Zajęcia dokształcające z języka angielskiego w chemii nr

Zajęcia dokształcające z języka angielskiego w chemii nr. 3
Zajęcia mają na celu przyswojenie bazy słownictwa dotyczącego bezpiecznej pracy w
laboratorium /poniżej zostały przedstawione przykładowe teksty do wyboru /:
EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARDS GENERAL ASPECTS
HAZARDS DUE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
LABORATORY SAFETY + test znajomości słownictwa
EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARDS GENERAL ASPECTS (Vogel’s Textbook of
practical Organic Chemistry” 5th edition p. 35)
Explosive and highly flammable substances or mixtures of substances quite commonly have
to be used in organic chemistry laboratories. Ignorance of the hazards which are likely to be
encountered all too frequently leads to explosions and fires, but these may usually be avoided
and the experiment conducted with a reasonable measure of safety if, in addition to the
general rules for laboratory practice mentioned under Sections 2.1 and 2.2, the following
guidelines are followed.
1. The use of a substance known to be explosive should be avoided if a safer alternative can
be used.
2. If an explosive or dangerously reactive substance has to be used, then it should be used in
the smallest possible quantity and with all the appropriate precautions which are indicated
below.
3. Workers should try to foresee and avoid the situation where a dangerously reactive
chemical is likely to come into contact with combustible material, or where an explosive
substance is likely to be subjected to the stimulus of shock or excess heat.
4. Reactions known or likely to involve explosion or fire hazards should always be tried out
on a small scale first, and only then carefully scaled up in stages if no warning signs of
danger are apparent (e.g. no undue rise in temperature or evolution of gas, etc.). Since for a
reaction vessel the surface area per unit volume decreases with increasing volume, scaled-up
reactions may exhibit unexpectedly large and possibly dangerous temperature rises. If a
small-scale reaction procedure is known to be safe, it is better to repeat it several times to
acquire the required stock of product, rather than to attempt to scale-up the process to
achieve this in one step.
5. For notably exothermic reactions involving dangerously active reagents, the safest
procedure is to add the reagent dropwise, with rapid stirring, at the same rate as it is used
up. Overcooling must be avoided since this may inhibit the reaction sufficiently to allow a
dangerous accumulation of the reagents; if the temperature is then allowed to rise, a violent
reaction may occur. It may actually be safer to heat such a reaction to ensure complete
consumption of each drop of reagent as it is being added.
EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS
The following compounds or groups of compounds are likely to be dangerously explosive in
their own right. They may explode under the stimulus of heat, impact or friction, or
apparently spontaneously.
1. Acetylene gas and the acetylide salts of heavy metals; silver and copper acetylides are
extremely shock-sensitive. Polyacetylenes and some halogenated acetylenes.
2. Hydrazoic acid and all azides, both organic and inorganic (only sodium azide is-safe); aryl
azides and silver azide may be inadvertently formed during some reactions (see below, p. 37).
3. Diazonium salts (when solid) and diazo compounds.
4. Inorganic nitrates, especially ammonium nitrate. The nitrate esters of polyhydric
alcohols.
5. Polynitro compounds, e.g. picric acid (and heavy metal picrates), trinitrobenzene (TNB),
trinitrotoluene (TNT); all these substances are safe when damp with water.
6. Metal salts of nitrophenols.
7. Peroxides; these are a common cause of explosions due to their formation in ether
solvents (see below, p. 404). Concentrated aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, see
Section 4.2.41, p. 439.
8. Nitrogen tribromide, trichloride and triiodide; these are all highly sensitive and violently
explosive, and should never be prepared or used unless absolutely necessary.
POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS MIXTURES
Powerful oxidants are particularly dangerous when mixed with easily oxidised organic
substances such as simple alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, carbohydrates and cellulosecontaining materials such as paper, cloth or wood. They are also dangerous when mixed with
elements such as sulphur and phosphorus, and with finely divided metals such as
magnesium powder. The following are common examples:
1. Perchloric acid, chlorates and perchlorates.
2. Chromium trioxide ('chromic anhydride'), chromates and dichromates. Concentrated
nitric acid and nitrates.
3. Permanganates.
4. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide.
5. Liquid oxygen and liquid air.
Glossary:
highly flammable – wysoce łatwopalny
explosions – wybuchy, eksplozje
fires - pożary
safer - bezpieczniejszy
in the smallest possible quantity – w jak najmniejszej możliwej ilości
foresee - przewidywać
avoid the situation – uniknąć sytuacji
reactive - reaktywny
excess heat – nadmierne ciepło
on a small scale – na małą skalę (reakcja)
reaction vessel – naczynie reakcyjne
dangerous temperature rises – niebezpieczne wzrosty temperatury
to acquire the required stock of product – uzyskać odpowiedni (wymagany) zapas
produktu
exothermic reactions – reakcje egzotermiczne
reagents –reagenty
is to add the reagent dropwise – jest dodać reagent kroplami
rapid stirring – bardzo szybkie mieszanie
Overcooling – przechłodzenie
inhibit the reaction – wstrzymać (spowolnić) reakcję
violent – gwałtowny
impact or friction – wpływ tarcia
Acetylene - acetylen
acetylide salts of heavy metals – acetylenki metali ciężkich
silver and copper acetylides – acetylenki srebra i miedzi
extremely shock-sensitive – ekstremalnie wrażliwe na wstrząs
Hydrazoic acid – kwas azotowodorowy
azides - azydki
silver azide – azydek srebra
Diazonium salts – sole diazoniowe
Inorganic nitrates – nieorganiczne azotany
ammonium nitrate – azotan amonu
nitrate esters – estry azotanów
alcohols - alkohole
picric acid – kwas pikrynowy
trinitrobenzene – trinitrobenzen
Metal salts of nitrophenols – metaliczne sole nitrofenoli
Peroxides – nadtlenki
ether solvents - rozpuszczalniki eterowe
Concentrated – stężony
hydrogen peroxide – nadtlenek wodoru
Nitrogen tribromide – trójbromek azotu
Nitrogen trichloride – trójchlorek azotu
Nitrogen triiodide – trójjodek azotu
oxidants - utleniacze
carbohydrates – cukry
sulphur – siarka
phosphorus – fosfor
magnesium powder – pył magnezowy
Perchloric acid – kwas nadchlorowy
Chromium trioxide – trójtlenek chromu
chro- dichromates – chromiany i dwuchromiany
nitric acid - kwas azotowy
Permanganates – nadmanganiany
Liquid oxygen – ciekły tlen
HAZARDS DUE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS (Vogel’s Textbook of practical Organic
Chemistry” 5th edition p. 44)
A very large number of compounds encountered in organic chemistry laboratories are
poisonous, i.e. 'toxic'. Indeed, nearly all substances are toxic to some extent and the adoption
of safe and careful working procedures which prevent the entry of foreign substances into the
body is therefore of paramount importance, and should become second nature to all
laboratory workers. Toxic substances can enter the body by the following routes:
Ingestion (through the mouth). This is fortunately not common in laboratories, but can occur
through the accidental contamination of food, drink or tobacco, and by misuse of mouth
pipettes. It is strongly recommended that no one should ever eat, drink or smoke in a
laboratory. The practice of storing bottles of milk or beer in laboratory refrigerators is to be
strongly condemned. Workers should always wash their hands thoroughly on leaving a
laboratory and before eating, All pipetting by mouth should be avoided since there are
excellent rubber bulb and piston-type pipette fillers available commercially. In addition to
the ingestion hazard associated with smoking, the vapours of many volatile compounds yield
toxic products on pyrolysis when drawn through a lighted cigarette or pipe (e.g. carbon
tetrachloride yields phosgene). Inhalation (into the lungs). This is a more common pathway
for the absorption of toxic chemicals; these may be in the form of gases, vapours, dusts or
mists. All toxic powders, volatile liquids and gases should only be handled in efficient fume
cupboards. The practice of sniffing the vapours of unknown compounds for identification
purposes should be conducted with caution.
Direct absorption (through the skin into the bloodstream). This is also a common route for
the absorption of a toxic substance whether liquid, solid or gaseous. The danger may be
reduced by wearing rubber or plastic gloves, in addition to the usual laboratory white coat.
However, clean and careful working procedures are still necessary despite these precautions.
Protective gloves are often per meable to organic solvents and are easily punctured; they
should therefore be frequently inspected and replaced when necessary. If a toxic substance is
accidentally spilled on the skin, it should be washed off with copious quantities of cold
water with the aid of a little soap where necessary. The use of solvents for washing spilled
chemicals off the skin is best avoided since this may hasten the process of absorption through
the skin. Repeated contact of solvents and many other chemicals with the skin may lead to
dermatitis, an unsightly and irritating skin disease which is often very hard to cure. In
addition, sensitisation to further contact or exposure may occur. The toxic effects of chemical
compounds can be classified as either 'acute' (short term) or 'chronic' (long term). Acute
effects, as exemplified by powerful and well-known poisons such as hydrogen cyanide and
chlorine, are immediately obvious, well appreciated by most laboratory workers, and are
therefore fairly easily avoided. However, many chemicals exhibit chronic toxic effects which
may only come to light after long-term exposure to small quantities. This type of insidious
poisoning is harder to detect (and therefore prevent) since the results may only manifest
themselves after months or even years of exposure (or even long after exposure has ceased).
Chronic poisoning may also cause symptoms which are not easily recognisable as such, e.g.
sleeplessness, irritability, memory lapses and minor personality changes. It must be stressed,
however, that the final results of chronic poisoning may be very serious and can lead to
premature death. Every effort should be made by the laboratory worker to guard against
these possibilities by adopting a rigorous approach to the avoidance of breathing all vapours
and dusts, and of any contact between the skin and liquids or powders.
Glossary:
compounds – związki (chemiczne)
organic chemistry laboratories – laboratoria chemii organicznej
poisonous – trujący
toxic - toksyczny
paramount importance – najwyższej wagi
laboratory workers - pracownicy laboratoryjni
route - droga
ingestion – spożycie, wchłonięcie
contamination - zanieczyszczenie
condemned - potępiony
pipetting by mouth- pipetowanie ustami
rubber bulb – naciągacz gruszkowy cieczy do pipet
piston-type pipette fillers – naciągacze automatyczne do pipet
carbon tetrachloride – czterochlorek węgla
phosgene - fosgen
inhalation – wdychanie, inhalacja
gas – gaz
vapours - opary
dust –pył, kurz
mist - mgła
powder – proszek
volatile liquids – łatwolotne ciecze
fume cupboard /or fume hood/ - wyciąg laboratoryjny
caution – uwaga
through the skin into the bloodstream – przez skórę do układu krwionośnego
rubber or plastic gloves – gumowe lub plastikowe rękawiczki ochronne
white coat – fartuch ochronny
spilled on the skin – rozlany na skórze
washed off - zmyty
copious quantities of cold water – obfite ilości zimnej wody
hasten - przyspieszać
dermatitis is an unsightly and irritating skin disease – zapalenie skóry jest szpecącą i
podrażniającą skórę chorobą
hard to cure – trudne do wyleczenia
sensitisation – uwrażliwienie
acute – ostry, przenikliwy, silny
chronic – chroniczny, notoryczny
hydrogen cyanide - cyjanowodór
chlorine – chlor
long-term exposure – długoterminowe wyeksponowanie, wystawienie
insidious – zdradziecki, podstępny
ceased – zaprzestawać, przerywać
recognisable - rozpoznawalny
sleeplessness – senność
irritability – drażliwość
premature death – przedwczesna śmierć
ELECTRICAL SAFETY (Vogel’s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry” 5th edition p.
51)
Concern with the hazards associated with the use of flammable and toxic chemicals in the
laboratory often causes the dangers from electrical equipment to be overlooked. However,
many accidents are caused by the malfunctioning of electric appliances and by thoughtless
handling. New equipment should be carefully inspected to check that the plug has been
correctly fitted, otherwise a 'live' chassis will result. International standards for Great Britain
and Europe stipulate the following colours for electric cables: Live, Brown; Neutral, Blue;
Earth, Green/yellow. In the USA (and for equipment imported from the USA) the colours are:
Live, White; Neutral, Black; Earth, Green.
Before any electric appliance is used, it should be inspected to ensure that: (a) it is in
good condition with no loose wires or connections; (b) it is properly earthed; (c) it is
connected to the correct type of plug by good quality cable with sound insulation; and (d)
that it is protected by a fuse of the correct rating. Loose or trailing electric cables should be
avoided and if the appliance has to be sited some way from the power source, the cable
should run neatly along the side of a bench and preferably be secured with adhesive tape.
Cable hanging across the aisle between two benches should never be permitted. Any items of
equipment (e.g. stirrer motors or heating mantles) which have had any chemicals spilled on
them should not be used until they have been thoroughly cleaned and dried. In the handling
and setting up of electrical equipment, the operator must ensure that the apparatus is set up on
a dry bench. It is essential to assemble the apparatus first, and only then to plug into the
mains and switch on. The apparatus should be switched off before any attempts are made to
move or adjust it. High voltage equipment (e.g. for use in electrophoresis, or in the
generation of ozone) requires special precautions. Ideally, such apparatus should be isolated
within an enclosure equipped with an interlocking device so that access is possible only
when the current is switched off.
Glossary:
hazard – niebezpieczeństwo, zagrożenie
flammable – łatwopalny
toxic chemicals – toksyczne chemikalia (odczynniki chemiczne)
electrical equipment – sprzęt, wyposażenie elektryczne
accident – wypadek
malfunctioning of electric appliances – niesprawność urządzeń elektrycznych
plug - wtyczka
stipulate – ustalić, określić
electric cables- elektryczne przewody
electric appliance – urządzenie elektryczne
wire – przewód
earthed - uziemniony
insulation - izolacja
fuse – bezpiecznik
the power source – źródło zasilania
secured - zapezpieczony
adhesive tape – taśma klejąca
aisle- przejście
stirrer motors - mieszadła
heating mantles – płaszcze grzejne
dry bench - suchy stół
electrophoresis - elektroforeza
precautions - zabezpieczenia
interlocking device – urządzenie - przełącznik
current – prąd
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (Vogel’s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry” 5th
edition p. 52)
Ultraviolet (u.v.) lamps, arcs and other high intensity light sources which emit U.V.
radiation should never be viewed directly or eye damage will result. Special close-fitting
goggles which are opaque to U.V. radiation should be worn, and protective screens placed
around the apparatus assembly (e.g. in a photochemical reaction) which incorporates the
U.V. source; the need to avoid the inadvertent viewing of reflected U.V. light should also
be borne in mind and the viewing of chromatographic columns or plates may be
hazardous. Exposure of the skin to intense U.V. radiation gives rise to burns (cf. sunburn)
and prolonged exposure may give rise to more extensive tissue damage. Protective gloves
should therefore be worn during work involving such exposure risks. Adequate ventilation
must also be provided to prevent possible build-up of the highly irritant and toxic ozone
which is produced when oxygen is irradiated with U.V. light in the 185 nm region.
Glossary:
U.V. lamp – lampa U.V.
arc - łuk
U.V. radiation – promieniowanie UV
eye damage – uszkodzenie oczu
close-fitting goggles – dobrze dopasowane gogle
opaque to U.V. radiation – nieprzeźroczysty dla promieniowania UV
protective screens – ekrany ochronne
apparatus assembly – zestaw aparaturowy
photochemical reaction – reakcja fotochemiczna
U.V. source – źródło promieniowania UV
inadvertent – nieuważny, nieumyślny
reflected U.V. light – odbite promieniowanie UV
chromatographic columns – kolumny chromatograficzne
chromatographic plates – płytki chromatograficzne
hazardous – niebezpieczny
burns – poparzenia
extensive tissue damage – rozległe uszkodzenie tkanek
protective gloves – rękawice ochronne
ventilation – wentylacja
to prevent – zapobiegać
to build-up – wytwarzać, gromadzić
highly irritant – wysoce drażniący
toxic - toksyczny
irradiated with U.V. light – napromieniowany światłem U.V.
Przykład tekstu do przetłumaczenia:
LABORATORY
SAFETY
A chemistry laboratory, especially an organic chemistry laboratory, can potentially be a dangerous place to work. There are flammable liquids, poisonous
and corrosive chemicals and fragile glassware that can all cause serious injuries.
However, this danger can be minimized if proper safety precautions.are known
and followed. Working in an organic chemistry laboratory can be just as safe as
working at home. Some possible hazards and ways to avoid and handle them are
presented here. Other precautions will be found in the individual experiments at
the appropriate points. Read these over carefully, and conscientiously and
faithfully follow a safe and proper procedure. Remember that if a serious
accident occurs., the personal injury it may cause cannot be undone.
Also remember that because of the potential hazards, you will not be allowed to
work alone. If help is not available, any minor accident could become a disaster.
Report any mishaps, no matter how minor, to your instructor and,
whenever necessary, get prompt medical treatment. No stigma should
be attached to accidents that were unavoidable or nonintentional.
EYE SAFETY
The most important rule to follow here is this: WITHOUT EXCEPTION, EYE
PROTECTION MUST BE WORN IN THE LABORATORY AT ALL TIMES,
REGARDLESS OF WHAT IS BEING DONE. Your eyes are a very crucial and
irreplaceable part of your body and are particularly susceptible to injury from
spattering chemicals and flying glassware. Even if you are not actually performing
an experiment, you could suffer eye injury by being near an accident caused by one
of your neighbors. Ordinary prescription eyed asses (not sunglasses nor contact
lenses) are acceptable and may be used. However, they do not provide complete
protection, and your instructor may rightfully insist that you wear goggles or
safety glasses with side shields.
If there are eyewash fountains in the laboratory, know the location of the
nearest one. If any chemical enters your eyes, go immediately to the fountain
LABORATORY SAFETY
and flush your eyes and face with large amounts of water. Be sure to keep your eyelids
open. If your neighbor gets something in his or her eyes, he or she may not be able to
find the eyewash fountain, and you may need to be a guide. If the laboratory does not
have an eyewash fountain, a piece of flexible hose at-tached to the faucet, nozzle can
also work effectively; it can be aimed upward directly i n t o the face. With this
alternative setup, make sure the flexible hoses are not removed from the faucet
nozzles.
FIRES
Because flammable liquids are frequently used in an organic laboratory, there is
continual danger of fire. This hazard, however, can be minimized and effectively handled
by observing the following precautions and procedures
1.
Avoid using flames in the laboratory whenever possible. Most
organic liquids can be effectively heated or distilled with a steam hath or
hot
plate, so a flame is unnecessary. If a flame must be used to heat a
flammable
liquid, make certain that the l i q u i d is not in an open container but is
protected
by a condenser with all connections tight and free of strain,
2.
Do not leave a burner on unnecessarily.
3.
Do not smoke in the laboratory.
4.
Do not use a flame without first checking to see if your neighbors
on either side, across the station, and behind you are using
flam
mable liquids. Many flammable organic liquids produce vapors that can
dif
fuse and become ignited by a flame a considerable distance away. If a flame
is
needed, try to delay its use or move to a safe location, such as a fume hood
or
an unused area of the laboratory.
5.
Related to rule 4, do not use a flammable liquid without first
checking to see if there are any flames in the area. Also, never
pour
any flammable liquids into the center trough of a laboratory bench because
the
vapors may be carried near a flame further down the bench.
6.
Know beforehand the location of the nearest fire extinguisher,
fire blanket, and fire shower, and be certain you understand how
to
use them. Your instructor will explain or demonstrate the operation of
these
pieces of equipment. Remember that most models of extinguishers have a
safety
pin that must be pulled out before the extinguisher can be activated. Also,
do
not wildly use the extinguisher because the force of the blast from the
nozzle
may knock over containers of other flammable liquids and make the fire
worse,
7.
If you should have a fire, get away from it and don't panic. If the
fire is a small one in a container, it can usually be extinguished by placing
an asbestos pad, watch glass, or clipboard on top of the container.
Otherwise use the fire extinguisher or allow the instructor or laboratory
assistant to take care of it.
8.
If your clothing should catch on fire, do not run, but walk
toward the nearest fire blanket or fire shower. Running will fan
the flames and make the fire worse. If one of your neighbors' clothes
catches fire, assist him or her, if necessary, to the nearest fire blanket or
fire shower. Do not allow the person to panic and run. You can
minimize the risk of clothing fires by not wearing loose-fitting long
sleeves and cuffs. Also, tie back extra long hair.
CHEMICAL POISONING
Almost all chemicals in an organic laboratory are poisonous and harmful even in
small amounts. You can protect yourself from this danger by observing the
following precautions.
1.
Never allow any chemicals to come in contact with your
skin.Liquids such as aniline, dimethyl sulfate, nitrobenzene, phenol, and
phenylhydrazine may be rapidly absorbed through the skin and prove fatal.
Others may enter through minor cuts and scratches with the same result. If
any chemical should inadvertently be spilled on the skin, wash the area
immediately and thoroughly with soap and water. Do not use any organic
solvent to remove any chemical from the skin because it may actually increase
the rate of absorption into the skin. You may want to wear disposable plastic
gloves when using any especially toxic or corrosive chemical.
2.
Avoid inhaling the fumes and vapors of chemicals and solvents
as much as possible. The laboratory area should be well ventilated, and
any noxious, volatile materials should be used in a fume hood. An efficient gas
trap should be used for any noxious gases, such as hydrogen chloride,
generated in a reaction. If you must smell any organic compound to determine
i t s odor, hold the substance about 6 inches from your nose and use your
hand to gently fan the vapors toward you. Never hold your nose over the
container and inhale deeply.
3.
Never place your fingers in your mouth, and always wash your
hands when leaving the laboratory area. Without your knowing i t ,
some chemicals may have been deposited on your hands. Keeping your
hands away from your mouth ensures that these chemicals will not be
ingested; washing your hands as soon as you have finished working will
remove these substances.
4.
Never bring food into the laboratory. The food may become
contaminated with a hazardous material.
5.
Never smoke in the laboratory. Besides being fire hazards, a cigarette,
cigar, or pipe placed on a laboratory bench could easily pick up some hazardous
chemical, which you could ingest or inhale.
6.
Never taste any chemical unless authorized to do so,
7.
Never mouth-pipet any chemicals. A suction bulb may not be as
convenient as your mouth, but it is much safer. You could easily ingest harmful
substances as well as inhale volatile organic liquids.
8.
Know the location of the chart Indicating the proper first-aid
measures for poisoning.
9.
Read the labels of the reagent bottles for any special dangers
or precautions.
EXPLOSIONS
Explosions in an organic laboratory are rare; the few that do occur are usually quite
minor compared to what you may see dramatized in the movies or on television.
Nevertheless, you can reduce even the small chance of an explosion by observing the
following precautions.
1. Never perform any unauthorized experiments. It is always best to
check with your instructor first if you want to do any extra experiments. Even
though you think you know what you're doing, you could easily combine the
wrong reagents or handle them improperly. This could prove disastrous because
you might unknowingly create a hazardous chemical reaction.
2. Never heat a flask or any apparatus that is not open to the
atmosphere. Even with a condenser, the heating could easily increase the
pressure inside to the point where the equipment could explode. If a flame was
being used, any flammable liquid inside could also be ignited.
3. Always have an ice-water bath available for all exothermic
reactions. The bath will allow you to cool the reaction to slow it down if it
shows any signs of getting out of control
4. Never add solids or boiling chips to a boiling hot liquid. The added
solid could easily cause the hot liquid to shoot out of the reaction vessel and
possibly burn you.
5. When heating a substance in a test tube, do not point it at yourself
or anyone else. The hot liquid may "bump" and be thrown from the tube.
6. Never concentrate ether solutions to dryness using a flame or
other source of intense heat. In addition to their being a fire hazard, ethers
can react with oxygen to form unstable peroxides, which can be highly explosive.
You can detect peroxides in ethers and hydrocarbons by adding 1 mL of the material
to 1 mL of glacial acetic acid to which has been added about 0.1 gram of sodium or
potassium iodide. A yellow to brown color indicates the presence of peroxides. To be
sure, run a blank determination. You can remove any peroxides in the ether by
stirring or shaking the ether with a solution of 60 grams of ferrous sulfate and 6 mL
of concentrated sulfuric acid in 110 mL of water.
7. Never heat, dry, or provide shock to unstable compounds such
as diazonium salts, heavy-metal acetylides, diazo compounds, or
polynitro compounds.
8. If you must work with a potentially explosive substance or
mixture, always work with as little as possible and always work
behind a safety shield of shatterproof glass.
CUTS
Most cuts in the laboratory are caused by glassware breaking under strain or excessive
pressure. You can easily do this when attempting to separate ''frozen" (stuck together)
ground-glass joints, or when forcing a glass tube or thermometer into the hole of a cork
or rubber stopper. You can separate frozen joints using the procedure in the section
on laboratory glassware. And you can easily insert glass tubing and thermometers in
stoppers by enlarging the hole in the stopper with a round file or by lubricating the
glass with glycerine. But always protect your hands by wrapping the glass with several
thicknesses of a cloth towel. Be careful when assembling laboratory equipment not to
put any strain on any glassware
Treat minor cuts by ordinary first-aid procedures after removing any obvious pieces
of glass. Serious cuts accompanied by severe bleeding should be treated at a doctor's
office, hospital, or infirmary. Apply direct pressure to the wound with a gauze pad or
clean towel, and for arterial bleeding, which can be q u i t e dangerous, you must also
apply hand or thumb pressure to the appropriate pressure point. For the hands, the
pressure point is where the pulse can be felt at the wrist; for the arms it is inside the
upper arm, just below the armpit.
BURNS
Burns can result from heat or chemicals. For minor burns caused by flames or hot
objects, immersing the affected area in cold water or ice will bring relief. Don't use
salves or ointments, and don't disturb or open any blisters. Serious burns should be
treated at a doctor's office, hospital, or infirmary.
For chemical burns Hush the affected area with plenty of water. If large areas are
burned, you may need to use the safety shower. Acid burns may then be treated with
sodium bicarbonate paste, alkali burns with saturated boric acid solution, and bromine
burns with 10% sodium thiosulfate. In each case a wet dressing of the recommended
neutralizing reagent may be used. If the burn appears to be serious, it should be
treated at a doctor's office, hospital, or infirmary.
LABORATORY APPAREL
A laboratory coat or rubber apron will protect your clothing from soiling and damage
by chemical reagents and accidents. Don't wear loose-fitting long sleeves because you
might overturn fragile glassware or ignite your clothing with a burner. Always wear
shoes to protect your feet from spilled chemicals and pieces of broken glass. Sandals and
open-toed shoes do not provide complete protection.
DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS
Dispose of your organic liquids in a designated waste solvent can. If possible, don't
pour them in to a sink. If you must use a sink, flush it thoroughly with plenty of
water, but even then some liquid may remain in the sink trap and vapors in the sink
itself.
Chemicals that react vigorously with water, such as acid chlorides and alkali metals,
may be decomposed in the hood by reacting with anhydrous alcohol.
Dispose of water-insoluble solids in a chemical waste jar. Do not throw them into a
sink or wastepaper basket because they can release toxic vapors, clog the pipes, or start
a fire.
Never throw solid nonchemical waste into the sink because it is unsightly and can
possibly clog the drains, thus making those sinks temporarily unusable,
ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS
1.
Try to be aware of any possible adverse effects of your laboratory operations.
2. Watch what your neighbors are doing. Being alert to any possible dangerous
practices could prevent an accident and possible injury to both you and them.
3. Keep your laboratory space clean and orderly, along with the balance and
chemical dispensing areas. Clean up all spills immediately. After taking what
ever chemicals you need, replace the caps on the containers.
4. To prevent possible floods and water damage to your books and notes,
attach water hoses to condensers and faucets securely, and remember that only
a moderate flow of water is needed for adequate cooling.
CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS
Many compounds are carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists the following compounds as
acute carcinogens. Because of their potential hazard, you will not use them in
any experiments.
2-Acetylaminofiuorene
4,4'-MethyIene bis(2-chloroaniline)
4-Aminodipheny]
a-Naphthylamine
Benzidine and its salts
β-Naphthylamine
Bis(Chloromethyl) ether
4-Nitrobiphenyl
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and i t s salts
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
4-Dimethylaminoazobcnzene
β-Propiolactone
Ethyleneimine
Vinyl chloride
Methyl chloromethyl ether
Na podstawie tekstu powyżej przetłumacz poniższe słówka z j. angielskiego na j. polski i z j.
polskiego na j. angielski:
GRUPA A
I. Przetłumacz słówka z j. angielskiego na j. polski:
1) corrosive
2) glassware
3) precaution
4) treatment
11) prescription
12) regardless
13) contact lenses
14) to insist
21) to pour
22) considerable
23) steam
24) nozzle
5) conscientiously
6) fragile
7) flammable
8) available
9) disaster
10) to suffer
15) particular
16) eyelid
17) amount
18) strain
19) to make certain
20) to check
25) to delay
26) blast
27) to place
28) noxious
29) rate of absorption
30) to inhale
31) water
32) chemicals
33) solvent
34) liquid
35) test tube
36) salves
37) gauze pad
38) file
39) stopper
40) frozen
II. Przetłumacz słówka z j. polskiego na j. angielski:
1) trujący
2) zadrapanie, skaleczenie
3) nieumyślnie
4) wydajny
5) gwałtownie(bardzo szybko)
6) wystrzelić (o cieczy z naczynia)
7) sprzęt laboratoryjny (wyposażenie)
8) naczynie reakcyjne
9) poważny wypadek
10) zastosować
mieszadle
11) kciuk
12) krwawienie tętnicze
13) zawijać
14) rozdzielić
15) smarować
16) pacha
17) rozpuszczać
18) bezwodny
19) równowaga
20) wymieniać (np. części)
21) niesprzyjający
22) ściek
23) zalecany
24) pęcherz, bąbel
25) zanurzyć
26) stężony
27) ochrona
28) c. stałe
29) suszyć
30) mieszać na
31) usunąć, zdjąć
32) termometr
33) zestawiać (sprzęt laboratoryjny)
34) powiększyć
35) próbować
36) ciśnienie
37) maść
38) opary
39) przewrócić (np. pojemnik)
40) zlew
41) stół laboratoryjny
42) gaśnica
43) koc gaśniczy
44) prysznic przeciwpożarowy
45) usuwać, likwidować (odpady)
46) przestrzeń
47) niezastąpiony
48) boczne osłony
49) nieunikniony
50) niefortunny wypadek
GRUPA B
I. Przetłumacz słówka z j. angielskiego na j. polski:
1) injury
2) hazard
3) serious
4) prompt
5) mishap
6) to handle
7) follow
8) accident
9) stigma
10) susceptible
11) to follow
12) rightfully
13) nonintentional
14) to spatter
15) to perform
16) properly
17) flexible
18) to ingest
19) to aim
20) to protect
21) to pull out
22) to ignite
23) faucet
24) tight
25) to carry
26) to knock over
27) to vaporize
28) to clog
29) to fan
30) disposable
31) to release
32) designated
33) protection
34) immediately
35) hood
36) neighbour
37) anhydrous
38) cap
39) to remain
40) chemical waste jar
II. Przetłumacz słówka z j. polskiego na j. angielski:
1) cal
2) zapewniać
3) ustalać (wyznaczać)
4) zapach
5) rozlewać
6) pipetować ustami
7) łączyć, mieszać (o reagentach)
zw. chem.)
8) udowodnić (coś)
9) zamarznąć
10) ciśnienie
11) pierwsza pomoc
12) powiększyć
13) nadgarstek
14) próba
15) zwykły
16) zlew
17) płuczka (gazy)
21) tymczasowy
22) chłodzenie
23) stłuczony
24) maść
25) wstrząsać
26) rura
27) ostry, silny (o
18) nasycony
19) rozłożyć (np. związek)
20) starannie
28) reagować
29) wykryć
30) wybuchowy
31) nieużyteczny
32) adekwatnie, odpowiednio
33) syfon
34) zapobiegać
35) równowaga
36) związek chemiczny
37) potencjalny
38) stopy
39) fartuch
40) wyrzucać
41) pełnoprawnie
42) położenie
43) cierpieć
44) chemia organiczna
45) trujący
46) żrący
47) bezpieczny
48) nosić
49) płomień
50) opóźnić