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HEALTH AND WELLNESS 1/2015
WELLNESS AND HEALTH
CHAPTER XVI
1
Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Kielce, Poland,
Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielach,
Wydział nauk o Zdrowiu, Kielce
2
Pomeranian Medical Univeristy in Szczecin,
Department of Public Heath, Szczecin, Poland
Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie,
Department of Public Heath, Szczecin
GRAŻYNA NOWAK-STARZ1, EWA ZIĘBA1,
AGNIESZKA STRZELECKA1, BEATA KARAKIEWICZ2
Changes in biological development of newborns
in the light of selected conditions
– from an auxological perspective
Zmiany w rozwoju biologicznym noworodków
w świetle wybranych uwarunkowań - w perspektywie auxologicznej
Key words: newborns, acceleration
Słowa kluczowe: noworodki, akceleracja, rozwój fizyczny
INTRODUCTION
Presently the scope of auxlogy scientific knowledge encompasses not only issues
concerning genetic conditions, paragenetic conditions and environmental processes
of personal development but also health promotion and methods of controlling changes taking place in ontogenesis [1,2,3,4,5]. These methods are still indispensable in
ontogenetic development prognosis and diagnosing, but also in controlling the effectiveness of therapeutic, correctional or rehabilitative actions. This is especially significant in face of the presently shaping demographical situation.
Wellness and health
The Swietokrzyskie Region, previously named Kielecczyzna, is, in this respect,
an extraordinarily interesting research area. Research was conducted in 1882 by Suligowski and was continued for years by many researchers [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. In
literature devoted to changes in secular and accelerative growth in the Swietokrzyskie
Region, there is a complete lack of research into changes in the biological development of newborns. Only recently, attempts have been undertaken to fill this gap.
Unfortunately, it is impossible to reach back to an earlier period, as in the case of other
analyses, since documentation was destroyed in fifteen-year intervals.
The aim of the hereby presented research was to state the changes in hight and
body mass, depending on the influence of selected paragenetic factors.
METHOD AND MATERIALS
The presented research was based on materials from the years 1970 and 2010. It
encompasses newborns from the Swietokrzyskie Region. The analyses embrace only
those features which are documented in neonates' records. Body length and weightat-birth, relevant to the subject of the research, were taken into consideration. Since
records contain a number of social and demographical data, comparisons include the
age and social background of mothers, the week of pregnancy as well as the order of
pregnancy and order of labour.
Analyses were also carried out in relation to mothers' place of residence. The author's own research included the comparisons of physical development of newborns
in Kielce from the years 1970 and 2010. A total of 3911 neonates were examined,
including 1869 (47.8%) born in 1970 and 2042 (52.2%) born in 2010. Data describing
the origin of newborns' mothers was divided into two groups: mothers from urban
areas and mothers from rural areas.
The research material was verified and grouped according to selected variables.
The Statistica Polonia package was used for statistical analysis. Acquired data was
verified and analysed. Arithmetical mean ( x ), standard deviation (s), standard deviation of arithmetical mean (E x ), and coefficient of variation (V) were calculated and
significance of differences between the arithmetical means of investigated features
was described through statistical test /to/. The issue is only a part of extensive research
into the discussed subject.
RESULTS
In the span of 40 years, an increase in body length of newborns was observed. In
2010, mothers originating from cities gave birth to children longer by 0.5cm and
mothers in the rural areas – by 0.2cm. In 1970, no difference in body length related to
the place of residence was observed. In the researched material, only the difference
indicating an increase in body length of newborns in cities is statistically significant
(p<.001). Considering the fact that in all studied groups an increase in body length is
observed, it can be concluded that acceleration exists. (Table 1). However, the research results of G. Nowak-Starz, W. Dutkiewicz and E. Ciesla (2004); and research on
230
Grażyna Nowak-Starz, Ewa Zięba, Agnieszka Strzelecka, Beata Karakiewicz
Changes in biological development of newborns in the light of selected conditions –
from an auxological perspective
the development of six-year-old children realised country-wide for the Ministry of
National Education in the years 2005-2007 as part of the “Dziecko sześcioletnie u
progu nauki szkolnej” (Six-year-old child at the doorstep of school education) research project, indicate a linear build in further ontogenetic development of urban children and a thickset build of rural children, additionally strengthened by early-undertaken physical work [14]
The average birth weight of newborns examined in 1970 was 3323.76g with standard deviation s=547.26, while in 2010 it was 3271.01g with standard deviation
s=553.82. In the period of 40 years, a decrease in body weight was observed in the
two groups of newborns, both in cities and rural areas – by 37.13g (p>0.05) in cities
and by 68.36g (p>0.05) in rural areas. The direction of changes, both in cities and in
rural areas, characterised by an increase in body length and a decrease in weight-atbirth, resulted in a more asthenic constitution of neonates in 2010. (Table 2).
TABLE I. Body length of neonates In 1970 and 2010
Neonates born in
Mothers’
residence
1970
2010
s
Cities and
52,78
rural
areas (combined)
in cities
53,70
(c)
in rural areas
53,86
(r)
Differences
d=(c-r)
s
3,57
54,17
3,37
3,63
54,26
3,25
3,43
54,08
3,43
0,155
p<0,628
Difference
2010-1970
(d.)
Significance
of difference
+0,393
p<0,101
+0,562
p<0,001
+0,225
p<0,139
0,181
p<0,729
TABLE II. Wright At birth of neonates In 1970 and 2010
Mothers’
residence
1970
2010
s
Cities and
3323,76
rural
areas (combined)
in cities
3329,01
(c)
in rural areas
3318,51
(r)
Differences
d=(c-r)
Difference
2010-1970
(d.)
Neonates born in
s
Significance
of difference
-52,75
547,26
3271,01
553,82
593,21
3291,88
554,69
554,12
3250,14
553,75
10,50
p<0,825
p<0,003
-37,13
p<0,185
-68,37
p<0,004
41,74
p<0,273
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Wellness and health
Many authors indicate that there is a considerable relationship between the age of
parents and the development of their offspring [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. An
apparent increase in the age of newborns' mothers in 2010, as compared to 1970, was
discovered; which means that, on average, mothers giving birth in 2010 were older.
In that forty-years period, the age of mothers of boys increased, on average, by 1.217
years and of girls – by 1.509 years. Mothers aged 19-27 gave birth to the largest number of children in 1970 (66.21% of the total). In 2010, 61.51% of newborns were born
to mothers aged 22-30. In 1970, there were more mothers in the 19-24 age group
(18.64%) giving birth to children than in 2010 . An analogous preponderance of
mothers in the 25-36 age group (22.12%) giving birth to children in 2010, in comparison with 1970, can be observed. The most significant decrease in the number of
newborns of both sexes can be observed in the 19-21 age group (Figure 1). It was also
noticed that in 2010 (a difference of 19.74% in relation to 1970) the number of older
women (31-36 years old) giving birth to children increased almost twofold.
30
1970
26,21
23,22
25
19,59
20
20,62
21,3
16,78
%
15
11,26
11,21
10,53
10
5
2010
9,21
5,52
5,98
31-33
34-36
2,792,64
5,29
3,58 2,95
1,32
0
16-18
19-21
22-24
25-27
28-30
37-39
40-42
FIGURE 1. Comparison of distribution of data concerning the age of mothers of
neonates in 1970 and 2010
A preponderance of male newborns in 1970, in comparison to 2010, is observed
in the 19-24 and 37-42 age groups of mothers and amounts to 23.18%. Similarly, a
preponderance of female newborns in 1970, in comparison to 2010, is observed in the
19-24 and 37-42 age groups of mothers and amounts to 27.79%. In the examined period, there was a significant decrease in the number of births of female neonates born
to mothers aged 22-24, in comparison with mothers of male newborns. At the same
232
time, there was a significant rise in the number of births of female neonates born to
mothers aged 28-33.
The analysis of acceleration in development of newborns with an additional division into mothers' place of residence (Figure 2) is justified by claims resulting from
supplementary studies, which indicate that the development of newborns is conditioned, to a large degree, by environmental factors.
1970
58,30
54,04
60
45,96
50
41,70
40
%
30
20
10
0
City
Rural areas
FIGURE 2. Comparison of distribution of data with reference to the place of
residence of mothers of neonates from 1970 and 2010
Most probably, migration from rural areas to cities resulted in the fact that in 1970
54.02% of mothers originated from rural areas, while in 2010 58.30% of the examined
were mothers originating from cities. The differences in the origin of mothers are most
clearly noticeable in female newborns. In 2010, 64.26% of all female neonates were
born to mothers who came from cities. This is 28.52% more than in the case of
mothers who came from rural areas in the same period and 18.82% more than in the
case of mothers who came from cities in 1970.
On the basis of the definition of prematurity, formulated by the WHO Commission
of Experts in 1951, which describes premature infants as neonates born after a period
of pregnancy lasting 37 weeks or less, the data was divided into three groups, according to the length of pregnancy:
1. neonates delivered prematurely – up to 37 weeks,
2. neonates delivered in full term – between 37 and 41 weeks,
3. neonates delivered post-maturely – after 41 weeks (Figure 3).
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Wellness and health
88,50
82,70
1970
90,00
80,00
70,00
60,00
50,00
%
40,00
30,00
20,00
5,51
9,40
5,99 7,90
10,00
0,00
Less then 37
37-41
More then 41
FIGURE 3. Comparison of the distribution of data with reference to the week of
pregnancy in which neonates were delivered in 1970 and 2010
In the examined period, no significant changes between the three groups of newborns were observed. The number of male newborns delivered in full term decreased
by 9.90% in comparison with 1970; at the same time, there was an increase in the
number of males delivered prematurely (by 3.55%) and post-maturely (by 5.35%).
Similarly, in the case of female newborns, there was a decrease in the number of females born in full term, although – in contrast to boys – by only 1.87%; the number
of girls born prematurely increased by 4.21% and the number of girls born post-maturely dropped by 2.34%.
Analysing the orders of pregnancy and parturition in 1970 and 2010, the number
and proportions of sexes were taken under consideration. In the examined period,
there was a decrease by 12.79% in the number of first-born neonates and an increase
in the number of newborns from the second pregnancy by 13.75% (Figure 4).
234
45,00
1970
41,15
40,00
2010
34,97
35,00
30,26
30,00
23,92
25,00
%
16,84
20,00
15,41
15,00
10,09
8,29
10,00
4,123,59 2,78
5,00
2,691,81
2,52
0,90
0,66
0,00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the distribution of data with reference to the order of
pregnancy of mothers of neonates born in 1970 and 2010
Differences in the numbers of neonates born in subsequent pregnancies and deliveries were small (Figure 5).
50,00
45,75
1970
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
%
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
2010
37,89
32,96
24,13
15,92
14,02
2,91
6,69 6,95
0,45
1,35
1,57
3,90
2,30
1,82
1,39
0,00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
FIGURE 5. Comparison of the distribution of data with reference to the order of
parturition of mothers of neonates born in 1970 and 2010
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Wellness and health
DISCUSSION
As a result of the research, acceleration in the development of newborns with reference to body length and body weight was determined. On the whole, there is an
increase in body length of newborns – although, the statistical difference is greater in
the material from cities – and a decrease in body weight at birth – here the statistical
difference is more significant in the case of newborns' mothers from rural areas. Such
a direction of changes and relationship of body length to body weight detectable in
the course of years results in an asthenic build of contemporary neonates in the Swietokrzyskie Region.
Since great importance is attached to social and demographical factors in research
into acceleration, these traits were compared in the groups from 1970 and 2010. As a
result, in comparison to data from 1970, the following conclusions have been drawn:
 the age of mothers increased; and so – mothers of female neonates were older by
0.285 of a year in comparison with mothers of male newborns. There was a significant decrease in the number of newborns born to mothers in the 19-21 age
group in favour of newborns born to mothers in the 28-30 age group. Taking into
consideration that, along with age, cytoplasm of the ovum ages and the number
of errors in transferring genetic information increases, the phenomenon will have
its consequences, both demographical as well as health-related – the number of
children with disorders in the state of health and development is increasing.
Works on the role of non-genetic and paragenetic factors are also interesting. From
amongst them, research on the relation between parents' age and morphological features of children in different periods of ontogenesis [25], time of deciduous teeth
eruption [26], and the age of menarche is worth mentioning [27]. This provided the
basis for measuring out the so called optimal parents' age. For the urban environment
in Poland, this was enclosed in the 25-30 range for mothers and 30-35 for fathers,
whereas the father should be three-years-or-more older than the mother [28]. In the
rural environment, this age was 20-25 for mothers and over 40 for fathers. Such a
phenomenon was confirmed in other Polish and foreign research [29,30,31,32].
A mother's advanced age is presently one of the basic indications for prenatal diagnostics [33]. Most researchers find that the risk of foetus developmental disorders'
occurrence increases along with the age of the mother giving birth. Moreover, newborns from such mothers are far weaker biologically, therefore they have greater adaptive inhibitions.
The research of D. Kornafel, B. Kwiatkowska, J. Kowal and E. Żemojtel [34]
shows that:

newborns of mothers from extreme age groups have lower birth parameters than
newborns born at an optimal age;

newborns of adolescent mothers are born with a better clinical condition than
newborns of mothers who are over 40;
236

both mothers' age groups should be under medical care, and the development of
their children should be monitored.

there was a significant decrease in the number of newborns of both sexes from
the first pregnancy and first parturition in favour of those from the second pregnancy and second parturition. In 1970, the greatest number of newborns were
born from the first pregnancy, and in 2010 from the second pregnancy. These
tendencies will have a long-term demographical, social and economical (pensions, financing and functioning of the health-care system) reach.
In older works, attention was also drawn to relations between weight-at-birth and
order-of-labour. Most frequently, weight-at-birth increased with every subsequent
birth given by a woman over 25. [35]. The differentiation of this relation between
genders was also indicated: the heaviest male children were born from the second
pregnancy; female children – from the third [36].
The presently existing tendency of the number of past pregnancies increasing
along with a mother's age hinders precise determination of the influence of order-oflabour on many of the offspring's features. In recent years, owing to ever more common sexual education, the phenomenon of a stabilised child birth frequency amongst
adolescent mothers – below the age of 19 – situation can be observed. On the other
hand, the number of childbirths among older women – above 40 – is increasing. The
social causes of this phenomenon are various, but one of them is undoubtedly the
transfer of a western type of life with its established occupational-family priorities.
Presently, we can notice a clear tendency for societies to get older as a result of
ever lower birth-rate and longer life expectancy. Between the years 2000 and 2020,
the headcount of the 65-90 age group will increase from 16% to 21% of the whole EU
population. This lack of numerical balance between younger and older people will
bring about qualitative changes in intergeneration relations the length of pregnancy
shortened, especially in the case of female newborns. The above-mentioned long-term
consequences of the acceleration phenomenon should stimulate an increase of actions
towards improving care over mother and child, which is the main task for realisation
indicated in the 'European Strategy for Child and Adolescent Health and Development', which was signed by Poland in 2005, and the document is given priority
character by WHO.
A social and demographical analysis of the acceleration in development of newborns demonstrated numerous changes in environmental factors influencing foetuses,
in the course of 40 years [37, 38, 39].
CONCLUSIONS
Since great importance is attached to social and demographical factors in research
into acceleration, these traits were compared in the groups from 1970 and 2010. As a
result, in comparison to data from 1970, the following conclusions have been drawn:
1. The age of mothers increased.
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Wellness and health
2. There was a significant decrease in the number of newborns of both sexes from
first pregnancy and first parturition in favour of those from second pregnancy and
second parturition.
3. The length of pregnancy shortened, especially in the case of female newborns.
4. The connection between the biological condition of neonates and those changes
can only be hypothesised and should become the subject of further research.
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ABSTRACT
The long-term consequences of the acceleration phenomenon should stimulate an
increase of actions towards improving care over mother and child, which is the main
task for realisation indicated in the 'European Strategy for Child and Adolescent Health and Development' The aim of the hereby presented research was to state the changes in hight and body mass, depending on the influence of selected paragenetic factors. A total of 3911 neonates were examined, including 1869 (47.8%) born in 1970
and 2042 (52.2%) born in 2010. It encompasses newborns from the Swietokrzyskie
Region. Body length and weight-at-birth, relevant to the subject of the research, were
taken into consideration. Since records contain a number of social and demographical
data, comparisons include the age and social background of mothers, the week of pregnancy as well as the order of pregnancy and order of labour. Newborns' mothers were
divided into two groups: of urban and of rural origin. Since great importance is attached to social and demographical factors in research into acceleration, these traits
were compared in the groups from 1970 and 2010. As a result, in comparison to data
from 1970, the following conclusions have been drawn: -the age of mothers increased.
-there was a significant decrease in the number of newborns of both sexes from first
pregnancy and first parturition in favour of those from second pregnancy and second
parturition. -the length of pregnancy shortened, especially in the case of female newborns. The connection between the biological condition of neonates and those changes
can only be hypothesised and should become the subject of further research.
STRESZCZENIE
Konsekwencje długofalowe zjawiska akceleracji rozwoju powinny stymulować
wzrostem działań w kierunku poprawy opieki nad matką i dzieckiem, które jest głównym zadaniem do realizacji wskazanym w "Europejskiej strategii na rzecz rozwoju i
zdrowia dzieci i młodzieży ". Jest to szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia dzisiejszej
sytuacji demograficznej, społecznej i finansowej , także w zakresie funkcjonowania
systemu ochrony zdrowia. Celem niniejszych badań było określenie długofalowych
zmian w długości i masie ciała noworodków w zależności od wpływu wybranych
czynników paragenetycznych. W badaniach dokonano porównań rozwoju fizycznego
noworodków urodzonych w 1970 i 2010 roku. Ogółem zbadano 3911 noworodków w tym 1869 (47,8%) urodzonych w 1970 roku i 2042 (52,2%) urodzonych w 2010
roku z regionu świętokrzyskiego. Wykorzystano szereg informacji o charakterze społeczno-demograficznym, w porównaniach uwzględniono wiek i pochodzenie społeczne matek, tydzień ciąży, kolejności ciąży i porodu, z których pochodził noworodek. Ponadto analizy prowadzono ze względu na środowisko zamieszkania matek
(miasto-wieś). W badaniach zjawisk akceleracji dużą rolę przywiązuje się do czynników o charakterze społeczno - demograficznym, porównano te cechy w grupach z
241
Wellness and health
roku 1970 i 2010. W wyniku tego odnotowano, że w stosunku do 1970 roku: - podwyższył się wiek matek, przy czym matki noworodków płci żeńskiej były średnio
starsze o 0,285 roku od matek noworodków płci przeciwnej. Istotnie obniżyła się
liczba noworodków rodzonych przez matki w przedziale wieku 19 - 21 lat na rzecz
noworodków rodzonych przez matki w przedziale wieku 28 - 30 lat. Biorąc pod
uwagę, że wraz z wiekiem starzeje się cytoplazma jaja i wzrasta liczba błędów w
przekazywaniu informacji genetycznej zjawisko będzie miało swoje konsekwencje
zarówno demograficzne jak i zdrowotne- wzrasta liczba dzieci z zaburzeniami w stanie zdrowia i rozwoju; - nastąpił znaczny spadek liczby noworodków obu płci z ciąży
pierwszej, porodu pierwszego na rzecz noworodków z ciąży drugiej, porodu drugiego.
Największą liczbę noworodków w 1970 roku rodziły matki z 1. ciąży, a w 2010 roku
z 2. ciąży. Te tendencje będą miały długofalowy zasięg demograficzny, społeczny,
ekonomiczny (emerytury i finansowanie systemu ochrony zdrowia). - skrócił się okres
ciąży, szczególnie w przypadku noworodków płci żeńskiej. Dokonana charakterystyka społeczno-demograficznego aspektu zjawiska akceleracji rozwoju noworodków
ujawniła występowanie licznych zmian w czynnikach środowiskowych płodu na
przestrzeni 40 lat. Związki stanu biologicznego noworodków z tymi zmianami można
przyjmować hipotetycznie, jak jednak wskazują omówione powyżej tendencje powinny stać się one przedmiotem kolejnych badań.
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