Dopełniacz - Genitive case

 Dopełniacz - Genitive case
! The Genitive expresses possession, content or a thing that something
is made of. Sentences with the Genitive are usually translated into
English by using 'of' or '-'s'. Dopełniacz answers the questions kogo?
czego? that mean whose?, of who? of what? or who? what?
sometimes.
Książka (kogo? czego?) (mojego) przyjaciela (My) friend's book. Szklanka (kogo? czego?) mleka A glass of milk. Notice, that in these sentences, the first noun (książka, szklanka) is in the
Nominative, and the second one in the Genitive, because it points the
possessor (przyjaciel) or the content (mleko).
! Genitive is also used in negative sentences:
Widziałem (kogo? co?) plakat. (Accusative) I saw a poster. But
Nie widziałem (kogo? czego?) plakatu. (Genitive) I did not see a poster. ! Masculine nouns [-a; -u]
• Masculine animate nouns always take 'a' ending e.g. przyjaciel –
przyjaciela, kot - kota
• Masculine inanimate take ‘a’ or ‘u’ ending e.g. samochód - samochodu,
most – mostu, chleb – chleba, telewizor – telewizora
• There are some nouns that have both the letters allowed: krawat – krawata
or krawatu
! Feminine nouns [-i / y]
Rules of feminine nouns declension in Genitive are very similar to the rules of
creating the feminine plural:
Nominative Ending
-ka, -ia, -ga, -la, -ja
Example
piłka – piłki, galeria – galerii
[ziemia – ziemi], lekcja - lekcji
papuga – papugi, centrala - centrali
t, s, r, c, ż, z, b, f, m, n, p, w t, s, r, c, ż, z, b, f, m, n, p, w żaba - żaby (frog), farba – farby,
+a
+y
świeca - świecy (candle)
-dź, -ć, -ń
-dzi, -ci, -ni
gładź – gładzi (gypsum finish),
grań – grani (ridge)
-cz
-czy
rzecz - rzeczy
Genitive ending
-ki, -ii [albo –i], -gi, -li, -ji
Masculine nouns with endings typical for the feminine, decline according to
the feminine rules e.g.: tata - taty, poeta – poety, mężczyzna - mężczyzny.
! Neuter nouns [-a]
Neuter nouns ending with '-o' or '-e' change it into '-a'. Neuter nouns
ending with '-um' don't decline in any case in singular, so they're
always in the nominative form!
krzesło – krzesła
mieszkanie - mieszkania
muzeum – muzeum
imię - imienia
! A noun in the Genitive case is also used in 'nie ma (kogo? czego?)'
constructions.
Na stole jest telefon. (Nominative)
On the table is a phone.
Na stole nie ma telefonu. (Genitive)
There is no phone on the table.
! The Genitive form is also used when we are wishing something to
someone, e.g.:
(Życzę ci) (kogo? czego?) wszystkiego najlepszego! (I wish you) (who? what?) all the best! ! These tables present forms of personal pronouns in the Genitive:
Personal pronouns (sing.)
mnie
ciebie / cię
go / jego / niego
jej / niej
go
Personal pronouns (pl.)
nas
was
ich
Translation
me
you
him
her
it
Translation
us
you
them
! Interrogative pronouns (adjective) sg. czyj, czyja, czyje; pl. czyi, czyje
require in the answer possesive pronoun or Genitive noun.
Czyj jest ten słownik? To jest jej słownik / To jest Marty słownik ! Verbs of motion indicating a direction with a preposition do take the
Genitive case.
Iść do kina. Go to the cinema. ! Prepositions dla, u, bez also take the Genitive. Dla " for Zrobiłbym dla ciebie wszystko. -­‐ I would do everything for you. Kupiłem prezent dla Marty. -­‐ I bought a present for Marta. U " at (when we talk about being at somebody's house/room with a visit.)
Byłem z wizytą u przyjaciela. -­‐ I paid a visit to my friend. lit.: I was at my friend's with a visit. Ściąłem włosy u fryzjera. -­‐ I had my hair cut at barber's. Bez " without Nie ma dymu bez ognia. There is no smoke without fire. ! The preposition z indicating the substance, material or component of
something reguires Genitive construction. Bluzka z bawełny. Blouse made from cotton. Sok z pomarańczy. (pl) Juice made from oranges. ! Numerals five and higher require a construcion in the Genitive plural.
Pięć samochodów. Sześć książek ! Possessive pronouns in Genitive Singular masc. mój " mojego twój " twojego nasz " naszego wasz " waszego neut. mojego twojego naszego waszego fem. mojej twojej naszej waszej Plural masc. pers. moich twoich naszych waszych other moich twoich naszych waszych