferences, psycho
ological differeences, social con
nsequences
Robert Roseenthal, Departm
ment of Psycholo
ogy, Harvard U
University, Cam
mbridge
Nauka a etyyka w przeprow
wadzaniu bada
ań psychologiccznych oraz an
nalizowaniu i przedstawianiu
p
u ich wyników
AL RESEARC
SCIENCE A
AND ETHICS IN
I CONDUCTIING, ANALYZ
ZING, AND RE
EPORTING PSYCHOLOGICA
CH
The relationnship between scientific qualiity and ethical quality is con
nsidered for thrree aspects of the research process: conducct of the
research, datta analysis, andd reporting of results. In the arrea of conductiing research, isssues discussed involve design
n, recruitment, causism,
c
scientific quuality, and costts and utilities. The discussionn of data analy
ysis considers data
d dropping, data exploitatiion, and meta-aanalysis.
Issues regarrding reporting of results inclu
ude misrepreseentation of find
dings, misrepressentation of creedit, and failure to report resuults as a
result of selff-censoring andd external censo
oring.
Key words: science, psychhological condu
ucting, psycholoogical research, research reportting
2
47-59
Kazimierz Obuchowski, Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań
Jednostka ludzka
THE HUMAN BEING
Biological, social and psychological approaches to the human being are now more and more coherent as a result of the application of
interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks. The longest history has the social approach related to interconnections between the human nature
and social conditions. Three concepts are the subject of analysis: the human being as a puppet, the human being as belonging to its social
role and the human as an intentional being. The last concept emerged about 50 years ago as a result of the "subject's revolution", but all
concepts mentioned above are currently accepted. The paper deals also with the ways in which modern concepts of personality are
developing. New is the proposition related to the role of private tasks, sense of life, psychological distance and psychological approach.
The proposed definition concentrates on the human being his/her own needs and desires, and who develops in the direction established by
his/her private sense of life.
Key words: human being, psychological approaches, theoretical frameworks
3
1996 VOLUME
E 2 (2)
77-80
81-100
Augustyn Baańka, Uniwersyytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, P
Poznań
Psychologiaa jako dyscypliina naukowa, profesjonalna
p
i etyczna
PSYCHOLO
OGY AS SCIEN
NTIFIC, PROF
FESSIONAL, A
AND ETHIC DIISCIPLINE
Edditorial n
note
Od Redakcjji
Augustyn Baańka, Uniwersyytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, P
Poznań
0 profesjonaalizmie psychoologicznym i jeego związkach z nauką oraz etyką
e
PSYCHOLO
OGICAL PROF
FESSIONALISM AND ITS R
RELATIONSHIPS WITH SCIE
ENCE AND ET
THICS
The article eexamines the isssue of disunity
y within the disscipline of psycchology, within
n the professionn of psychology
y, and between the two.
References aare made to tennsions that have existed betweeen academic-sciientific model and
a professionaal psychology th
hroughout the history
h
of
psychology. The emphasiss, however, is on
o more recentt postmodern changes
c
and theeir implications
ns for the profeession of psychhology in
p
new laaw regulations. The author ou
utlines importan
nt issues that hhave an impactt on current annd future
Poland in thhe context of planned
psychological education. The
T mutuality of
o science and practice is emp
phasized. It is argued that thee processes of professionaliza
p
ation in a
psychology in Poland demand task force to study speciaalty designation
n system. This includes
i
identiffying and speciifying of the knnowledge
and skills required to certiffy minimal com
mpetence. It is aalso argued that ethical codes must
m be recogniized as social constructions, thhe results
fied behaviors an
and constraints imposed
i
by the society.
of tensions bbetween professsionally identifi
Key words: psychological professionalism
m, science, ethiccs
Martin E.P. Seligman, Uniw
wersity of Penssylwania
kietowe Consu
umer Reports
101-113 Skutecznośćć psychoterapiii. Badania ank
THE EFFEC
CTIVENESS OF
O PSYCHOTH
HERAPY. THE CONSUMER REPORTS STU
UDY
Consumer R
Reports (1995, November)
N
pub
blished an articcle which conclluded that patieents benefited vvery substantiallly from psychootherapy,
that long-terrm treatment didd considerably better than shoort-term treatmeent, and that psy
ychotherapy aloone did not difffer in effectivenness from
psychotherappy plus mediaacation. Furtheermore, no speecific modality
y of psychotheerapy did betteer than any other
o
for any disorder;
d
psychologistts, psychiatristss and social wo
orkers did not ddiffer in their effectiveness
e
as treaters; and aall did better th
han marriage coounselors
and long terrm family docttoring. Patients whose length of therapy or choice of theraapist was limitted by insurancce or managed care did
worse. The m
methodologicall virtues and drawbacks of thiss large-scale su
urvey are examiined and contraasted with the more
m
traditionall efficacy
study in whiich patients aree randomized in
nto a manualizeed, fixed duratiion treatment or
o into control ggroups. I concllude that the CR
R survey
complementts the efficacy method,
m
and thaat the best featuures of these tw
wo methods can
n be combined iinto a more ideal method that will best
provide emppirical validation of psychotherrapy.
Key words: Consumer Repports, surveys, psychotherapy
p
effectiveness
Jan Strelau, Wydział Psychhologii, Uniwerrsytet Warszaw ski, Warszawa
115-118
8 Kilka uwagg dotyczących oceny
o
projektó
ów badawczych
h rozpatrywan
nych w ramach
h Komitetu Baddań Naukowycch
SEVERAL R
REMARKS RE
EGARDING TH
HE EVALUAT
TION OF RESE
EARCH PROJE
ECTS CONSIDE
ERED BY THE
E NATIONAL
RESEARCH
H COMMITTEE
A special role in promotingg science and sccientists has beeen ascribed to grants
g
awarded by the Nationaal Research Com
mmittee (NRC)). Taking
wing manuscrippts aimed forr publication, selected
as a startinng point the experience acccumulated duuring the proccess of review
recommendaations have beeen given for asseessment criteriaa to be used wh
hen evaluating research
r
projectts competing fo
or grants awardeed by the
NRC.
Key words: research projects, evaluation, national researrch committee
4
Janusz Reykowski, PAN, Warszawa
119-123 O ocenie projektów badawczych
HOW TO EVALUATE GRANT PROPOSALS
The existing procedure of evaluation of grant proposals submitted to the KBN (State Committee for Scientific Research) has serious
shortcomings such as lack of clear definition of requirements for applicants, lack of correspondence between the questionnaires for
applicants and for reviewers, inadequate form of the final evaluation required by the grant agency, inadequate communication with
applicants etc. The paper contains a number of recommendations how to change the existing system. The recommendations deal with four
issues: the content of grant proposal (requirements for applicant), criteria of grant evaluation, formulation of final recommendation for the
agency, conveying information to applicant.
Key words: grant evaluation, procedures, proposals
Jerzy Brzeziński, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań
125-135 Kryteria oceny projektów badawczych (empirycznych) w psychologii
EVALUATION CRITERIA OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH GRANT PROPOSALS
The article describes new evaluation principles of empirical research project proposals in psychology. The author as an experienced
member of the Section of Social Sciences of The State Committee for Scientific Research argues that the procedure of allocating funds to
conduct psychological empirical studies should be based on objective criteria. These are contained in two new questionnaires and checklists specially designed for applicants and for the reviewer. The new form of reliable evaluation of the proposals concerns several questions:
What? How? Who? When? What costs? Both sheets are presented in the appendix to the article.
Key words: empirical research grants, evaluation criteria
Włodzimierz Szewczuk, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
137-138 Pierwsza pracownia psychologiczna w Polsce. Komentarz do artykułu R. Stachowskiego pt. „Początki polskiego
czasopiśmiennictwa psychologicznego"
THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY IN POLAND. REPLAY TO R.STACHOWSKTS ARTICLE
Among Polish histographers of psychology, there is a prevailing opinion that the first Polish psychological laboratory was established by
Kazimierz Twardowski at King Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów in 1898. The author struggles with that stereotype and argues that the
first Polish psychological laboratory was organized earlier by a professor of the Jagiellonian University, Władysław Heinrich in Kraków.
Key words: psychological laboratory, Kazimierz Twardowski,
139-142 KRONIKA
Józef Nawrocki, Instytut Pedagogiczno-Artystyczny UAM, Kalisz
Sześćdziesięciolecie Polskiej Psychologii Humanistycznej. Koncepcja Leopolda Blausteina
60th ANNIVERSARY OF POLISH HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY. THE THEORY OF LEOPOLD BLAUSTEIN
The article analyzes Leopold Blaustein's inquiries concerning the concept of humanistic psychology. The author provides evidence that
L.Blaustein had introduced a theory of humanistic psychology thirty years before A.Maslow and C.Rogers.
5
1996 VOLUME
E 2 (3)
Tomasz Zaleeśkiewicz, Zakłaad Psychologii Zarządzania, P
Politechnika Wrrocławska, Wro
ocław
153-159 Wymiary percepcji ryzyk
ka w inwestowa
aniu pieniędzyy
DIMENSIONS OF RISK PERCEPTION
P
IN MONEY IN
NVESTMENT
The paper atttempts to charracterize perceiv
ved financial innvestment risk using several dimensions
d
deveeloped during investigations
i
m
made
by
Paul Slovic and his group in
i the field of ecological
e
and hhealth risk. Thee author proposses also some nnew scales whicch can be imporrtant for
o financial risk. Participants inn the study werre 130 students aged 21.1, on tthe average, (SD
D=2.7) who completed
understandinng perception of
a survey insttrument that eliicited ratings fo
or each of 9 invvestment possib
bilities on 13 ch
haracteristic scaales. Factor analysis showed thhat there
are three im
mportant dimensions of investtment risk percception: 1) know
wn risk, 2) cerrtainty of profitits and 3) reverrsibility of lossses. The
results also enabled the authors
a
to draw
w a conclusionn that Ss categ
gorized every investment
i
posssibility into th
hree groups: 1) stable
s
market (m
most risky), 3) saving
s
money (m
most safe).
investment ppossibilities, 2) investing in a stock
Key words: risk perceptionn, psychologicaal dimensions, m
money investmeent
Alina Kolańczyk, Uniwersyytet Gdański, Gdańsk
Alicja Dembbowska, Uniwerrsytet Gdański, Gdańsk
Anna Krysińńska, Uniwersyttet Gdański, Gd
dańsk
161-182 Dwa sposob
by przeżywaniaa emocji a efek
kty asymilacji i kontrastu
ASSIMILAT
TION AND CO
ONTRAST EFF
FECTS AND TW
F EMOTION EXPERIENCE
E
WO WAYS OF
Two ways oof emotion expeerience from th
he position of aan actor (the staate of association with the expperience) and from
f
the positioon of an
observer (thhe state of dissoociation with the experience) w
were explored and
a explained in terms of co-ooperation of thrree behavior reggulating
systems. Thhe authors desscribed a system of: 1) preeinterpretative information in
ntegration, 2) rational inform
mation processsing, 3)
consciousneess that coordinaates the activity
y of systems 1 aand 2. This artiicle reports two
o studies (a piloot study and thee major study) in which
the process oof emotional eppisode's recallin
ng was being m
manipulated; thee techniques off Neurolinquistiic Programming
g were used in order to
place the subbject in the possition of an actor or an observver. It was exam
mined whether the succeedingg free recalled events
e
were afffectively
conformablee (an assimilatioon effect) or no
ot (a contrast efffect). The resullts were explain
ned in terms off the extent to which
w
the subjeccts were
conscious off the changes in
i preinterpretaative and rationnal processing of
o information. It was the meeasure of regulaating „impact" of both
behaviour reegulating system
ms since each of
o them is charaacterized by sp
pecific long term
m memory. Asssimilation and contrast
c
effectss depend
on memory (and its features) involved and
d on the subjectts' susceptibility
y to experimental manipulationn (on intuitiveness and rationallity).
Key words: assimilation, contrast
c
effects, emotional exp erience
Waldemar D
Domachowski, Instytut
I
Psychologii Uniwersyttet im. Adama Mickiewicza,
M
Poznań
P
183-188 Gesty i ich zznaczenie we współczesnej
w
Polsce
P
GESTURES
S AND THEIR MEANING IN
N CONTEMPOR
RARY POLAN
ND
The paper presents the resuults of a study on
o gestures' disstribution and th
heir meanings in
i western parts
ts of Poland. A set of twenty gestures,
g
selected by Desmond Morrris's team for research in Weestern Europe and the Mediteerranean was uused. A researcch team involveed eight
people. Fieldd studies were conducted in fo
ourteen large annd small cities of western Polaand. About 4200 people were interviewed. Thhey were
shown twentty photographss of key gesturees presented in tthe book by D. Morris et al. (1979) and weree asked to answ
wer two questioons: 1. Is
this gesture used in this areea?; 2. In your opinion,
o
what ddoes this gesturee mean? The su
ubjects were midddle-age men, sitting in publicc places.
d extend beyon
nd the border off the area coverred by Morris's team in
It was expeccted that the stuudy would serve two purposess. First, it would
their unique study. Second, it would show
w if there was aany similarity between
b
the meaanings of the ge
gestures in the region
r
and the gestures'
g
M
team's sttudy that were tthe points of reference.
meanings inn any zone of Morris's
Key words: gestures, meanning, contemporary Poland
6
Adam Tarnowski, Zakład Psychologii, Wojskowy Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej, Warszawa
Jan Terelak, Zakład Psychologii, Wojskowy Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej, Warszawa
189-194 Okoruchowy mechanizm uwagi w sytuacji decyzyjnej
OCUMULATOR MECHANISM OF ATTENTION IN DECISIVE SITUATION
A visual attention processes are related to individual differences between people. In a model of eye movements proposed by Fisher (Fisher,
Weber, 1994) an important phase of saccade generation is decision making. In this point we found the interaction between visual
processing and non- visual variables, such as motivation. In an experiment, 32 males was motivated to seek particular information on
computer display. Reaction times of saccadic eye movements (SRT) were registered under motivation and in neutral situation. We found
an influence of motivation on SRT in conditions demanding attention disengagement. When visual attention was disengaged motivation
had no relation to saccadic reaction time. Results of experiment confirmed that the process of voluntary attention disengagement is related
to individual differences.
Key words: ocumulator mechanism, attention, motivation, decision
Elżbieta Hornowska, Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań
195-198 Krzywa gładka (The Bell Curve). Czy jest to wyrok dla życia społecznego współczesnej Ameryki?
THE BELL CURVE. IS IT A SENTENCE FOR THE SOCIAL LIFE IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICA?
In the paper, the author is presenting her view on Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's "The Bell Curve. Intelligence and Class
Structure in American Life", published by Free Press in 1994. This is clearly the most incendiary monograph in social science to appear in
the last decade or more. In form it is a model of academic etiquette, but it is only an etiquette. The author is discussing in a more detailed
way with one of its basic premises, that properly administered IQ tests are not demonstrably biased against social, economic, ethnic, or
racial groups. She is showing the problem of test and item bias in some perspectives.
Key words: Bell Curve, social life, IQ tests
Wojciech Cwalina, Zakład Psychologii Przemysłowej, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, Lublin
199-205 Poczucie efektywności pracy i patologia ról zawodowych w zakładzie przemysłowym
PERCEIVED JOB EFFECTIVENESS AND JOB ROLES PATHOLOGY IN INDUSTRY
The article presents the analysis of the correlations between the perceived job effectiveness of industry employees and the pathology
(conflict, ambiguity, overload) of their job roles. Differences in the intensity of the perceived job effectiveness and the problems with
sending roles by the employees of one of the five subsystems of the company – production, adaptation, borders, administration and
management – were also examined. Perceived Job Effectiveness Scale and Perception of Organizational Stress Questionnaire were used for
the examination. 50 employees of a big industrial plant were tested. Significant negative correlation between perceived job effectiveness
and perceived ambiguity of job roles were found. Significant statistical differences in different role conflict and role ambiguity perception
of the employees of different subsystems of the company were also found.
Key words: job effectiveness, perception, pathology