REACTION OF SPRING WHEAT CV. PARABOLA TO DIVERSIFIED

Transkrypt

Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 10(4) 2011, 79-86
REACTION OF SPRING WHEAT CV. PARABOLA
TO DIVERSIFIED SOWING DENSITY
Wacław Jarecki, Dorota Bobrecka-Jamro
University of Rzeszów1
Abstract. In the years 2008-2010 an field experiment was carried out, whose aim was
determination of reaction of spring wheat to diversified sowing rates of: 350, 450, 550,
650, and 750 grains·m-2. The experiment was carried out on soil of bonitation class IIIa.
As expected, together with the increase of the sowing density, plant density also increased
as well as ear density per area unit. It was also observed that the applied sowing rates
significantly modified the grain number per ear as well as the weight of 1000 seeds. With
the sowing rate of 650 grains per m2, the grain yield was 7.26 t·ha-1 and was significantly
higher compared with the yield from plots where the sowing rates were as follows: 350,
450 and 750 grains per m2. Uniformity and plumpness of the grain were 88.14%.
Key words: cultivation effectiveness, grain plumpness, grain uniformity, sowing density,
yield components
INTRODUCTION
Sowing rate is one of the most important elements of agricultural techniques of
spring wheat determining the basic yield-forming element, which is the number of ears
per area unit. Kuś and Jończyk [2003] as well as Leszczyńska et al. [2007] state that
a vast majority of spring wheat cultivars require sowing of approximately 450 grains per
m2, which results, among others, from its poor tillering. However, they emphasize that
this norm depends on the habitat-agrotechnical conditions. Increasing the sowing rate is
justified e.g. on a poorer soil or with delayed sowing. According to Sułek [2001],
Wesołowski and Kwiatkowski [2004], denser sowing favorably affects some parameters
of spring wheat and increases its yield. Wesołowski et al. [2003], Kapeluszny [2002,
2004], Olsen et al. [2006] and Haliniarz [2010] additionally indicate that increase of the
sowing norm partly reduces weed infestation of the stand. Chrzanowska-Drożdż and
Kaczmarek [2006], the highest level of spring wheat yield obtained however with low
rates of sowing: 300 and 400 grains per m2. Leszczyńska et al. [2007] found that high
sowing density does not affect the increase of the grain yield in basic cereals because
Corresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: dr inż. Wacław Jarecki, Department of Crop
Production of University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów,
e-mail: [email protected]
80
W. Jarecki, D. Bobrecka-Jamro
their tillering decreases, as well as productivity of a single ear, and infection occurrence
increases as well as the degree of lodging, especially at a higher level of nitrogen
fertilization. In the case of a low sowing density, with minor plant losses, however,
productive tillering increased, as there occurred the phenomenon of self-control of stand
density. Sułek and Mazurek [2001] as well as Sułek [2004], on the basis of their own
research, prove the necessity of dividing spring wheat cultivars into ones requiring
sparser and denser sowing. Similarly, Podolska [1997], separated two groups of spring
wheat cultivars which reacted differently to sowing rates.
The aim of the research was determination of reaction of spring wheat to diversified
sowing density: 350, 450, 550, 650, and 750 grains·m-2. The research hypothesis
assumed that cultivar Parabola would require concentrated sowing. Choice of cultivar
was dictated by the fact that it is recommended for cultivation in Podkarpackie
Voivodeship by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Field experiments with spring wheat cv. Parabola were carried out in the years 2008-2010 at an Experimental Station of the Faculty of Biology and Agriculture of the
University of Rzeszow in Krasne near Rzeszow (50°03’ N; 22°06’ E). The experiment
was set on soil of bonitation class IIIa, of pH in the range from 5.10 (2009) to 5.94
(2010). The content of phosphorus, potassium and microelements determined in soil
was average, however the magnesium content was very low (Table 1). The analysis of
soil samples was carried out at the Regional Chemical-Agricultural Station in Rzeszow.
Table 1. Results of soil analysis
Tabela 1. Wyniki analizy gleby
Year
Rok
pH
in – w
KCl
2008
2009
2010
5.66
5.10
5.94
Availble – Przyswajalne
macroelements, mg·kg-1 soil
makroskładniki, mg·kg-1 gleby
P2O5
K2O
Mg
Cu
131
155
22
4.2
141
170
21
4.1
112
130
19
4.5
microelements, mg·kg-1 soil
mikroskładniki, mg·kg-1 gleby
Mn
Zn
Fe
B
459.0
5.3
1110
1.65
188.0
5.3
1210
1.55
139.5
4.8
965
1.50
It was a single-factor experiment, conducted in four replications. The studied factor
was the diversified sowing density of: 350, 450, 550, 650, and 750 grains·m-2. The row
spacing was 12 cm, and the depth of sowing 3 cm. The sowing was conducted on the
following dates: 11 April 2008, 09 April 2009, 13 April 2010. The forecrop every year
was spring rape. Plot area was 15 m2 (for harvest 12 m2). P-K fertilization applied under
autumn ploughing was: 43.6 kg P·ha-1 and 116.2 kg K·ha-1. Nitrogen fertilization (34%
ammonium saltpeter) was applied on two dates: 60 kg N·ha-1 before sowing and 60 kg
N·ha-1 at the stage of shooting. During growth, Chwastox Extra 300 SL was used for
weed control, Alfamor 050 SC for pest control, while Alert 375 SC was used for disease
control.
In the growing period of wheat, observations were carried out of the growth and
plant development. They included: emergence, tillering, shooting, earing, maturation.
On the area of 1 m2 plant density was calculated at the stage of full emergence as well
Acta Sci. Pol.
81
Reaction of spring wheat...
as the number of ears before harvest. The number of plants before harvest was
calculated by pulling up the plants from the area of 0.5 m2. Based on the obtained
results, the coefficient of productive tillering was calculated (ear number divided by the
plant number per m2). Lodging evaluation has been given in the range from 1 to 9° at
the stage of tillering.
At the stage of technical maturity, 20 representative plants were collected from each
plot and the yield components were determined: grain number per ear and weight of one
thousand grains (with 15% moisture). The division of grains into fractions was
conducted on the K-type Sortimat laboratory separator. A single sample was 100 g,
grain moisture 14.5%, and the time of shaking 3 minutes. The measurement was carried
out on sieves with openings of diameters of: 2.2, 2.5 and 2.8 mm.
The harvest was conducted in a single-stage on: 6 August 2008, 5 August 2009 and
5 August 2010. Grain yield from plots was calculated per 1 ha with 15% moisture.
Obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis: analysis of variance
(according to split-plot design). Significance of differences between trait values were
tested based on the Tukey’s honestly significant difference test, with the significance
level of P = 0.05. Statistical program ANALWAR 5FR was used for calculations.
In the final stage of study, simplified economical results of spring wheat cultivation
were calculated with a diversified sowing density. They included only the cost of the
seed material. The prices were taken from the source data of Podkarpackie Agricultural
Advisory Centre in Boguchwała.
In the years of research, weather conditions (Table 2) had a modifying effect on the
growth and development of plants. First of all, the rainfall total was unstable. In the
period between April and August, it was 410.4 mm in 2008, 372.5 mm in 2009 and
651.8 mm in 2010. Average monthly air temperatures were less diversified. Weather
conditions are given according to Agrometeorological Reports of the Institute of
Meteorology and Water Management (IMiGW) in Warsaw, from the reports of the
Meteorological Station in Jasionka near Rzeszow.
Table 2. Weather conditions in the years 2008-2010
Tabela 2. Warunki pogodowe w latach 2008-2010
Month
Miesiąc
April – Kwiecień
May – Maj
June – Czerwiec
July – Lipiec
August – Sierpień
Rainfall – Opady
mm
2008
2009
2010
45.5
105.3
86.7
117.6
55.3
3.7
102.6
146.4
98.0
21.8
49.9
177.0
126.1
200.2
98.6
Mean temperature – Średnia temperatura
ºC
long-term
wielolecie
50.6
80.8
82.0
88.2
68.8
2008
2009
2010
9.1
13.6
18.1
18.9
18.8
11.1
13.8
16.6
20.7
19.4
8.9
14.3
17.9
20.8
19.5
long-term
wielolecie
8.7
13.9
17.0
19.0
18.2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The duration of particular development stages was diversified within years. Full
emergence was observed after 11-15 days since the date of sowing. The stage of
tillering occurred after 30-37 days, stage of shooting after 45-52 days and earing after
62-70 days since the date of sowing (Table 3). Applied sowing rates did not modify the
Agricultura 10(4) 2011
82
duration of development stages of plants. The shortest growing period was observed in
2010 (114 days),while the longest in 2009 (118 days).
Table 3. Growing period of spring wheat in days since the date of sowing
Tabela 3. Przebieg wegetacji roślin pszenicy jarej w dniach od daty siewu
Year
Rok
Emergence
Wschody
Tillering
Krzewienie
Stage of
shooting
Strzelanie
w źdźbło
Earing
Kłoszenie
2008
2009
2010
14
15
11
35
37
30
49
52
45
70
69
62
Maturity – Dojrzałość
milk
mleczna
dough stage
woskowa
full
pełna
88
93
90
105
106
103
117
118
114
As expected, increase in the rates of sowing increased plant density and ear number
per area unit, while it decreased the coefficient of productive tillering (Table 4). Similar
results in this field were obtained also by other authors [Sułek and Mazurek 2001,
Nieróbca 2004, Wesołowski and Kwiatkowski 2004, Chrzanowska-Drożdż and
Kaczmarek 2006]. Canopy lodging was the highest with the sowing density of 750
grains·m-2.
Table 4. Plant density (mean from 2008-2010)
Tabela 4. Obsada roślin (średnia z lat 2008-2010)
Sowing
density
grains·m-2
Gęstość siewu
ziaren·m-2
350
450
550
650
750
LSD0.05
NIR0,05
Number of plants Number of plants
after emergence
before harvest
plants·m-2
plants·m-2
Liczba roślin po
Liczba roślin
wschodach
przed zbiorem
szt.·m-2
szt.·m-2
Lodging
Wyleganie
1-9°
Ear number
ears·m-2
Liczba kłosów
szt.·m-2
Coefficient of
productive
tillering
Współczynnik
krzewienia
produkcyjnego
331
425
518
609
700
320
412
504
593
682
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.5
7.0
514
526
570
665
695
1.61
1.28
1.13
1.12
1.02
50.558
50.112
0.741
60.335
0.121
Increase in the rate of sowing resulted in the decrease of grain number per ear. The
greatest significant difference of the discussed parameter was obtained between variants
of the lowest and the highest sowing density, and it was over 22% (Table 5). Sułek and
Mazurek [2001] also proved that the increase of plant density of spring wheat decreases
ear productivity, and in most cultivars it concerns mainly the grain number per ear.
Weight of one thousand grains in the conducted experiment was on average 38.1 g.
Diversification of sowing density had a significant effect on the grain plumpness, which
was statistically confirmed (Table 5). Obtained results were similar to the research of
Chrzanowska-Drożdż and Kaczmarek [2006]. According to the mentioned authors,
weight of 1000 grains decreases with the increase of the sowing density.
Acta Sci. Pol.
83
Table 5. Yield components of spring wheat (mean from 2008-2010)
Tabela 5. Komponenty plonu pszenicy jarej (średnia z lat 2008-2010)
Sowing density, grains·m-2
Gęstość siewu, ziaren·m-2
Number of grains per ear
Liczba ziaren w kłosie
Weight of 1000 grains, g
Masa tysiąca ziaren, g
350
450
550
650
750
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
40.3
39.5
37.3
34.0
33.0
2.914
39.2
39.1
38.8
37.8
35.5
3.548
Grain yield was significantly higher after sowing 650 grains·m-2 compared with the
yields obtained from plots where the sowing density was: 350, 450 and 750 grains·m-2
(Table 6). Obtained difference was approximately 5%. Chrzanowska-Drożdż and
Kaczmarek [2006] indicate however a different reaction of spring wheat (cultivars Żura
and Napola) to diversification of the sowing rates. These authors found that
concentrated sowing of 600 grains·m2 compared with the mean density of 400 grains·m2
caused a significant decrease in the yield by 0.29 t·ha-1.
Table 6. Grain yield, t·ha-1
Tabela 6. Plon ziarna, t·ha-1
350
450
550
650
750
Mean – Średnia
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
LSD0.05 × years
NIR0,05 × lata
2008
2009
2010
Mean – Średnia
7.02
7.03
7.19
7.42
7.04
7.14
0.389
6.85
6.87
6.95
7.23
6.88
6.96
0.313
6.83
6.84
6.90
7.13
6.85
6.91
ns – ni
6.90
6.91
7.01
7.26
6.92
7.00
0.312
ns – ni
ns – ni – non-significant differences – różnice nieistotne
According to Mazurek and Sułek [1996], sowing density of spring wheat on soil of
the very good complex should be approximately 400 grains·m-2, and on other soils from
500 to 600 grains·m-2. In the research of Wesołowski and Kwiatkowski [2004], the
highest grain yield was obtained after sowing 550 grains·m-2. Sułek and Mazurek
[2001], Sułek [2004] as well as Leszczyńska [2007], found that a rational sowing rate
depends on the species and cultivar of cereal, as well as on a wide variety of habitat-agrotechnical factors.
Increase in the sowing rate resulted in the increase of costs of the seed material.
After calculating the difference between the yield value on particular plots and the costs
of the certified seed material, it was found that sowing of 350 and 650 grains·m-2 allows
to obtain a favorable economical effect. Sowing of 750 grains·m-2 however, is
financially unjustified (Table 7).
84
Table 7. Simplified economic analysis* (mean from 2008-2010)
Tabela 7. Uproszczona analiza ekonomiczna* (średnia z lat 2008-2010)
Grain yield, PLN·ha-1
Plon ziarna, zł·ha-1
Seed material, PLN·ha-1
Materiał siewny, zł·ha-1
Difference
Różnica
1
2
3
4 (2 – 3)
350
450
550
650
750
3450.0
3455.0
3505.0
3630.0
3460.0
180.0
231.4
282.9
334.3
385.7
3270.0
3223.6
3222.1
3295.7
3074.3
* only the values of grain yield and costs of the certified seed material were calculated – wyliczono tylko
wartość plonu ziarna i koszty kwalifikowanego materiału siewnego
Obtained grain fractions were not significantly modified by the studied factor (Table
8). Proportion of grains of diameter equal to 2.80 mm and greater, as well as of the
diameter from 2.50 to 2.79 mm, were 57.82% and 30.32%, respectively. Thus,
uniformity and plumpness of grain were 88.14%. The finest grains, screened by the
sieve with the diameter of openings 2.20 mm, constituted only 1.74%. In the research of
Cacak-Pietrzak et al. [2005], grain plumpness of spring wheat cultivars was lower than
uniformity. Mentioned authors obtained plumpness similar to uniformity only in two
winter wheat cultivars, Kobra and Zorza.
Table 8. Percentage proportion of particular grain fractions (mean from 2008-2010)
Tabela 8. Procentowy udział poszczególnych frakcji ziaren (średnia z lat 2008-2010)
350
450
550
650
750
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
Total mean
Średnia ogólna
< 2,20 mm
2,20-2,49 mm 2,50-2,79 mm
≥ 2,8 mm
Grain plumpness
Celność ziarna
2.26
2.60
0.61
1.64
1.61
ns – ni
10.52
10.07
9.68
10.13
10.16
ns – ni
29.09
29.24
32.01
30.56
30.71
ns – ni
58.13
58.09
57.70
57.67
57.52
ns – ni
87.22
87.33
89.71
88.23
88.23
ns – ni
1.74
10.11
30.32
57.82
88.14
ns – ni – non-significant differences – różnice nieistotne
CONCLUSIONS
1. Diversification of the sowing rate in the range from 350 to 750 grains·m-2 had no
effect on the course of development stages and duration of the growing period of spring
wheat.
2. Increase in the sowing density resulted in the increase of the ear number per m2,
and the significant decrease of the grain number per ear and the weight of 1000 grains.
3. The highest grain yield was obtained when sowing 650 grains·m-2. Significantly
lower grain yield was obtained on plots with sowing rates of: 350, 450 and 750
grains·m-2.
Acta Sci. Pol.
85
4. Applied sowing rates had no significant effect on the grain plumpness, which was
on average 88.14%.
REFERENCES
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pszenicy z hodowli „Nasiona Kobierzyc” [The milling value of chosen wheat cultivars from
the breeding “Nasiona Kobierzyc”]. Pam. Puł. 139, 27-38 [in Polish].
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architecture and yield of two spring wheat cultivars]. Fragm. Agron. 3(91), 17-26 [in Polish].
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Polish].
Kapeluszny J., 2002. Zachwaszczenie łanu zbóż jarych w warunkach zróżnicowanej gęstości
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jarych [Sowing density as a factor reducing weed infestation in spring cereals]. Prog. Plant
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czynnik kształtujący plon ziarna zbóż [Seed sowing rate as a factor determining the grain
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plant production technology], A. Harasim ed., Studia i Raporty IUNG-PIB 9, 17-27 [in
Polish].
Mazurek J., Sułek A., 1996. Plonowanie pszenicy jarej na różnych glebach w zależności od
gęstości siewu [Yield of spring wheat on different soils depending on the sowing density].
Pam. Puł. 107, 6-13 [in Polish].
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obsady roślin [Architecture of spring triticale stand and spring wheat stand under conditions
of diversified plant density]. Biul. IHAR 231, 223-229 [in Polish].
Olsen J., Kristensen L., Weiner J., 2006. Influence of sowing density and spatial pattern of spring
wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the suppression of different weed species. Weed Biology and
Management 6, 165-173.
Podolska G., 1997. Reakcja odmian i rodów pszenicy ozimej na wybrane czynniki
agrotechniczne. Cz. I. Wpływ gęstości siewu na plon i strukturę plonu nowych odmian
i rodów pszenicy ozimej [Reaction of cultivars and lines of winter wheat on chosen factors of
agricultural techniques. Part I. Effect of sowing density on the yield and yield structure of
new cultivars and lines of winter wheat]. Biul. IHAR 204, 157-163 [in Polish].
Sułek A., 2001. Wpływ gęstości siewu na architekturę łanu pszenicy jarej Sigma uprawianej na
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86
Sułek A., Mazurek J., 2001. Wpływ podstawowych czynników agrotechnicznych na plon i cechy
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Wesołowski M., Dąbek-Gad M., Stępień A., Kwiatkowski C., 2003. Wpływ gęstości wysiewu
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Polish].
REAKCJA PSZENICY JAREJ ODMIANY PARABOLA
NA ZRÓŻNICOWANĄ ILOŚĆ WYSIEWU
Streszczenie. W latach 2008-2010 przeprowadzono ścisłe doświadczenie polowe, którego
celem było określenie reakcji roślin pszenicy jarej na zróżnicowaną ilość wysiewu ziaren:
350, 450, 550, 650, 750 szt·m-2. Doświadczenie założono na glebie klasy bonitacyjnej
IIIa. Zgodnie z oczekiwaniami wraz ze wzrostem gęstości siewu nasion zwiększyła się
obsada roślin i kłosów na jednostce powierzchni. Stwierdzono również, że stosowane
ilości wysiewu nasion istotnie zmodyfikowały liczbę ziaren w kłosie oraz MTN. Przy
ilości wysiewu 650 nasion na m2 plon ziarna wyniósł 7,26 t·ha-1 i był istotnie większy
w porównaniu z plonem z poletek, na których wysiano: 350, 450 i 750 nasion na m2.
Wyrównanie i celność ziarna wyniosły 88,14%.
Słowa kluczowe: celność ziarna, efektywność uprawy, gęstość siewu, komponenty plonu,
wyrównanie ziarna
Accepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku: 20.10.2011
Acta Sci. Pol.

REACTION OF SPRING WHEAT CV. PARABOLA TO DIVERSIFIED

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