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ORIGINAL PAPERS
Dent. Med. Probl. 2009, 46, 1, 33–39
ISSN 1644−387X
© Copyright by Wroclaw Medical University
and Polish Stomatological Association
EWA SOBOLEWSKA1, BOGUMIŁA FRĄCZAK1, KRZYSZTOF SAFRANOW2,
ANITA KOSIERKIEWICZ3, MARIUSZ LIPSKI4
The Influence of Selected Materials Used
in Reconstructive Prosthetics on Tissue Reaction
in Vitro Studies
Wpływ wybranych materiałów stosowanych
w protetyce odtwórczej na reakcję tkanek w badaniach in vitro
1
Chair and Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
3
Department of Pathology at the Medicine Faculty, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
4
Department of Conservative Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
2
Abstract
Background. Continuous development of new materials and ever−growing demands and expectations from both
dentists and patients, result in the effort of dental material producers to introduce more and more functional and mod−
ern products. In dentistry, products used for denture construction are usually synthetics or metal alloys. The most
commonly used denture materials are made of methyl polymethacrylate belonging to the group of acrylate masses.
Objectives. In this paper the authors examined the influence of chromium−cobalt alloy and acetal resin on cir−
cumjacent tissues.
Material and Methods. At the Pomeranian Medical University’s Department of Dental Prosthetics, the authors
made chromium−cobalt−molybdenum plates and acetal resin plates, according to manufacturer recommendations.
Research on the reaction of tissues to these prosthetic materials was carried out on 30 white male Wistar rats under
normal conditions. The rats were observed for 6 weeks, and weighed every 2 weeks. After six weeks of the exper−
iment, the rats were put down to obtain samples of tissues surrounding the implanted plate, i.e. from the mucous
membrane of the cheek, the parotid gland on the side of the plate and cervical lymph nodes. Then, at the Chair of
the Pathology, in the PAM Faculty of Medicine, the histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and
eosin, and examined using various magnifications under a light microscope.
Results. Microscopic images of the mucous membrane in the area of the metal−plates did not differ significantly.
No purulent secretory inflammatory reactions were observed. In all the animals, the authors observed inflammato−
ry infiltration consisting of lymphoid cells, in the parenchyma and connective tissue barriers of the parotid glands.
Four animals had a slight proliferation of the connective tissue. Number of histocytes surrounding implanted plates
of the acetal resin was significantly higher then in the chromium−cobalt group on the level p = 0.049.
Conclusions. The authors determined that both the alloy and the acetal resin caused similar slightly inflammatory
reactions in the circumjacent tissues. In all animals, the authors observed inflammatory infiltration consisting of
lymphoid cells, in the parenchyma and connective tissue barriers of the parotid glands. Four animals had a slight
proliferation of the connective tissue. (Dent. Med. Probl. 2009, 46, 1, 33–39).
Key words: chromium−cobalt alloy, acetal resin, removable prostheses, reaction of tissues.
Streszczenie
Wprowadzenie. Nieustanny postęp w materiałoznawstwie oraz coraz większe wymagania i oczekiwania zarówno
lekarzy, jak i pacjentów sprawiają, że producenci materiałów stomatologicznych wprowadzają na rynek doskonal−
sze i nowocześniejsze produkty. W stomatologii do wykonywania protez stosuje się m.in. tworzywa uzyskane syn−
tetycznie oraz stopy metali. Najczęściej używane tworzywa protez wywodzą się z polimetakrylanu metylu należą−
cego do grupy mas akrylowych.
Cel pracy. Ocena wpływu stopu chromokobaltowego i żywicy acetalowej na otaczające tkanki oraz ślinianki przy−
uszne badanych zwierząt.
34
E. SOBOLEWSKA et al.
Materiał i metody. Z badanych materiałów protetycznych wykonano niewielkie, owalne płytki, które następnie
wszczepiano szczurom w znieczuleniu ogólnym pod błonę śluzową policzka. Po 6 tygodniach trwania doświad−
czenia szczury usypiano i dokonywano sekcji, podczas których pobierano wycinki z błony śluzowej policzka, wę−
złów chłonnych szyjnych i ślinianki przyusznej. W Zakładzie Patomorfologii Wydziału Lekarskiego PAM wyko−
nano preparaty histologiczne, które zabarwiono hematoksyliną i eozyną. Preparaty oceniano w różnych powięk−
szeniach w mikroskopie świetlnym. W analizie statystycznej wyników zastosowano metody nieparametryczne.
Wyniki. U wszystkich zwierząt w otoczeniu wszczepionych płytek z metalu stwierdzono odczyn zapalny złożony
z małych histocytów, fibroblastów i komórek limfoidalnych. U zwierząt w otoczeniu wszczepionych płytek z ży−
wicy acetalowej stwierdzono: utkanie błony śluzowej pokrytej nabłonkiem wielowarstwowym płaskim z cechami
rogowacenia, widoczne nacieki zapalne złożone z histocytów, fibroblastów i limfocytów. We wszystkich przypad−
kach w obrazach mikroskopowych ślinianek przyusznych były widoczne w podścielisku nacieki zapalne złożone
z komórek limfoidalnych.
Wnioski. Stwierdzono, że zarówno stop metali, jak i żywica acetalowa wywołują nieznaczne, porównywalne od−
czyny zapalne w otaczających tkankach. U wszystkich zwierząt odczyn zapalny był znacznie większy w ślinian−
kach przyusznych niż w otaczających tkankach (Dent. Med. Probl. 2009, 46, 1, 33–39).
Słowa kluczowe: stop chromokobaltowy, żywica acetalowa, protezy ruchome, reakcja tkanek.
Continuous development of new materials and
ever−growing demands and expectations from both
dentists and patients, result in the effort of dental
material producers to introduce more and more
functional and modern products. In dentistry,
products used for denture construction are usually
synthetics or metal alloys. The most commonly
used denture materials are made of methyl poly−
methacrylate, belonging to the group of acrylate
masses [1]. Any dental prosthesis should be con−
structed and fixed into the stomatognathic system
in such a way that it does not become an iatrogenic
factor. Rather, it should have a healing and pre−
ventative function. However, making a good pros−
thesis is impossible without proper material.
Choosing such a material depends not only on its
physical and chemical properties, but also on how
the material behaves in the oral cavity.
Prosthodontists are especially interested in plaque,
bacteria adhesion to the denture’s surface, and any
potential allergic properties of the material. Both
doctors and patients are also very much interested
in the appearance of the selected product, most of
all in the durability of the denture’s shade of the
prosthetic material. This durability of the den−
ture’s shade is crucial in attempts to achieve
required aesthetic effects, both in non−invasive
dentistry and prosthodontics. Reconstructive cos−
metic dentistry does not only mean porcelain,
implants or zircon. It also includes other prostho−
dontic fillings which should not be visible in the
patient’s mouth. Recently, a new material for such
temporary prostheses was introduced to the Polish
market; an acetal resin called Acetal Pressing.
Acetal resin is a thermoplastic polymer with
a monomerless crystal structure and is a product of
formaldehyde polymerisation. It is highly resistant
to grinding, perfectly extensible, mechanically
durable, resilient, has a low level of thermal con−
ductivity, and adequate stiffness in the denture’s
stem. It is non−toxic and non−allergic, and is an
adequate substitute for acrylic resins and metals in
many prosthodontic applications. Produced in
14 shades, it may be used in most prosthodontic
practice, including novel and non−typical thermal
injection moulding. Acetal resin has only recently
been introduced to dentistry, yet enjoys wide pop−
ularity; it is used for frame dentures, clasps for
standard frame dentures, functionally unstable
partial dentures, bridges, bridges with telescopic
crowns, prosthodontic elements on implants, occlusal
and stabilization splints, retaining elements on
crossbars (which are at the same time an enhanced
stem of the denture) and many others. Prostho−
dontic elements made of this resin are chemically
and mechanically stable. Their resistance to pH
ranges between 4 and 9 pH. Acetal resin may be an
alternative to various metal alloys used for frame
dentures. Its aesthetic value is higher and more
accepted amongst patients. However, it has been
introduced only recently and no long−term obser−
vations of the material have been carried out yet.
The introduction of removable dentures made of
standard chromium−cobalt−molybdenum alloys or
acetal resin entails either short or prolonged con−
tact of the mouth tissues with the foreign materi−
als. Consequently, conditions arise for incompati−
bility between the host and the applied prosthetic
material. The possibility of rejection of the foreign
matter varies, as it concerns organic changes in the
psychogenous rejection. Organic changes occur in
the form of atrophy, hypertrophy and inflamma−
tion [2–4]. Making a good denture is impossible
without good basic material. Inadequate basic
material can cause life−threatening and pathologi−
cal reactions, and thwart even the most rational
prosthetic treatment planning. Besides such ex−
treme threats caused by the presence of a denture
in the oral cavity, there exist some less serious side
effects, although they are also important in the
general evaluation of the treatment [5]. So what
are the key factors in the selection of a prosthetic
The Influence of Selected Materials Used in Reconstructive Prosthetics on Tissue Reaction in Vitro Studies
material, and what material should one consider
appropriate? Generally, good basic material
should be harmless, durable in the environment of
the oral cavity, resistant to pressure caused by
mastication, easily processed, not overly expen−
sive and aesthetically satisfying [5, 6]. Every
material that has contact with the environment of
the oral cavity should also be subjected to a series
of biological, chemical and physical tests, regard−
less of the manufacturer's research, to ensure no
harmful influence on the patient's body [7, 8].
Material and Methods
At the Pomeranian Medical University’s
Department of Dental Prosthetics, the authors
made chromium−cobalt−molybdenum plates and
acetal resin plates, according to manufacturer rec−
ommendations. Research on the reaction of tissues
to these prosthetic materials was carried out on 30
white male Wistar rats under normal conditions.
The rats were divided into two experimental
groups, one with plates made of metal alloy (N =
11), the other with acetal resin plates (N = 13),
and the control group (10) in which the mucous
membrane of the cheek was incised and stitched
with absorbable sutures, to eliminate the reaction
of tissues to stitching. Before the implantation, the
plates were placed for 20 minutes in 2% virkon,
and then were rinsed with 3% hydrogen peroxide.
The sterile plates were implanted into the mucous
membrane of the rats' cheeks under anesthetic
(ketamine hydrochloride was injected intramuscu−
larly, 130 mg/kg body weight). Then, the mucous
membrane was incised, the plate was implanted
and the incision stitched with absorbable sutures.
The rats were observed for 6 weeks, weighed
before the the experiment and then every 2 weeks.
On the six week of the experiment, the rats were
put down and blood was sampled straight from
their hearts after the prior opening of the chest.
The obtained samples were subjected to peripher−
al blood morphology examinations (number of
leukocytes and erythrocytes, hematocrit, and
hemaglobin concentration) and hepatic tests (total
bilirubin concentration, activity of asparagine
aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase,
and alkaline phosphatase). Analyses were carried
out to determine the whole−body toxicity of the
studied materials. The authors also obtained sam−
ples of tissues surrounding the implanted plate, i.e.
from the mucous membrane of the cheek, the
parotid gland on the side of the plate and cervical
lymph nodes, which were taken from 22 animals.
The samples were placed in a 4% solution of for−
malin neutralized with calcium carbonate. Then, at
35
the Chair of the Pathology, in the PAM Faculty of
Medicine, the histological preparations were
stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined
using various magnifications under a light micro−
scope.
Statistical analysis was carried out using non−
parametric methods. The values of linear variables
(e.g. body weight, hemoglobin, etc.) and rank vari−
ables (e.g. the degree of inflammatory reaction in
a histological test) were compared between the
three groups of rats using the Kruskala−Wallis test,
and then, individual groups were examined with
the Mann−Whitney test. Dichotomous variables
were examined using the chi−square test. The level
of significance was the same for all calculations
and was p < 0.05 [9–11].
Results
The implanted plates made of the examined
materials did not inhibit the feeding of the animals,
as the increases in their body weight were appro−
priate to their age. Only the body weights of rats
with the chromium−cobalt alloy plates were statis−
tically significantly lower on the day of implanta−
tion than the mean body weight of animals with
the acetal resin plates (p = 0.019) and the control
group (p = 0.0008). Yet after implantation there
were no significant differences between all the
groups with regard to their body weight increases.
The activities of aminotransferases did not differ
between the groups, and alkaline phosphatase activ−
ity was slightly but significantly higher in the exper−
imental group than in the control group (Tab. 1).
Group 1 – Control
The mucous membrane of the cheek (in the
control group the mucous membrane of the cheek
was incised and stitched with absorbable sutures,
to eliminate the reaction of tissues to stitching).
The skin with all adnexa softly runs into tex−
ture of the mucous membrane (Fig. 1). The
mucous membrane has a well−developed corneous
layer, similarly to the skin. On the border of the
skin and the mucous membrane, there is a zone
consisting of small histiocytes, lymphoid cells and
small neutrophils.
The cervical lymph node: the histological
image does not differ significantly from that of the
human lymph node. The only difference is the
increased quantity of lacunar/antral/sinusoid histi−
ocytes, in the cytoplasm of which the authors
noticed fragments of phagocytized cell nuclei.
The parotid saliva gland: the saliva gland with
Table 1. Comparison of the analyzed parameters among the examined groups of rats
Tabela 1. Porównanie analizowanych parametrów między badanymi grupami szczurów
Parameter
(Parametr)
Control
(Grupa
kontrolna)
N = 10
Metal
(Metal)
N = 11
Acetal
(Acetal)
N = 13
Statistical
significance
(Istotność
statystyczna p)
General parameters (Parametry ogólne)
Weight before surgery
(Waga przed zabiegiem) [g]
Weight 2 weeks after surgery
(Waga 2 tyg. po zabiegu) [g]
Weight 4 weeks after surgery
(Waga 4 tyg. po zabiegu) [g]
Weight 6 weeks after surgery
(Waga 6 tyg. po zabiegu [g]
Leukocytes
(Leukocyty) [G/L]
Erythrocytes
(Erytrocyty) [T/L]
Hemoglobin
(Hemoglobina) [mmol/L]
Alkaline phosphatase
(Fosfataza alkaliczna) [U/L]
442 ± 28
403 ± 35**
426 ± 27*
0.0029
441 ± 27
411 ± 43*
432 ± 30
0.029
454 ± 29
425 ± 47*
447 ± 32
0.060
485 ± 29
452 ± 57*
475 ± 37
0.061
3.23 ± 1.00
3.29 ± 1.11
4.03 ± 2.49
0.74
8.92 ± 0.65
9.09 ± 0.30
9.28 ± 0.49
0.35
9.22 ± 0.37
9.47 ± 0.35
9.64 ± 0.36*
0.036
88 ± 39*
0.017
71 ± 8
91 ± 30**
Mucous membrane histology (Histologia błony śluzowej)
Giant cells
(Komórki olbrzymie)
Pseudocyst
(Torbiel rzekoma)
Fibroblasts
(Fibroblasty)
Lymphoid cells
(Komórki limfoidalne)
Cyst
(Torbiel)
Eosinophils
(Eozynofile)
Histiocytes
(Histiocyty)
Macrophages
(Makrofagi)
0%
0%
15%
0.18
0%
18%
8%
0.34
0.9 ± 0.9
1.1 ± 0.5
1.0 ± 0.8
0.67
0.3 ± 0.5
0.6 ± 0.7
1.2 ± 0.7**
0.015
30%
9%
8%
0.27
0.2 ± 0.4
0.4 ± 0.9
0.4 ± 0.9
0.96
0±0
0±0
0.5 ± 0.8#
0.029
0.1 ± 0.3
0.55 ± 0.69
0.6 ± 1.0
0.19
Saliva gland histology (Histologia ślinianki)
Lymphoid cells
(Komórki limfoidalne)
Eosinophils
(Eozynofile)
Connective tissue proliferation
(Rozplem tkanki łącznej)
1.4 ± 0.8
1.5 ± 0.7
1.4 ± 1.0
0.93
0%
0%
8%
0.44
0±0
0.5 ± 0.7*
0.2 ± 0.6
0.057
Lymph node histology (Histologia węzła chłonnego) N = 22
Lacunar reaction
(Odczyn zatokowy)
Follicular reaction
(Odczyn grudkowy)
0.4 ± 0.5
0.8 ± 1.0
0.9 ± 0.8
0.44
0.1 ± 0.4
0.3 ± 0.8
0±0
0.52
The values are presented as means with ± standard deviation for linear and rank variables, and as a percentage of the group
for dichotomous variables. Rank variables were ascribed consecutive numbers representing their degree of intensity for
a given histological variable: (–) = 0, (+) = 1, (++) = 2, (+++) = 3 etc.
^ Kruskal−Wallis test for linear and rank variables, and the chi square test for dichotomous variables.
* p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 for the difference in comparison with the control group; Mann−Whitney's test.
#
p < 0.05 for the difference in comparison with the group with metal plates; Mann−Whitney's test.
Wartości przedstawiono jak średnia ± odchylenie standardowe dla zmiennych ciągłych i rangowych oraz jako odsetek grupy
mający daną cechę dla zmiennych dychotomicznych. Zmiennym rangowym przypisywano kolejne wartości liczbowe
opisujące nasilenie danej cechy histologicznej: (–) = 0, (+) = 1, (++) = 2, (+++) = 3 itd.
^ test Kruskala−Wallisa dla zmiennych ciągłych i rangowych oraz test χ2 dla zmiennych dychotomicznych.
* p < 0,05; **p < 0,01 dla różnicy względem grupy kontrolnej; test Manna−Whitneya.
#
p < 0,05 dla różnicy względem grupy ze stopem metalu; test Manna−Whitneya.
The Influence of Selected Materials Used in Reconstructive Prosthetics on Tissue Reaction in Vitro Studies
the view of the serous gland. No inflammatory
cells were observed (Fig. 2).
Group 2 – with
Chromium−Cobalt Plates
In all the rats, an inflammatory reaction consist−
ing of small histiocytes, fibroblasts and lymphoid
cells was observed near the implanted plates. In rats
no. 6 and 8, the epithelial stroma of the mucous
membrane was observed to have symptoms of
swelling. In rat no. 4, a small number of individual
eosinophils were observed (Fig. 3), and in rat no. 8
inflammatory granulation tissue was observed, con−
sisting mainly of eosinophils. In two cases, pseudo−
cysts were observed, and in rat no. 3 in the stroma of
the mucous membrane, the authors observed a cyst
lined by multi−layered flat epithelium.
Microscopic images of the mucous membrane
in the area of the metal−plates did not differ signif−
Fig. 1. Mucous membrane of the cheek
(Group 1 – control); the multi−layered flat epithelium
becoming corneous, dispersed lymphoid cells in the
stroma (stain HE; magnified ×150).
Ryc. 1. Błona śluzowa policzka (grupa I – kontrolna);
nabłonek wielowarstwowy płaski rogowaciejący,
w podścielisku rozproszone komórki limfoidalne
(barwienie HE; pow. 150×)
Fig. 2. Image of a healthy parotid saliva gland of the
serous type (Group 1 – control; stain HE; magn. ×80)
Ryc. 2. Prawidłowy obraz ślinianki przyusznej typu
surowiczego (grupa I – kontrolna; barwienie HE;
pow. 80×)
37
icantly. No purulent secretory inflammatory reac−
tions were observed.
Microscopic images of cervical lymph nodes:
in two cases the authors observed slight lacunar
reaction, and in one rat a lacunar and follicular
reaction. In the remaining seven rats, the authors
did not observe any perceptible inflammatory
reactions in lymph nodes.
In all the animals, the authors observed inflam−
matory infiltration consisting of lymphoid cells, in
the parenchyma and connective tissue barriers of
the parotid glands. Four animals had a slight pro−
liferation of the connective tissue (Fig. 4).
The increase in this proliferation was statisti−
cally significantly greater than the proliferation of
the connective tissue in the parotid saliva glands in
the control group (p = 0.039).
Fig. 3. The implantation site after removal of
a chromium−cobalt plate; visible inflammatory granu−
lation tissue consisting mostly of eosinophils. In the
mucous membrane stroma, symptoms of swelling
(stain HE; magn. ×150)
Ryc. 3. Miejsce po wszczepionej płytce ze stopu chro−
mokobaltowego; widoczna ziarnina zapalna złożona
głównie z eozynofilów. W podścielisku błony ślu−
zowej cechy obrzęku (barwienie HE, pow. 150×)
Fig. 4. Image of a parotid saliva gland after the
removal of a metal plate; in the parenchyma, visible
individual lymphoid cells and a slight proliferation of
the connective tissue (stain HE; magn. ×150)
Ryc. 4. Obraz ślinianki przyusznej po wszczepionej
płytce ze stopu metalu; w miąższu widoczne poje−
dyncze komórki limfoidalne i niewielkiego stopnia
rozplem tkanki łącznej (barwienie HE; pow. 150×)
38
E. SOBOLEWSKA et al.
Group 3 – with Acetal
Resin Plates
Prosthetic treatment aims at restoring dentition
and establishing balance in the stomatognathic
system. It is possible due to removable or fixed
dentures, made of materials with diverse chemical
constructions, including metal alloys and, since
recently, acetal resin.The use of dentures entails
potential incompatibility between the host and the
applied prosthetic material [12–14]. Reasons for
the foreign body’s intolerance are various and
widely reported in literature [15, 16]. One of the
exogenous factors that induces stomatopathy is the
toxicity of various substances included in the pros−
thetic material [3, 17], a factor highlighted by
many authors [3, 17, 18]. The quality of a denture
depends on good basic material. The large diversi−
ty of prosthetic materials on the market is one of
the reasons the authors carried out this comparison
of the influence of chromium−cobalt alloy and
acetal resin on circumjacent tissues. Inflammation
caused by the examined materials was character−
ized by moderate inflammatory infiltrations con−
sisting of lymphoid cells, fibroblasts and histio−
cytes. In two rats which were exposed to metal and
acetal resin plates, a small number of eosinophils
was observed. The observed eosinophils can be
associated with the allergic properties of both the
chromium−cobalt alloy and acetal. The histologi−
cal preparations of cervical lymph nodes did not
differ from the control. Only in the group with
metal plates, two cases were observed to have
a lacunar reaction, and in one case lacunar and fol−
licular. In the group with the acetyl plates, two rats
were observed to have a lacunar reaction of their
lymph nodes. Numerous reports indicate that the
parotid gland quickly reacts to chemical poison−
ing. The report by Jarzynka confirms the opinion
that clinical symptoms of such poisonings are fre−
quent disorders in the secretion of saliva [19]. That
is one of the reasons why in this work the authors
examined the morphological image of the parotid
Fig. 5. Site of implantation after the removal of an
Acetyl Pressing D plate; in the stroma, infiltration
consisting of fibroblasts, histiocytes and quite
a numerous amount of eosinophils; visible small cells
near the foreign matter (stain HE; magn. ×200)
Ryc. 5. Miejsce po wszczepionej płytce z Acetylu
Pressing D; w podścielisku nacieki złożone z fibrob−
lastów, histocytów i dość licznych eozynofilów oraz
widoczne nieliczne komórki wokół ciała obcego (bar−
wienie HE; pow. 200×)
Fig. 6. Image of the parotid saliva gland after removal
of the acetal plate; in the stroma, visible inflammatory
infiltration consisting of lymphoid cells, and a prolif−
eration of the fibrous connective tissue and a sparse
number of eosinophils (stain HE; magn. ×200)
Ryc. 6. Obraz ślinianki przyusznej po wszczepionej
płytce z żywicy acetalowej; w podścielisku widoczny
naciek zapalny złożony z komórek limfoidalnych oraz
rozplem tkanki łącznej włóknistej i nieliczne
eozynofile (barwienie HE; pow. 200×)
In all the animals, in the area of the implanted
acetal resin plates, the authors observed: (1) tex−
ture of the mucous membrane covered by multi−
layered flat epithelium with symptoms of keratini−
sation, (2) visible inflammatory infiltration with
histiocytes, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. In rats
no. 13 and 16 the authors observed eosinophils
and a few multinucleated giant cells located near
the foreign body (Fig. 5). In one preparation, the
authors observed a small cyst, lined with multi−
layered flat epithelium. The number of inflamma−
tory cells (lymphoid cells) in the mucous mem−
brane around the implanted acetal resin plates was
statistically significantly higher than the number
of these cells in the control group p = 0.005.
Histological images of cervical lymph nodes:
in four cases texture of the lymph node with the
lacunar reaction. In all cases, microscopic images
of parotid glands showed the stroma to have
inflammatory infiltration made of lymphoid cells.
Moreover, in two cases the authors observed the
proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and a
swelling of the stroma. In rat no. 18, the authors
noticed some eosinophils, not many however
(Fig. 6). The number of histiocytes in the inflam−
matory granulation tissue around the implanted
acetal resin plates was significantly higher than in
the group with chromium−cobalt plates (p = 0,049).
Discussion
The Influence of Selected Materials Used in Reconstructive Prosthetics on Tissue Reaction in Vitro Studies
gland 6 weeks after the implantation of plates.
Both in rats with metal plates and acetyl plates, the
authors observed the stroma of the parotid gland to
have an inflammatory reaction consisting of lym−
phoid cells. In the group with plates from chromi−
um−cobalt, in four cases the authors observed pro−
liferation of the connective tissue, and in the group
with the acetyl, in two cases. But in the acetal
group, in one case, eosinophils appeared in the
parotid gland. It means that the substances includ−
39
ed in the examined materials exerted a morpho−
logically perceptible and adverse effect on the
parotid glands. In this research, the authors carried
out a comparative analysis of the influence of the
chromium−cobalt alloy and the acetal resin on cir−
cumjacent tissues. The comparison of the exam−
ined materials indicates that they cause a moderate
inflammatory reaction in circumjacent tissues,
considerably greater in parotid glands, accompa−
nied by a proliferation of connective tissue.
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Address for correspondence:
Ewa Sobolewska
Department of Dental Prosthetic
Pomeranian Medical University
Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72
70−111 Szczecin
Poland
Tel. +48 91 466 1715
E−mail: [email protected]
Received: 23.02.2009 r.
Revised: 5.03.2009 r.
Accepted: 5.03.2009 r.
Praca wpłynęła do Redakcji: 23.02.2009
Po recenzji: 5.03.2009
Zaakceptowano do druku: 5.03.2009
LISTA FILADELFIJSKA CZASOPISM STOMATOLOGICZNYCH ZA 2007 ROK
Część druga – czasopisma specjalistyczne (31 tytułów IF: 0,528−3,581)
Nazwa tytułu
Skrót
Kraj wydawcy
Częstotliwość
ukazywania się
w roku
IF
Czasopisma z zakresu chirurgii stomatologicznej, chirurgii szczękowo−twarzowej,
implantologii oraz radiologii stomatologicznej
Oral Oncology
Oral Oncol.
W. Brytania
12
2,569
Clinical Implant Dentistry
and Related Research
Clin. Impl. Dent. Res.
USA
4
2,408
Clinical Oral Implants Research
Clin. Oral Impl. Res.
Szwajcaria
12
2,148
International Journal of Oral
& Maxillofacial Implants
Int. J. Oral Max. Impl.
USA
6
1,78
Oral Surgery Oral Medicine
Oral Pathology Oral Radiology
Oral Surg. Oral Med.
Oral Pathol.
USA
12
1,592
Journal of Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery
J. Oral Max. Surg.
USA
12
1,37
International Journal of Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery
Int. J. Oral Max. Surg.
W. Brytania
12
1,225
Cleft Palate−Craniofacial Journal
Cleft Pal−Craniofac. J.
USA
6
0,962
Journal of Cranio−Maxillofacial
Surgery
J. Craniofac. Surg.
Niemcy
8
0,995
Dentomaxillofacial Radiology
Dentomaxillofac. Rad.
USA
8
0,899
Brit. J. Oral Max. Surg.
W. Brytania
6
0,834
3
3,581
12
2,678
British Journal of Oral &
Maxillofacial Surgery
Czasopisma z zakresu periodontologii i patologii jamy ustnej
Periodontology 2000
Periodontol. 2000
USA
Journal of Clinical Periodontology
J. Clin. Periodontol.
W. Brytania
Journal of Periodontal Research
J. Periodontal Res.
USA
6
2,146
Journal of Periodontology
J. Periodontol.
USA
12
2,086
Oral Diseases
Oral Dis.
W. Brytania
8
1,464
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
J. Oral Pathol. Med.
Dania
10
1,711
Archives of Oral Biology
Arch. Oral Biol.
W. Brytania
12
1,554
Czasopisma z zakresu stomatologii zachowawczej i endodoncji
Journal of Endodontics
J. Endod.
USA
12
3,369
International Endodontic Journal
Int. Endod. J.
W. Brytania
12
2,15
Journal of Adhesive Dentistry
J. Adhesiv. Dent.
W. Brytania
6
1,723
Caries Research
Caries Res.
W. Brytania
6
1,636
Operative Dentistry
Oper. Dent.
USA
6
1,398
12
1,126
Czasopisma ortodontyczne
American Journal of Orthodontics
and Dentofacial Orthopedics
AJO−DO
USA
European Journal of Orthodontics
Eur. J. Orthod.
W. Brytania
6
1,022
Angle Orthodontist
Angle
USA
6
0,972
6
1,622
Czasopisma ze stomatologii dziecięcej
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatr. Dent.
USA
Czasopisma z zakresu protetyki stomatologicznej i zaburzeń czynnościowych układu stomatognatycznego
International Journal
of Prosthodontics
Int. J. Prosthodont.
Kanada
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
J Oral Rehabil
Dania
12
1,2
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
J. Prosthet. Dent.
USA
12
1,009
Journal of Cranio−Mandibular Practice
Cranio
USA
4
0,528
6
1,572